{"id":3540,"date":"2024-03-27T16:58:38","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T16:58:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3540"},"modified":"2024-04-16T21:42:52","modified_gmt":"2024-04-16T21:42:52","slug":"marksist-sivil-toplum-teorisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3540","title":{"rendered":"Marksist Sivil Toplum Teorisi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Marksist Sivil Toplum Teorisi: Marx\u2019\u0131n \u0130nsan\u0131n \u00d6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi Teorisinin Olu\u015fmas\u0131nda Mant\u0131ksal Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 Noktas\u0131; \u00a0Politik Toplum ve Sivil Toplum, Politik \u00d6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme ve \u0130nsan\u0131n \u00d6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Zhang Liang<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Eyl\u00fcl 2013<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z<\/strong> G\u00fcncel toplumsal tarih hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u201ctarihin sonunun geldi\u011fi \u201d \u00f6nermesinin\u00a0 sermayenin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u00a0 ve\u00a0 i\u00e7kin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 ve olduk\u00e7a \u00f6znelci oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu \u2018\u00f6nerme\u2019, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Marx\u2019\u0131n kapitalizmin tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in ilham ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi teorisinin yeniden ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle gerekli hale gelmi\u015ftir. Sivil toplum \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler geli\u015ftiren\u00a0 Marx, sivil toplumun zorunlu\u00a0 olarak\u00a0 a\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 mant\u0131ksal sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re Sivil toplumu a\u015fma\u00a0 s\u00fcreci, ayn\u0131 zamanda politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u015fma ve insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesine do\u011fru ilerleme s\u00fcreciydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal geli\u015fimdeki \u201ciki ileriye do\u011fru s\u0131\u00e7rama\u201d olarak politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme ve insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi anlam itibariyle b\u00fct\u00fcn bir insanl\u0131k tarihini, mant\u0131ksal inceleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famaya b\u00f6ler,  pre-kapitalizm, kapitalizm ve kom\u00fcnizm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu a\u015famalar Marx\u2019\u0131n toplumlar\u0131n geli\u015fimdeki \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck formasyon\u201d teorisi ile i\u00e7sel  olarak  ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015fahsi\/ki\u015fisel ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumlar, nesnel\/maddi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k toplumlar\u0131 ve bireylerin her y\u00f6nden b\u00fct\u00fcnsel\/evrensel\/\u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc   geli\u015fiminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 kom\u00fcnist toplum olarak \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fama ile e\u015fle\u015fir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n bu teorisinin insan\u0131n geli\u015fim ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve onun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn derecesi ile ilgili olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, ayn\u0131 zamanda  insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi teorisinin de toplumsal formasyonlar alan\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, b\u00f6ylece insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi s\u00fcreci ve toplumsal formasyonlar\u0131n   evrimi tek bir s\u00fcrecin iki ayr\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ayd\u0131nlanmac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle  ba\u015flayan   \u201cModernite projesi\u201d   \u00f6zel  bir anlamda, \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmenin bir bi\u00e7imi olarak ele al\u0131nabilir. Bununla birlikte, kapitalist ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7kin tarihsel determinizmi ve burjuvazinin  dar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f do\u011fas\u0131, bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya tarihinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc devam eden k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci de  bu tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 a\u015famad\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc  b\u00f6lgesel \/yerel  bireylerin  yerini  genel ve  ampirik  birey alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Bat\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferler ve kurumlar\u0131n  evrensel \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumun bu evrenselci kavram temeli \u00fczerinde kurulu olandan daha ba\u015fkaca geli\u015fmi\u015f bir toplumsal formasyona evrilemeyece\u011fine dayanan \u201ctarihin sonunun gelmesi \u201d denilen \u015fey, ideolojik ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal dar kafal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ifadesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ger\u00e7ek toplumsal tarih g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda \u00f6znelci ve sermayenin i\u00e7kin ve  k\u00fclt\u00fcrel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanan  bir  \u00f6nermedir. \u00d6te yandan \u00f6zellikle teknik ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n denetimsiz   yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak insan\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131na gittik\u00e7e artan ve ciddi boyutlardaki yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131  ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn  insan\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zor ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in  m\u00fccadele etmek  ve \u201csermayenin ilk-do\u011fum hakk\u0131  olan t\u00fcm kapitalistler i\u00e7in emek-g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u015fit s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u201d1<\/strong><\/a> \u015feklindeki yasay\u0131 tamamen tasfiye etmek i\u00e7in Marx\u2019\u0131n insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri  derinlemesine incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 teorik sisteminde insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi teorisi hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz merkezi \u00f6nemdedir ve t\u00fcm di\u011fer teorilerin \u00fczerindedir. Marx\u2019a hayat\u0131 boyunca e\u015flik eden teorik bir tema olarak, bu teori ayn\u0131 zamanda\u00a0 toplumsal formasyonlar\u00a0 teorisinin de\u00a0 \u00e7izgilerini belirler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesinin rotas\u0131 ve toplumsal formlar\u0131n evrimi i\u00e7sel ve mant\u0131ksal bir \u00f6zde\u015fli\u011fe sahiptir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bize g\u00f6re, kapitalizmin tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in Marx\u2019\u0131n insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi teorisinden esinlenmek bir zorunluluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TAMAMINI OKUMAK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N \u0130ND\u0130R\u0130N\u0130Z<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/a> Karl Marx, Kapital<\/em>, s. 292.<\/p>\n\n\n\n