{"id":3589,"date":"2024-03-30T00:27:07","date_gmt":"2024-03-30T00:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3589"},"modified":"2024-03-30T00:27:07","modified_gmt":"2024-03-30T00:27:07","slug":"antikomunizm-ve-kimlik-siyasetinden-demokratik-yanilsamalara-ve-fasizme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3589","title":{"rendered":"Antikom\u00fcnizm ve Kimlik Siyasetinden Demokratik Yan\u0131lsamalara ve Fa\u015fizme"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Antikom\u00fcnizm ve Kimlik Siyasetinden Demokratik Yan\u0131lsamalara ve Fa\u015fizme<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalist Propaganda ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 Sol Ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n \u0130deolojisi<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

CIA bat\u0131l\u0131 sol ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 nas\u0131l etkilemeye ve K\u00fcba \u00fcniversitelerine nas\u0131l s\u0131zmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Gabriel Rockhill \u0130le R\u00f6p\u00f6rtaj: 01 Aral\u0131k 2023<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7eviri: S. Erdem T\u00fcrk\u00f6z\u00fc \u2013 D\u00fcnyadan \u00c7eviri Web Dergisi https:\/\/dunyadanceviri.wordpress.com\/2023\/12\/16\/gabriel-rockhill-ve-zhao-dingqi-antikomunizm-ve-kim<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Gabriel Rockhill, Critical Theory Workshop\/Atelier de Th\u00e9orie Critique\u2019in y\u00f6netici m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc ve ABD Pennsylvania\u2019daki Villanova \u00dcniversitesi felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesidir. Yak\u0131nda Monthly Review Press\u2019ten \u00e7\u0131kacak The Intellectual World War<\/em>: Marxism versus the Imperial Theory Industry<\/em> [Entelekt\u00fcel D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131: Marxizme Kar\u015f\u0131 Emperyal Kuram Sanayii<\/em>] ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kitap yazar\u0131n be\u015finci tek yazarl\u0131 kitab\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6yle\u015fiyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Zhao Dingqi, \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi Marksizm Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde yard\u0131mc\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ve D\u00fcnya Sosyalizmi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 <\/em>dergisinin edit\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00f6yle\u015fi ilk olarak 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda World Socialism Studies<\/em>\u2018in on birinci cildinde \u00c7ince olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131 ve daha sonra Amerika\u2019daki sol kanat uluslararas\u0131 aylik dergi\u0307 Monthly Review’de yayinland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gabriel Rockhill, <\/strong>Gabriel Rockhill Frans\u0131z k\u00f6kenli ABD\u2019li bir filozof, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ele\u015ftirmeni ve aktivisttir. ve ABD Pennsylvania’daki Villanova \u00dcniversitesi’nde felsefe profes\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eu anda be\u015finci kitab\u0131 olan, Entelekt\u00fcel D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f: Emperyal Teori \u00dcretim Sanayisi  (Monthly Review Press\u2019ten, yak\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kacak). Kitaplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn Kar\u015f\u0131-Tarihi: K\u00fcreselle\u015fme, Teknoloji ve Demokrasi \u00dczerine Zamans\u0131z Bir Sorgulama <\/em>(2017), \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Ak\u0131mlar\u0131na M\u00fcdahaleler: Tarih, Politika, Estetik (2016), Radikal Tarih & Sanat\u0131n Politi\u011fi  <\/em> (2014) ve Tarihin Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2010) yer al\u0131r. Akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sanat ve aktivizm d\u00fcnyalar\u0131nda aktif olarak akademi d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerde bulunmakta ve kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalara d\u00fczenli olarak katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r. X hesab\u0131 : @GabrielRockhill<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhao Dingqi: So\u011fuk Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD Merkezi \u0130stihbarat Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (CIA) \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcrel So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u201d\u0131 nas\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc? CIA\u2019in K\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Kongresi hangi faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc ve ne gibi etkileri oldu?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gabriel Rockhill: CIA, di\u011fer devlet kurumlar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist i\u015fletmelerin vak\u0131flar\u0131yla birlikte, kom\u00fcnizmi denetim alt\u0131na almay\u0131 ve nihayetinde geriletip yok etmeyi ama\u00e7layan \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel so\u011fuk sava\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Bu propaganda sava\u015f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 kapsamdayd\u0131 ve ilerleyen sat\u0131rlarda sadece birka\u00e7\u0131na de\u011findi\u011fim bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fc vard\u0131. Ama en ba\u015fta belirtmek gerekir ki, geni\u015f kapsam\u0131na ve kendisine tahsis edilen geni\u015f kaynaklara ra\u011fmen, bu sava\u015f boyunca bir\u00e7ok muharebe kaybedildi. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nas\u0131l devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steren yak\u0131n tarihli bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, Ra\u00fal Antonio Capote 2015 tarihli kitab\u0131nda, K\u00fcba\u2019da entelekt\u00fcelleri, yazarlar\u0131, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frencileri hedef alan istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma kampanyalar\u0131nda y\u0131llarca CIA i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bununla beraber \u201c\u015eirket\u201d olarak bilinen devlet kurumunun haberi olmadan, kirli oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemesi i\u00e7in kurnazca kand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u00fcbal\u0131 \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi asl\u0131nda kendini be\u011fenmi\u015f usta casuslara bir numara \u00e7ekti: K\u00fcba istihbarat\u0131 i\u00e7in gizli \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.1<\/a><\/sup> Bu, CIA\u2019in, \u00e7e\u015fitli zaferlerine ra\u011fmen, nihayetinde kazanmas\u0131 zor bir sava\u015f verdi\u011fini kan\u0131tlayan di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok i\u015faretinden sadece biri: CIA, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa d\u00fc\u015fman bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni dayatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel so\u011fuk sava\u015f\u0131n merkezlerinden biri, 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir CIA paravan\u0131 oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan K\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Kongresi\u2019dir [Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)].2<\/a><\/sup> Konuyu kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ara\u015ft\u0131ran Hugh Wilford, CCF\u2019yi d\u00fcnya tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr hamilerinden biri olarak betimledi.3<\/a><\/sup> 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan CCF, Raymond Aron ve Hannah Arendt gibi i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i akademisyenlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131, Jean-Paul Sartre ve Simone de Beauvoir gibi Marxist rakiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 arenada destekledi. CCF\u2019nin otuz be\u015f \u00fclkede b\u00fcrosu vard\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 280 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fandan olu\u015fan bir orduyu seferber etti, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k elli sayg\u0131n dergi yay\u0131nlad\u0131 ya da destekledi ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da sanat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr sergisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uluslararas\u0131 konserler ve festivaller d\u00fczenledi. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca, en az 38 kurumla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak 135 uluslararas\u0131 konferans ve seminer planlad\u0131 ya da bunlara sponsor oldu ve en az 170 kitap yay\u0131nlad\u0131. CCF\u2019nin bas\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Forum Service<\/em>, alt\u0131 y\u00fcz gazeteye ve be\u015f milyon okuyucuya ula\u015fan on iki dilde \u00fccretsiz olarak ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda zehirli entelekt\u00fcellerinin haberlerini yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu geni\u015f k\u00fcresel a\u011f, y\u00f6neticisi Michael Josselson\u2019un -Mafya\u2019y\u0131 an\u0131msatan bir ifadeyle- \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck ailemiz\u201d dedi\u011fi \u015feydi. CCF, Paris\u2019teki merkezinden antikom\u00fcnist entelekt\u00fcellerin, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve yazarlar\u0131n sesini y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 bir yank\u0131 odas\u0131na sahipti. CCF\u2019nin 1966\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00e7esi 2.070.500 dolard\u0131, bu rakam 2023\u2019te 19,5 milyon dolara tekab\u00fcl eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla beraber Josselson\u2019un \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck ailesi\u201d, CIA\u2019den Frank Wisner\u2019in \u201ckudretli Wurlitzer\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015eirket taraf\u0131ndan denetim alt\u0131nda tutulan uluslararas\u0131 medya ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr programlar\u0131 otomatik pikab\u0131n\u0131n [jukebox<\/em>] sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Bu devasa psikolojik sava\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7evesine birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, Carl Bernstein 1952 ila 1977 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en az d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz ABD\u2019li gazetecinin CIA i\u00e7in gizlice \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok say\u0131da kan\u0131t toplad\u0131.4<\/a><\/sup>  Bu if\u015faatlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan New York Times<\/em> \u00fc\u00e7 ayl\u0131k bir soru\u015fturma \u00fcstlendi ve CIA\u2019in \u201csekiz y\u00fczden fazla haber ve kamu bilgilendirme kurulu\u015fu ve bireyini kucaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d sonucuna vard\u0131.5<\/a><\/sup> Bu iki if\u015faat, analiz ettikleri ayn\u0131 a\u011flarda faaliyet g\u00f6steren gazeteciler taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcesses nizam\u0131n mecralar\u0131nda yay\u0131nland\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu tahminlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 olas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New York Times\u2019\u0131n 1935\u2019ten 1961\u2019e kadar y\u00f6neticili\u011fini yapan Arthur Hays Sulzberger, CIA\u2019le o kadar yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki bir gizlilik antla\u015fmas\u0131 (en \u00fcst d\u00fczey i\u015fbirli\u011fi) imzalad\u0131. William S. Paley\u2019in Columbia Broadcasting System\u2019i (CBS), CIA\u2019in g\u00f6rsel-i\u015fitsel yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z en b\u00fcy\u00fck varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. \u015eirketle o kadar yak\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu ki, CIA merkezine, merkez operat\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fczerinden y\u00f6nlendirilmeyen do\u011frudan bir telefon hatt\u0131 kurdu. Henry Luce\u2019un Time Inc. \u015eirketi haftal\u0131k ve ayl\u0131k alanda (Bernstein\u2019\u0131n daha sonra yay\u0131nlayaca\u011f\u0131 Time<\/em> da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u2013Life<\/em>, Fortune<\/em> ve Sports<\/em> Illustrated<\/em>) en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015fbirlik\u00e7isiydi. Luce, CIA ajanlar\u0131n\u0131 gazeteci olarak i\u015fe almay\u0131 kabul etti ve bu \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n bir k\u0131l\u0131f haline geldi. CIA M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Robert Gates taraf\u0131ndan 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplanan Geni\u015f Kapsaml\u0131 CIA A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6rev G\u00fcc\u00fc\u2019nden de bildi\u011fimiz gibi, bu t\u00fcr uygulamalar yukar\u0131da bahsedilen if\u015faatlardan sonra da h\u0131z kesmeden devam etti: \u201c[CIA\u2019in] PAO\u2019sunun (Halkla \u0130li\u015fkiler Ofisi) art\u0131k \u00fclkedeki her b\u00fcy\u00fck telgraf servisi, gazete, haftal\u0131k haber ve televizyon a\u011f\u0131ndan muhabirlerle ili\u015fkisi var. (\u2026) Bir\u00e7ok durumda muhabirleri haberleri ertelemeye, de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye, bekletmeye ve hatta \u00e7\u00f6pe atmaya ikna ettik.\u201d6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CIA ayr\u0131ca ABD Gazeteciler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin denetimini ele ge\u00e7irdi ve ajanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in paravan olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n servislerinin, dergilerin ve gazetelerin sahibi oldu.7<\/a><\/sup>  LATIN, Reuters, Associated Press ve United Press International gibi di\u011fer bas\u0131n servislerine de g\u00f6revliler yerle\u015ftirdi. Devlet dezenformasyonu konusunda uzman olan William Schaap, CIA\u2019in \u201ct\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.500 medya kurulu\u015funa sahip oldu\u011funu ya da bunlar\u0131 denetimi alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011funu; dahas\u0131, neredeyse her b\u00fcy\u00fck medya kurulu\u015funda, telsizcilerden son derece g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr gazetecilere ve edit\u00f6rlere kadar kendi adamlar\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu ifade etti.8<\/a><\/sup> Bir CIA g\u00f6revlisi gazeteci John Crewdson\u2019a \u201cHerhangi bir zamanda her yabanc\u0131 ba\u015fkentte en az bir gazeteye \u2018sahittik\u2019\u201d dedi. Dahas\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu kaynak, \u201cte\u015fkilat\u0131n do\u011frudan sahibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u00fcbvanse etmedi\u011fi gazetelere, te\u015fkilat\u0131n i\u015fine yarayacak haberleri yazd\u0131rabilecek ve zararl\u0131 bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131rmayacak \u00fccretli ajanlar ya da kadrolu memurlar s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.\u201d9<\/a><\/sup> Dijital \u00e7a\u011fda bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 elbette devam etti. Yasha Levine, Alan MacLeod ve di\u011fer akademisyenler ve gazeteciler, ABD ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devletinin b\u00fcy\u00fck teknoloji ve sosyal medya alanlar\u0131ndaki kapsaml\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesini detayland\u0131rd\u0131. Di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Facebook, X (Twitter), TikTok, Reddit ve Google\u2019da \u00f6nemli istihbarat operat\u00f6rlerinin belirleyici konumlarda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler.10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CIA ayn\u0131 zamanda profesyonel entelijansiyaya da derinlemesine s\u0131zd\u0131. Church Komitesi 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD istihbarat toplulu\u011fu hakk\u0131ndaki raporunu yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Te\u015fkilat \u201cy\u00fczlerce\u201d kurumda \u201cbinlerce\u201d akademisyenle temas halinde oldu\u011funu itiraf etti (ve yukar\u0131da bahsedilen 1991 tarihli Gates Memo\u2019nun da teyit etti\u011fi gibi, o zamandan beri hi\u00e7bir reform bu uygulamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini ya da geni\u015fletmesini engellemedi).11<\/a><\/sup> Stanford\u2019daki Hoover Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve MIT\u2019deki Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar Merkezi gibi Harvard ve Columbia\u2019daki Rus Enstit\u00fcleri de CIA\u2019in do\u011frudan deste\u011fi ve g\u00f6zetimiyle geli\u015ftirildi.12<\/a><\/sup> New School for Social Research\u2019ten bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce CIA\u2019in tiksindirici MKULTRA projesinin (en az\u0131ndan) k\u0131rk d\u00f6rt kolej ve \u00fcniversitede ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulayan bir dizi belgeyi dikkatime sundu ve en az on d\u00f6rt \u00fcniversitenin yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.600 Nazi bilim insan\u0131, m\u00fchendis ve teknisyeni ABD\u2019ye getiren me\u015fhur Paperclip Operasyonu\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz.13<\/a><\/sup> MKULTRA, bilmeyenler i\u00e7in, Ajans\u2019\u0131n sadist beyin y\u0131kama ve i\u015fkence deneyleri yapan programlar\u0131ndan biriydi ve bu deneylerde, -r\u0131zalar\u0131 olmadan- deneklere elektro\u015fok, hipnoz, duyusal yoksunluk, s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve cinsel taciz ve di\u011fer i\u015fkence bi\u00e7imleriyle birlikte y\u00fcksek dozda psikoaktif ila\u00e7lar ve di\u011fer kimyasallar uyguland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CIA ayn\u0131 zamanda sanat d\u00fcnyas\u0131na da derinden m\u00fcdahil oldu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Sosyalist Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 ABD sanat\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de Soyut D\u0131\u015favurumculu\u011fu ve New York sanat ortam\u0131n\u0131 destekledi.14<\/a><\/sup> Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr sanat\u0131 olarak lanse edilen sanat\u0131 yaymak amac\u0131yla sanat sergilerini, m\u00fczik ve tiyatro g\u00f6sterilerini, uluslararas\u0131 sanat festivallerini ve daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 finanse etti. \u015eirket bu \u00e7abalar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat kurumlar\u0131yla yak\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tek bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel so\u011fuk sava\u015fta yer alan \u00f6nemli CIA g\u00f6revlilerinden biri olan Thomas W. Braden, CIA\u2019ya kat\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce Modern Sanat M\u00fczesi\u2019nin (MoMA) y\u00f6netici sekreteriydi. MoMA\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, gizli istihbarat operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcper e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcmleyicisi olan ve Rockefeller Fonu\u2019nun CIA paras\u0131 i\u00e7in bir kanal olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin veren Nelson Rockefeller da vard\u0131. MoMA\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6neticileri aras\u0131nda, Rockefeller\u2019\u0131n Latin Amerika\u2019daki sava\u015f zaman\u0131 istihbarat te\u015fkilat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Ren\u00e9 d\u2019Harnoncourt\u2019u buluyoruz. Ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan m\u00fczeden John Hay Whitney ve Julius Fleischmann MoMA\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fctevelli heyetinde yer ald\u0131. \u0130lki, CIA\u2019in selefi olan Stratejik Hizmetler Ofisi (OSS) i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve hay\u0131r kurumunun CIA paras\u0131 i\u00e7in bir kanal olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verdi. \u0130kincisiyse CIA\u2019in Farfield Vakf\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131. CBS\u2019in ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve CIA\u2019inki de dahil olmak \u00fczere ABD\u2019nin psikolojik sava\u015f programlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerinden biri olan William S. Paley, MoMA\u2019n\u0131n Uluslararas\u0131 Program\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcyeler kurulundayd\u0131. Bu ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, kapitalist egemen s\u0131n\u0131f, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayg\u0131t\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde denetim alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in ABD ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devletiyle yak\u0131n bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD devletinin e\u011flence sekt\u00f6r\u00fcyle ili\u015fkisi \u00fczerine bir\u00e7ok kitap yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Matthew Alford ve Tom Secker, Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n -tam ve mutlak sans\u00fcr haklar\u0131yla- en az 814 filmin desteklenmesinde rol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, CIA\u2019in en az 37, FBI\u2019\u0131nsa 22 filmde rol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgeledi.15<\/a><\/sup> Baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden TV dizilerine gelince, Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n toplam say\u0131s\u0131 1.133, CIA\u2019in 22, FBI\u2019\u0131nsa 10\u2019dur. Bu say\u0131sal vakalar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde, elbette ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devletiyle Tinseltown [Hollywood (ABD), Hollywood\u2019un y\u00fczeysel olarak g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve film sekt\u00f6r\u00fc] aras\u0131nda niteliksel bir ili\u015fki s\u00f6z konusudur. John Rizzo 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda bunu \u015fu \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131: \u201cCIA\u2019in uzun zamand\u0131r e\u011flence sekt\u00f6r\u00fcyle \u00f6zel bir ili\u015fkisi var ve Hollywood\u2019un \u00f6nde gelen akt\u00f6rleriyle -st\u00fcdyo y\u00f6neticileri, yap\u0131mc\u0131lar, y\u00f6netmenler, \u00fcnl\u00fc oyuncular- ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmeye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem veriyor.\u201d16<\/a><\/sup> Ter\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n ilk dokuz y\u0131l\u0131nda CIA\u2019in M\u00fcste\u015far Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ya da Genel Dan\u0131\u015fman Vekili olarak g\u00f6rev yapan ve bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda k\u00fcresel g\u00f6zalt\u0131, i\u015fkence ve S\u0130HA\u2019yla suikast programlar\u0131n\u0131n denetlenmesine yak\u0131ndan dahil olan Rizzo, k\u00fclt\u00fcr sanayiinin emperyal kasapl\u0131\u011fa nas\u0131l k\u0131l\u0131f sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in iyi bir konumdayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu faaliyetler ve daha bir\u00e7o\u011fu, ABD imparatorlu\u011funun temel \u00f6zelliklerinden birini ortaya koyar: ger\u00e7ek bir g\u00f6steri imparatorlu\u011fu. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca odak noktalar\u0131ndan biri kalpler ve zihinler i\u00e7in sava\u015fmakt\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la, uluslararas\u0131 psikolojik sava\u015fa giri\u015fmek i\u00e7in geni\u015f bir k\u00fcresel altyap\u0131 kurdu. Ana ak\u0131m medya \u00fczerindeki neredeyse mutlak denetim, ABD\u2019nin Ukrayna\u2019da Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vekalet sava\u015f\u0131na destek toplama \u00e7abalar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 durum 7\/24 \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 propaganda i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Yine de, bir\u00e7ok cesur aktivistin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve ger\u00e7e\u011fin kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131 sayesinde, g\u00f6steri imparatorlu\u011fu anlat\u0131y\u0131 tamamen denetleyemiyor.17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Bir makalenizde CIA ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, Pierre Bourdieu ve di\u011ferlerinin Frans\u0131z ele\u015ftirel kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 okumaya hevesli oldu\u011fundan bahsediyorsunuz. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcn\u00fcn nedeni nedir? Frans\u0131z Ele\u015ftirel Kuram\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirirsiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sava\u015fta \u00f6nemli bir cephe de \u015fu anda Monthly Review Press i\u00e7in tamamlamakta oldu\u011fum bir kitab\u0131n konusu olan entelekt\u00fcel d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 oldu. CIA kayda de\u011fer bir rol oynad\u0131 ama di\u011fer devlet kurumlar\u0131 ve kapitalist egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n vak\u0131flar\u0131 da \u00f6yle. Genel ama\u00e7 Marxizm\u2019i itibars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve anti-emperyalist m\u00fccadelelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra fiilen var olan sosyalizme verilen deste\u011fi baltalamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli bir sava\u015f alan\u0131 olageldi. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan egemen emperyal g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. K\u00fcresel hegemonya kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki eski \u00f6nde gelen emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7leri (Do\u011fu\u2019da Japonya\u2019y\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ortaklar olarak yan\u0131na almaya niyetliydi. Bununla beraber bu, Fransa ve \u0130talya gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve hayat dolu kom\u00fcnist partilere sahip \u00fclkelerde \u00f6zellikle zor oldu. Bu nedenle ABD ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devleti siyasi partilere, sendikalara, sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine ve \u00f6nemli haber ve enformasyon kaynaklar\u0131na s\u0131zmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.18<\/a><\/sup> Hatta fa\u015fistlerle doldurdu\u011fu gizli yedek ordular\u0131 kurdu ve kom\u00fcnistlerin sand\u0131k yoluyla iktidara gelmesi halinde askeri darbe planlar\u0131 yapt\u0131 (bu ordular, daha sonra 1968 sonras\u0131 gerilim stratejisinde etkinle\u015ftirildi: sivil halka kar\u015f\u0131 kom\u00fcnistlerin su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fczenlediler).19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde entelekt\u00fcel cephede, ABD iktidar se\u00e7kinleri Marxizm\u2019i itibars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma umuduyla kesinlikle antikom\u00fcnist olan yeni e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ve uluslararas\u0131 bilgi \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 destekledi. Tarihsel ve diyalektik materyalizme a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015fman olan entelekt\u00fcellere y\u00fckselme, yani terfi ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck sa\u011flarken, ayn\u0131 zamanda Sartre ve Beauvoir gibi isimlere kar\u015f\u0131 tiksindirici iftira kampanyalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc.20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fte tam da bu ba\u011flamda Frans\u0131z kuram\u0131n\u0131n, en az\u0131ndan k\u0131smen, ABD k\u00fclt\u00fcrel emperyalizminin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu etiketle an\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler -Foucault, Lacan, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida ve \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131- \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde, kendisini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6nceki ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen filozofuna kar\u015f\u0131t olarak tan\u0131mlayan yap\u0131salc\u0131 hareketle ili\u015fkilendirildi: Sartre.21<\/a><\/sup> Sartre\u2019\u0131n 1940\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Marxist y\u00f6nelimi genel olarak reddedildi ve anti-Marxizm i\u00e7in bir parola olan anti-Hegelcilik g\u00fcndem haline geldi. Bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse Foucault, Sartre\u2019\u0131 \u201cson Marxist\u201d olarak k\u0131nad\u0131 ve onun, Foucault ve onun gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen di\u011fer kuramc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen (anti-Marxist) zamana ayak uyduramayan on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n adam\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia etti.22<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 Fransa\u2019da \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, onlar\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 haline getiren ve k\u00fcresel entelijensiya i\u00e7in zorunlu okuma haline getiren ABD\u2019deki tan\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131 oldu. Monthly Review<\/em>\u2018da yak\u0131n zamanda yay\u0131nlanan bir makalede, Frans\u0131z kuram\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilen olay\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki siyasi ve iktisad\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7lerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 detayland\u0131rd\u0131m: 1966\u2019da Baltimore\u2019daki Johns Hopkins \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde d\u00fczenlenen ve bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin \u00e7o\u011funu ilk kez bir araya getiren konferans.23<\/a><\/sup> CCF\u2019yi CIA\u2019le birlikte finanse eden ve Te\u015fkilat\u2019\u0131n propaganda \u00e7abalar\u0131yla \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ba\u011flar\u0131 olan Ford Vakf\u0131, konferansa ve sonraki di\u011fer faaliyetlere 36.000 $ (bug\u00fcn 339.000 $) tutar\u0131nda fon sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu, bir \u00fcniversite konferans\u0131 i\u00e7in hakikaten ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir mebla\u011fd\u0131r; etkinli\u011fin Time<\/em> ve Newsweek<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131na yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131ndan bahsetmiyorum bile, ki bu t\u00fcr akademik ortamlarda neredeyse hi\u00e7 duyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.24<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist vak\u0131flar, CIA ve di\u011fer devlet kurumlar\u0131, Marxizm i\u00e7in bir ersatz<\/em> [yedek] i\u015flevi g\u00f6rebilecek radikal moda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmekle ilgilendi. Marxizm\u2019i basit\u00e7e yok edemeyeceklerine g\u00f6re, Marxizm\u2019i demode olarak g\u00f6mmek i\u00e7in -herhangi bir devrimci i\u00e7erikten yoksun olsa da- son teknoloji ve ele\u015ftirel olarak pazarlanabilecek yeni kuram bi\u00e7imlerini te\u015fvik etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Konuyla ilgili 1985 tarihli bir CIA ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporundan da bildi\u011fimiz gibi, CIA, Frans\u0131z yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Annales Ekol\u00fc ve Nouveaux Philosophes (Yeni Filozoflar) olarak bilinen grubun katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok memnundu. \u00d6zellikle Foucault ve Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss\u2019la ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Annales Ekol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn metodolojisine at\u0131fta bulunan makale \u015fu sonuca vard\u0131: \u201cSosyal bilimlerdeki Marxist etkiyi ele\u015ftirel bir \u015fekilde y\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131n modern bilime derin bir katk\u0131 olarak kal\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yoruz.\u201d25<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z kuram\u0131na ili\u015fkin kendi de\u011ferlendirmeme gelince, onu oldu\u011fu gibi tan\u0131man\u0131n \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim: Marxizm\u2019i, burjuva k\u00fclt\u00fcrel eklektizmine d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn ve ger\u00e7ekte hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyen s\u00f6ylemde hayali devrimler yaratmak i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylemsel \u015fatafat\u0131 [pyrotechnics<\/em>] harekete ge\u00e7iren antikom\u00fcnist bir kuramsal pratikle yerinden etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ABD k\u00fclt\u00fcr emperyalizminin -en az\u0131ndan k\u0131smen- bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. Frans\u0131z kuram\u0131, Friedrich Nietzsche ve Martin Heidegger gibi antikom\u00fcnistlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 rehabilite eder ve te\u015fvik eder, b\u00f6ylece radikali<\/em>, radikal gerici<\/em> olarak yeniden tan\u0131mlamaya gizlice kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Frans\u0131z kuramc\u0131lar Marxizm\u2019le ili\u015fki kurduklar\u0131nda, onu di\u011ferleri aras\u0131nda Nietzscheci soyk\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Heideggerci Destruktion, Freudcu psikanaliz gibi Marxist olmayan ve antidiyalektik s\u00f6ylemlerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilecek ve hatta kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir s\u00f6yleme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu nedenle bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u201ckendi Marx\u2019lar\u0131\u201d \u00fczerinde m\u00fclkiyet iddias\u0131nda bulunmakta, bu da zaman zaman bir \u015fekilde Marxist ya da Marxist olduklar\u0131 yan\u0131lsamas\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, ezici e\u011filim, Marx\u2019\u0131n eserinden kendi felsefi markalar\u0131yla rezonansa girdi\u011fini varsayd\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6zel unsurlar\u0131 keyfi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Derrida\u2019n\u0131n hayaletimsi edebi karar verilemezlik Marx\u2019\u0131, Deleuze\u2019\u00fcn g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve yersizyurtsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Marx\u2019\u0131, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard\u2019\u0131n antidiyalektik differend Marx\u2019\u0131 ve benzeri di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerde durum budur. B\u00f6ylece Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6ylemi onlar i\u00e7in, kendi markalar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek ve ona bir kapasite ve radikallik havas\u0131 vermek i\u00e7in eklektik olarak yararlan\u0131labilecek burjuva kanonu i\u00e7inde bir yem i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Walter Rodney \u201cburjuva d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde, kaprisli do\u011fas\u0131 ve eksantrikleri te\u015fvik etme \u015fekli nedeniyle, herhangi bir yola sahip olabilirsiniz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc sonu\u00e7ta, herhangi bir yere gitmedi\u011finizde, herhangi bir yolu se\u00e7ebilirsiniz!\u201d 26<\/a><\/sup> a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yla, bu kuramsal prati\u011fin hakiki do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Frankfurt Ekol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f \u00c7in\u2019de de geni\u015f bir etkisi var. Frankfurt Ekol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirirsiniz? CIA\u2019le ne t\u00fcr bir ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 var?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Halk aras\u0131nda \u201cFrankfurt Ekol\u00fc\u201d olarak bilinen Toplumsal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Frankfurt \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde zengin bir kapitalist taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen Marxist bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Max Horkheimer 1930\u2019da Enstit\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011finde, tarihsel materyalizmden ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinden giderek uzakla\u015fan spek\u00fclatif ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kayg\u0131lara do\u011fru kararl\u0131 bir kaymaya nezaret etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, Horkheimer y\u00f6netimindeki Frankfurt Ekol\u00fc, Bat\u0131 Marxizmi ve daha \u00f6zg\u00fcl bir bi\u00e7imde K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Marxizm olarak bilinen \u015feyin kurulmas\u0131nda temel bir rol oynad\u0131. Horkheimer ve hayat boyu birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Theodor Adorno gibi \u015fahsiyetler sadece var olan sosyalizmi reddetmekle kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda -Frans\u0131z kuram\u0131na \u00e7ok benzer \u015fekilde- totalitarizmin ideolojik kategorisine cahilce g\u00fcvenerek onu do\u011frudan fa\u015fizmle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirdi.27<\/a><\/sup> Daha sonra TINA [\u201cThere Is No Alternative\u201d Alternatif Yok) olarak bilinecek olan\u0131n, olduk\u00e7a entelekt\u00fcelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve melodramatik bir \u00e7e\u015fitlemesini benimseyerek, belki de tek potansiyel kurtulu\u015f alan\u0131 olarak burjuva sanat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131na odakland\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Adorno ve Horkheimer gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, birka\u00e7 istisna d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kuramsal pratiklerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde idealistti: anlaml\u0131 toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim pratik d\u00fcnyada engellenmi\u015fse, kurtulu\u015f yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imlerinin ve yenilik\u00e7i burjuva k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geistig<\/em> -yani entelekt\u00fcel ve<\/em> manevi- alan\u0131nda aranmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131 Marxizmi\u2019nin bu y\u00fcce rahipleri sadece \u201cfa\u015fizm ve kom\u00fcnizm ayn\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u015feklindeki kapitalist ideolojik mantra\u2019y\u0131 benimsemekle kalmad\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda emperyalizmi de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a destekledi. \u00d6rne\u011fin Horkheimer, May\u0131s 1967\u2019de \u201cABD\u2019de bir sava\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fctmek gerekti\u011finde\u2026 bu bir vatan savunmas\u0131 meselesi de\u011fil, esasen anayasan\u0131n savunulmas\u0131, insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n savunulmas\u0131 meselesidir\u201d diyerek ABD\u2019nin Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 destekledi.28<\/a> <\/sup>Adorno genellikle bu t\u00fcr kavgac\u0131 ifadeler yerine sessiz bir su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n profes\u00f6rce siyasetini tercih etse de, Cemal Abd\u00fcl Nas\u0131r\u2019\u0131 devirmeyi ve S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeyi ama\u00e7layan \u0130srail, Britanya ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n 1956\u2019daki emperyalist M\u0131s\u0131r i\u015fgalini destekleme konusunda Horkheimer\u2019le ayn\u0131 \u00e7izgide yer ald\u0131.29<\/a><\/sup> Nas\u0131r\u2019\u0131 \u201cMoskova ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan\u2026 fa\u015fist bir \u015fef\u201d olarak nitelendiren Horkheimer, \u0130srail\u2019e s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olan \u00fclkeleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cArap soyguncu devletleri\u201d olarak k\u0131nad\u0131.30<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frankfurt Ekol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcnliderleri ABD kapitalist egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devletinin deste\u011finden c\u00f6mert\u00e7e yararland\u0131. Horkheimer, CCF\u2019nin \u00f6nemli konferanslar\u0131ndan en az birine kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve Adorno, CIA destekli dergilerde makaleler yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Adorno ayr\u0131ca Alman antikom\u00fcnist Kulturkampf<\/em>\u2018\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen isimlerinden CIA\u2019den Melvin Lasky\u2019yle yaz\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131 ve paravan bir \u00f6rg\u00fct oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra bile CCF\u2019nin geni\u015fleme planlar\u0131na dahil edildi. Frankfurt cephesi ayn\u0131 zamanda Rockefeller Vakf\u0131\u2019ndan ve ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden, Enstit\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sava\u015ftan sonra Bat\u0131 Almanya\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc desteklemek de dahil olmak \u00fczere kapsaml\u0131 fonlar ald\u0131 (Rockefeller 1950\u2019de 103.695 dolar, 2023\u2019te 1,3 milyon dolara e\u015fde\u011fer). Frans\u0131z kuramc\u0131lar gibi, onlar da, ABD imparatorlu\u011funun liderlerinin desteklemek istedi\u011fi ve destekledi\u011fi t\u00fcrden entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horkheimer\u2019\u0131n Frankfurt Ekol\u00fc\u2019ndeki yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinin sekiz \u00fcyesinden be\u015finin ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devleti i\u00e7in analist ve propagandac\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmek gerekir. Herbert Marcuse, Franz Neumann ve Otto Kirchheimer, OSS\u2019nin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Analiz \u015eubesi\u2019ne ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce Sava\u015f Enformasyon Ofisi (OWI) taraf\u0131ndan istihdam edildi.* Leo L\u00f6wenthal da OWI i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Friedrich Pollock\u2019sa Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Anti-Tr\u00f6st B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fe al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k bir durumdu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ABD devletinin baz\u0131 kesimleri Marxist analistleri fa\u015fizm ve kom\u00fcnizmle m\u00fccadeleye d\u00e2hil etmeye hevesliydi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ABD\u2019nin emperyal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla uyumlu siyasi konumlan\u0131\u015flar ald\u0131. Bu nedenle Frankfurt Ekol\u00fc tarihinin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7ok daha fazla incelemeyi hak eder.31<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son olarak, Frankfurt Ekol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ikinci (J\u00fcrgen Habermas) ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ku\u015faklar\u0131na (Axel Honneth, Nancy Fraser, Seyla Benhabib ve di\u011ferleri) evrilmesi, antikom\u00fcnist y\u00f6nelimini en ufak bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi. Aksine, Habermas a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a devlet sosyalizminin iflas etti\u011fini iddia etti ve kapitalist sistem ve onun s\u00f6zde demokratik kurumlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u201cs\u00f6ylemsel irade olu\u015fturma prosed\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d ideali i\u00e7in alan yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savundu.32<\/a><\/sup> \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n neo-Habermas\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bu y\u00f6nelimi devam ettirdi. Honneth, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri de ele alan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir makalede ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm gibi, burjuva ideolojisinin kendisini ele\u015ftirel kuram\u0131n normatif \u00e7er\u00e7evesine yerle\u015ftirdi.33<\/a><\/sup> Fraser, kendisini sosyal demokrat olarak konumland\u0131rarak ele\u015ftirel kuramc\u0131lar\u0131n en sol kanad\u0131 olarak b\u0131k\u0131p usanmadan kendini sunar. Ama bunun somut olarak ne anlama geldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda genellikle olduk\u00e7a mu\u011flak kal\u0131r ve \u201cpozitif bir program tan\u0131mlamakta zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a itiraf eder.34<\/a><\/sup> Ama negatif program a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: \u201cBunun [demokratik sosyalizmin] Kom\u00fcnizmin otoriter komuta ekonomisi, tek parti modeli gibi bir \u015fey anlam\u0131na gelmedi\u011fini biliyoruz\u201d.35<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: \u015eu anda Bat\u0131 solunda yayg\u0131n olan kimlik siyasetinin ve \u00e7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn rol\u00fcn\u00fc ve i\u015flevini nas\u0131l anl\u0131yorsunuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Kimlik siyaseti, t\u0131pk\u0131 onunla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fck gibi, burjuva ideolojisini uzun s\u00fcredir karakterize eden k\u00fclt\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn [culturalism<\/em>] ve \u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir d\u0131\u015favurumudur. \u00d6zc\u00fcl\u00fck, kapitalizmin maddi tarihinin sonucu olan toplumsal ve iktisad\u00ee ili\u015fkileri do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0131rksal, ulusal, etnik, toplumsal cinsiyet, cinsel ve di\u011fer kimlik bi\u00e7imlerinin zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fen ve \u00f6zg\u00fcl maddi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin sonucu olan tarihsel in\u015falar oldu\u011funu kabul etmek yerine, bunlar do\u011falla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve siyasi gruplar i\u00e7in sorgulanamaz bir temel olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr bir \u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fck, bu kimliklerin ard\u0131nda i\u015fleyen maddi g\u00fc\u00e7leri ve bu kimlikler etraf\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerini gizlemeye hizmet eder. Bu durum, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikten ar\u0131nma taleplerine ve materyalist \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve ataerkillik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fccadelelere tepki vermek zorunda kalan egemen s\u0131n\u0131f ve y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131yd\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve toplumsal cinsiyet bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n maddi temellerini asla ele almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek sorunlara sahte \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00f6neren \u00f6zc\u00fc bir kimlik siyasetinden daha iyi nas\u0131l yan\u0131t verilebilir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Judith Butler gibi kuramc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda i\u015fleyen kimlik siyasetinin kerameti kendinden menkul \u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlemeleri bu ideolojiden temelde kopmaz.36<\/a><\/sup> Bu kategorilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bireylerin ya da birey gruplar\u0131n\u0131n sorgulayabilece\u011fi, oynayabilece\u011fi ve yeniden icra edebilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylemsel kurgular olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kararak yap\u0131bozuma u\u011fratma iddias\u0131nda bulunan idealist yap\u0131bozum parametreleri i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kuramc\u0131lar, bu kategorileri kolektif s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca alanlar\u0131 olarak \u00fcreten kapitalist toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin tarihinin materyalist ve diyalektik bir analizini asla sa\u011flamaz. Ayr\u0131ca, fiilen var olan sosyalizmin bu ili\u015fkileri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kolektif olarak verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelenin derin tarihiyle de me\u015fgul olmazlar. Bunun yerine, toplumsal cinsiyet ve cinsel ili\u015fkiler hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6ylemsel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131s\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcnden ve Foucaultcu soyk\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn pratik olarak tarihsizle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir \u00e7e\u015fitlemesinden yararlanma e\u011filimindedirler ve en iyi olas\u0131l\u0131kla s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin yerini \u00e7\u0131kar grubu savunuculu\u011funun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 liberal bir \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fa y\u00f6nelirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, Marxist gelenek -Domenico Losurdo\u2019nun Class Struggle<\/em> [S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadelesi] adl\u0131 ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi- s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini \u00e7o\u011ful olarak anlamaya y\u00f6nelik derin ve zengin bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahiptir. Bu, toplumsal cinsiyetler, uluslar, \u0131rklar ve iktisad\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131flar (ve buna cinsellikleri de ekleyebiliriz) aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerine verilen m\u00fccadeleleri i\u00e7erdi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu kategoriler kapitalizm alt\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6zg\u00fcl hiyerar\u015fik bi\u00e7imler ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Marxist miras\u0131n en iyi unsurlar\u0131 hem tarihsel k\u00f6kenlerini anlamaya hem de onlar\u0131 radikal bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu, kad\u0131nlara dayat\u0131lan ev i\u00e7i k\u00f6leli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 verilen uzun soluklu m\u00fccadelenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uluslar\u0131n ve \u0131rksalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halklar\u0131n\u0131n emperyalist boyunduruk alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelme sava\u015f\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Elbette ki bu tarih kendini zaman zaman g\u00f6sterdi ve k\u0131smen Marxizmin baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin -\u0130kinci Enternasyonal gibi- burjuva ideolojisinin unsurlar\u0131yla lekelenmi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle h\u00e2l\u00e2 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7ok i\u015f var. Bununla birlikte, Losurdo ve di\u011ferleri gibi akademisyenlerin dikkate de\u011fer bir bilgelikle ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi, kom\u00fcnistler ataerkil tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn, emperyalist boyun e\u011fdirmenin ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in bu sorunlar\u0131n -kapitalist toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin- k\u00f6kenine inerek bu s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nde gelen emperyalist \u00fclkelerde ve \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019de geli\u015fti\u011fi bi\u00e7imiyle kimlik siyaseti, sanki kom\u00fcnistler kad\u0131n sorununu ya da ulusal\/\u0131rksal sorunu hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015f gibi, kendisini radikal bir \u015fekilde yeni bir bilin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imi olarak sunmak i\u00e7in bu tarihi g\u00f6mmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131. Bu nedenle, kimlik siyaseti kuramc\u0131lar\u0131, kibirli ve cahilce bu sorunlar\u0131 ilk ele alanlar\u0131n kendileri oldu\u011funu, b\u00f6ylece kaba indirgemeci Marxistlerin hayali iktisad\u00ee belirlenimciliklerinin \u00fcstesinden geldiklerini iddia etme e\u011filimindedir. Dahas\u0131, bu sorunlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi alanlar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mak yerine, kimlik siyasetini s\u0131n\u0131f siyasetine kar\u015f\u0131 bir kama olarak kullanma e\u011filimindedirler. S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 analizlerine dahil etmeye y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir jest yaparlarsa, bunu genellikle yap\u0131sal bir m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisinden ziyade ki\u015fisel bir kimlik sorununa indirgerler. Bu nedenle ortaya koyduklar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler g\u00f6lge g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcsel olma e\u011filimindedir, yani \u00f6rne\u011fin toplumsal-iktisad\u00ee d\u00fczenin sosyalist bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc yoluyla ev k\u00f6leli\u011fi ve \u0131rksalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn emek ili\u015fkilerinin \u00fcstesinden gelmek yerine temsil ve simgecilik konular\u0131na odaklan\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sorunun k\u00f6kenine inmedikleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir de\u011fi\u015fime yol a\u00e7amazlar. Adolph Reed Jr\u2019\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc keskin zek\u00e2s\u0131yla s\u0131k s\u0131k savundu\u011fu gibi, kimlik\u00e7iler, ezilen gruplar\u0131n y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f ve profesyonel y\u00f6netici tabaka i\u00e7inde gerekli oranda temsil edilmesi ko\u015fuluyla -uluslar aras\u0131ndaki emperyalist ili\u015fkiler de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere- g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelen s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekten son derece mutludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimlik siyaseti, Bat\u0131 solu i\u00e7inde s\u0131n\u0131f siyaseti ve analizinin yerinden edilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra solun, \u00f6zg\u00fcl kimlik sorunlar\u0131 etraf\u0131ndaki yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tart\u0131\u015fmalarda kendisini b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinde de b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulundu. Ortak bir d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal birli\u011fi yerine, kimlik siyaseti, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve ezilen insanlar\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce \u00f6zg\u00fcl toplumsal cinsiyetlerin, cinselliklerin, \u0131rklar\u0131n, uluslar\u0131n, etnik k\u00f6kenlerin, dini gruplar\u0131n ve benzerlerinin \u00fcyeleri olarak tan\u0131mlamaya te\u015fvik ederek b\u00f6ler ve fetheder. Bu ba\u011flamda, kimlik siyaseti ideolojisi asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha derin bir d\u00fczeyde bir s\u0131n\u0131f siyasetidir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n emek\u00e7i ve ezilen halklar\u0131n\u0131 daha kolay y\u00f6netebilmek i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 b\u00f6lmeyi ama\u00e7layan bir burjuvazinin siyasetidir. O halde bunun, emperyal merkezdeki profesyonel y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f tabakas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netim siyaseti olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kurumlar\u0131na ve enformasyon kaynaklar\u0131na h\u00e2kimdir ve Reed\u2019in anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u201c\u00e7e\u015fitlilik sanayii\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kariyer geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in birincil mekanizmalardan biridir. \u0130lgili herkesi kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcl grubuyla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmeye ve grubun ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 temsilcisi gibi davranarak kendi bireysel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ilerletmeye te\u015fvik eder. Ayr\u0131ca, uyan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n [wokeism<\/em>] baz\u0131 insanlar\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131n kollar\u0131na itme etkisine de sahip oldu\u011funu belirtmeliyiz. Egemen siyasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr rekabet\u00e7i bireycilikle birlikte bir a\u015firet zihniyetini te\u015fvik ediyorsa, o zaman beyazlar\u0131n ve erkeklerin de -\u00e7e\u015fitlilik sanayii taraf\u0131ndan haklar\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 alg\u0131s\u0131na k\u0131smi bir yan\u0131t olarak- sistemin \u201ckurbanlar\u0131\u201d olarak kendi \u00f6zel g\u00fcndemlerini geli\u015ftirmeleri \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. S\u0131n\u0131f analizinden yoksun kimlik siyaseti bu nedenle sa\u011fc\u0131 ve hatta fa\u015fist m\u00fcbadelelere kesinlikle uygundur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son olarak, ideolojik k\u00f6kleri Yeni Sol\u2019a ve V. I. Lenin\u2019in daha \u00f6nce Avrupa solunda te\u015fhis etti\u011fi toplumsal \u015fovenizme dayanan kimlik siyasetinin emperyalizmin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ideolojik ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011funu belirtmezsem ihmalk\u00e2rl\u0131k etmi\u015f olurum. B\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net stratejisi, dini, etnik, ulusal, \u0131rksal ya da toplumsal cinsiyet \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckleyerek hedeflenen \u00fclkeleri par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.38<\/a><\/sup> Afganistan\u2019da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmesi, K\u00fcba\u2019da \u201cayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa\u201d u\u011frayan Siyah rap\u00e7ilerin ve Latin Amerika\u2019da s\u00f6zde \u201cekososyalist\u201d Yerli adaylar\u0131n desteklenmesi, \u00c7in\u2019de etnik az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n \u201ckorunmas\u0131\u201d ya da ABD imparatorlu\u011funun kendisini ezilen kimliklerin hay\u0131rsever hamisi olarak sundu\u011fu di\u011fer iyi bilinen propaganda operasyonlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, kimlik siyaseti emperyalist m\u00fcdahale ve kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma kampanyalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de do\u011frudan bir gerek\u00e7e olarak hizmet etti. Burada, kimli\u011fin tamamen simgesel siyasetiyle s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinin maddi ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki tam kopuklu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rebiliriz, zira birincisi emperyalizm i\u00e7in ince bir \u00f6rt\u00fc sa\u011flayabilir -ve sa\u011flar. O halde bu d\u00fczeyde de kimlik siyaseti nihayetinde bir s\u0131n\u0131f siyasetidir: emperyalist egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n siyaseti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Slavoj \u017di\u017eek, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz k\u00fcresel sol akademik \u00e7evrelerinde geni\u015f bir etkiye sahip bir akademisyen ve elbette bir\u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fma var. Onu neden \u201ckapitalist saray soytar\u0131s\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz?<\/strong>39<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> \u017di\u017eek emperyal kuram sanayiinin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Michael Parenti\u2019nin de belirtti\u011fi gibi, ger\u00e7eklik radikaldir, yani kapitalist d\u00fcnyada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar istihdam, bar\u0131nma, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri, e\u011fitim, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u00e7evre ve benzeri sorunlarla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ger\u00e7ek, maddi m\u00fccadelelerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlar insanlar\u0131 radikalle\u015ftirme e\u011filimindedir ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu Marxizm\u2019e y\u00f6nelir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Marxizm ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olduklar\u0131 m\u00fccadeleleri ger\u00e7ekten a\u00e7\u0131klar; net ve uygulanabilir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ortaya koyar. \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle kapitalist k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayg\u0131t, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve ezilen kitlelerin Marxizm\u2019e olan ger\u00e7ek ilgisiyle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak zorundad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle gen\u00e7lerin ve profesyonel y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f tabakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin hedef kitleleri i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi taktiklerden biri, Marxizm\u2019in temel \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc sapt\u0131ran son derece metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7e\u015fitlemesini te\u015fvik etmektir. B\u00f6ylece Marxizm\u2019i, meta g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc toplumdan kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in kolektif bir kuramsal ve pratik \u00e7er\u00e7eve yerine, di\u011fer metalar gibi sat\u0131lacak moda bir markaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017di\u017eek bu proje i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan m\u00fckemmeldir. Kendisi Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde (SFRY) b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f antikom\u00fcnist bir yerli muhbirdir. D\u00fczenli olarak, Bat\u0131\u2019da kariyeri i\u00e7in y\u00fckseli\u015f arayan bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva entelekt\u00fceli olarak \u00f6znel deneyiminin ona bir \u015fekilde sosyalizmin hakiki do\u011fas\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k etme konusunda \u00f6zel bir hak verdi\u011fini iddia eder. B\u00f6ylece SFRY\u2019deki deneyimine ili\u015fkin ki\u015fisel anekdotlar nesnel analizin yerini al\u0131r. \u015ean ve \u015f\u00f6hret pe\u015finde ko\u015fan bir oport\u00fcnist olarak \u017di\u017eek, sosyalist anavatan\u0131n\u0131, kendisine b\u00f6ylesine bir y\u00fckseli\u015f sa\u011flayan Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerden \u00f6ylesine daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ki, \u015fu anda ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sanal bir kolu olan Foreign Policy<\/em> Dergisi\u2019nin onu en iyi k\u00fcresel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden biri olarak kabul etmesi hi\u00e7 de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017di\u017eek, SFRY\u2019de sosyalizmin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda bizzat oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rolle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcr. Yugoslav Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin CIA taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmekle su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nde gelen muhalif yay\u0131nlardan Mladina<\/em>\u2018n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasi k\u00f6\u015fe yazar\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Liberal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131 ve Slovenya\u2019n\u0131n ilk ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 cumhuriyetinde \u201cdevletin ideolojik Reel-sosyalist ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n [sic<\/em>] par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc vererek partinin cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 aday\u0131 oldu.40<\/a><\/sup>  Az bir farkla kaybetmesine ra\u011fmen, kapitalizmin restorasyonundan sonra ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu i\u00e7in ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131nda feci bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe yol a\u00e7an ac\u0131mas\u0131z kapitalist \u015fok terapisi s\u00fcreci boyunca Slovenya devletini ve iktidar partisini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a destekledi (ama kendisi i\u00e7in de\u011fil -haha!). Kurucusu oldu\u011fu \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme yanl\u0131s\u0131 parti, Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve NATO\u2019ya kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen savunucusu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in emperyalist kampla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeye de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu Do\u011fu Avrupal\u0131 liberali kapitalizmin soytar\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Marxizm\u2019i alay konusu haline getirir ve tam da bu y\u00fczden kapitalist toplum i\u00e7indeki egemen g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan bu kadar yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde desteklenir. Onun anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle Marxizm, ger\u00e7ek maddi m\u00fccadelelere dayanan kolektif bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme bilimi olmaktan ziyade, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, oport\u00fcnist bir enfant terrible<\/em>\u2019\u0131n [korkun\u00e7 \u00e7ocuk] k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva siyasi duru\u015funa indirgenen entelekt\u00fcel hilek\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir s\u00f6ylemidir. Onun muzip maskaral\u0131klar\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnist kost\u00fcmleri burjuvaziyi e\u011flendirir ve e\u011fitimsizlerin k\u0131sa dikkat s\u00fcrelerini yakalar. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir soytar\u0131 gibi, insanlar\u0131 g\u00fcld\u00fcrme ya da aya\u011fa kald\u0131rma konusunda yetenekli; bu da dijital \u00e7a\u011fda kolayca be\u011feni ve t\u0131klamalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Hollywood\u2019un ve genel olarak burjuva k\u00fclt\u00fcr ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131 pazarlamakta da \u00f6zellikle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131. Kral sermaye, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ceplerini dolduran bu d\u00fczenbaz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a seviyor. Her iyi soytar\u0131 gibi o da saray adab\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 biliyor ve nihayetinde var olan sosyalizmi k\u00f6t\u00fcleyerek, kapitalist uzla\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik ederek ve hatta \u00e7o\u011fu zaman do\u011frudan emperyalizmi destekleyerek bu s\u0131n\u0131rlara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Burjuva bas\u0131n\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan zaman zaman tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ger\u00e7ekten de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201cen tehlikeli entelekt\u00fceli\u201dyse, bunun nedeni Marxist emperyalizmle m\u00fccadele ve sosyalist bir d\u00fcnya in\u015fa etme projesini tehlikeye atmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesnel y\u00fcceltilmeyle \u00f6znel sa\u011fa kay\u0131\u015f aras\u0131ndaki iyi kurulmu\u015f oran\u0131 do\u011frulayarak \u017di\u017eek, emperyalizme verdi\u011fi antikom\u00fcnist destekle tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde giderek daha gerici hale geldi. Afrika\u2019daki yeni-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe meydan okumaya y\u00f6nelik mevcut \u00e7abalara ili\u015fkin kesin yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn: \u201cOrta Afrika\u2019daki \u2018s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u2019 ayaklanmalar\u0131n Frans\u0131z yeni-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finden bile daha k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d41<\/a><\/sup> Yak\u0131n zamanda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u015fka kamusal m\u00fcdahalede, destekledi\u011fi devrim t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fini sundu. Nahel Merzouk\u2019un polis taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan Fransa\u2019da 2023 yaz\u0131nda patlak veren isyanlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, tutarl\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fi her \u015feyde s\u0131k s\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ayaklanmalar\u0131 zafere ta\u015f\u0131yacak \u00f6rg\u00fctsel bir strateji yoksa ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olacaklar\u0131na dair \u00f6nemli bir Marxist g\u00f6r\u00fcden yararland\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir devrim \u00f6rne\u011fi verdi: \u201cHalk protestolar\u0131 ve ayaklanmalar, Ukrayna\u2019daki 2013-14 Maidan Ayaklanmas\u0131 gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici bir vizyonla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse olumlu bir rol oynayabilir.\u201d42<\/a><\/sup> Geni\u015f \u00e7apta belgelendi\u011fi \u00fczere, Maidan Ayaklanmas\u0131 ABD ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devleti taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lan ve desteklenen fa\u015fist bir coup d\u2019\u00e9tat<\/em>\u2019yd\u0131.43<\/a><\/sup> Bu, Samir Amin\u2019in \u201cEuro\/Nazi darbesi\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 emperyalist destekli fa\u015fist bir darbeyi, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir devrime yol a\u00e7an \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici bir vizyon\u201dun \u201columlu\u201d bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelir.44<\/a><\/sup> Bu konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Ukrayna\u2019daki ABD-NATO vekalet sava\u015f\u0131na verdi\u011fi kararl\u0131 destek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201cen tehlikeli entelekt\u00fceli\u201d olman\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftur: kom\u00fcnist k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na girmi\u015f bir fa\u015fist-sever [philo-fascist<\/em>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri uzun zamand\u0131r Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir liberal demokrasi modeli olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak siz Amerika\u2019n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir zaman bir demokrasi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz.<\/strong>45<\/a><\/sup> Bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilir misiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Nesnel olarak ifade etmek gerekirse, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri hi\u00e7bir zaman bir demokrasi olmad\u0131. Bir cumhuriyet olarak kuruldu ve s\u00f6zde kurucu babalar demokrasiye a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015fmand\u0131. Bu, Federalist Makaleler<\/em>\u2018den, Philadelphia\u2019daki 1787 Anayasa Konvansiyonu\u2019nda al\u0131nan notlardan ve ABD\u2019nin kurucu belgelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yerle\u015fimci s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesinde ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kurulan y\u00f6netimin maddi uygulamalar\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Herkesin bildi\u011fi gibi, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi\u2019nde \u201cac\u0131mas\u0131z K\u0131z\u0131lderili Vah\u015filer\u201d olarak an\u0131lan Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin yerli n\u00fcfusuna, yeni kurulan cumhuriyette demokratik g\u00fc\u00e7 verilmedi\u011fi gibi, Afrika\u2019dan k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f insanlara ya da kad\u0131nlara da verilmedi.46<\/a> <\/sup>Ayn\u0131 durum ortalama beyaz i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Terry Bouton gibi akademisyenlerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak belgeledi\u011fi gibi: \u201cS\u0131radan beyaz erkeklerin \u00e7o\u011fu\u2026 [s\u00f6zde Amerikan] Devrimi\u2019nin kendi ideallerini ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 birincil hedef haline getiren h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerle sona erdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi. Aksine, devrimci se\u00e7kinlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kendilerine fayda sa\u011flayacak ve s\u0131radan halk\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 baltalayacak \u015fekilde yeniden d\u00fczenledi\u011fine ikna oldu.\u201d47<\/a><\/sup>  Sonu\u00e7ta, Anayasa Konvansiyonu[1]<\/a>, ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131, Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme ya da senat\u00f6rler i\u00e7in do\u011frudan halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7im yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmedi. Bunun tek istisnas\u0131 Temsilciler Meclisi\u2019ydi. Bununla birlikte, Temsilciler Meclisi\u2019ne se\u00e7ileceklerin nitelikleri eyalet yasama organlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlendi ve oy kullanma hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in neredeyse her zaman m\u00fclk sahibi olma \u015fart\u0131 arand\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde ilerici ele\u015ftirmenlerin buna dikkat \u00e7ekmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Patrick Henry, ABD\u2019nin \u201cbir demokrasi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etti.48<\/a><\/sup>  George Mason yeni anayasay\u0131 \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar aras\u0131nda despotik bir aristokrasi kurmak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015fimdiye kadar tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu en c\u00fcretk\u00e2r giri\u015fim\u201d49<\/a><\/sup> olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ni tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in cumhuriyet<\/em> terimi yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lsa da, bu durum 1820\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda, soyk\u0131r\u0131m siyasalar\u0131 nedeniyle \u201cK\u0131z\u0131lderili Katili\u201d olarak da bilinen Andrew Jackson\u2019\u0131n pop\u00fclist bir ba\u015fkanl\u0131k kampanyas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmesiyle de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Jackson, Massachusetts ve Virginia\u2019daki asilzadelerin [patricians<\/em>] egemenli\u011fine son verecek ortalama bir ABD\u2019li anlam\u0131nda, kendisini bir demokrat olarak sundu. Y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminde hi\u00e7bir yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Jackson gibi siyaset\u00e7iler, di\u011fer se\u00e7kinler ve onlar\u0131n y\u00f6neticileri cumhuriyeti tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in demokrasi terimini kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece cumhuriyetin halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fini ima ettiler.50<\/a><\/sup> Bu gelenek elbette devam etti: demokrasi, oligar\u015fik burjuva y\u00f6netiminin \u00f6rtmecesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde iki bu\u00e7uk y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi meydana geldi ve demokratik g\u00fc\u00e7ler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman egemen s\u0131n\u0131ftan kayda de\u011fer tavizler kazand\u0131. Se\u00e7iciler kurulu [electoral college<\/em>] hen\u00fcz kald\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu atanmaya devam ediyor olsa da, genel se\u00e7imler senat\u00f6rleri ve ba\u015fkan\u0131 da kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletildi. Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131, Afrikal\u0131 Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131 ve ABD yerlilerini de kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletildi. Bunlar elbette savunulmas\u0131, geni\u015fletilmesi ve t\u00fcm se\u00e7im ve kampanya s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde yap\u0131lacak derin demokratik reformlarla daha \u00f6nemli hale getirilmesi gereken b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u0131mlard\u0131r. Bununla beraber, bu demokratik ilerlemeler ne kadar \u00f6nemli olursa olsun, genel pl\u00fctokratik egemenlik sistemini de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martin Gilens ve Benjamin I. Page, \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkenli istatistiksel analize dayanan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, \u201ciktisad\u00ee se\u00e7kinlerin ve i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc gruplar\u0131n ABD devlet siyasas\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z etkilere sahip oldu\u011funu, ortalama yurtta\u015flar\u0131n ve kitle temelli \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131n\u0131nsa ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z etkilerinin ya \u00e7ok az oldu\u011funu ya da hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d g\u00f6sterdi.51<\/a><\/sup> Bu pl\u00fctokratik y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi elbette sadece \u00fclke i\u00e7inde de\u011fil, uluslararas\u0131 alanda da faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri antidemokratik i\u015f y\u00f6netimi bi\u00e7imini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan her yerde dayatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. William Blum\u2019un titiz ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonundan 2014 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu demokratik yollarla se\u00e7ilmi\u015f elliden fazla yabanc\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.52<\/a><\/sup> Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri pl\u00fctokratik bir imparatorluktur, terimin hi\u00e7bir anlaml\u0131 ya da asl\u00ee anlam\u0131nda bir demokrasi de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette, burjuva demokrasisi, resmi demokrasi ve liberal demokrasi gibi ifadelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle bu pl\u00fctokrasi bi\u00e7imine i\u015faret etmek i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nday\u0131m. Pl\u00fctokratik y\u00f6netim alt\u0131nda baz\u0131 bi\u00e7imsel demokratik haklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n emek\u00e7iler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer oldu\u011fu da do\u011frudur ve bunun \u00f6nemi hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmemelidir. Nihayetinde gereksindi\u011fimiz, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde devletin oligar\u015fik denetimini ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi yoluyla kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli haklar\u0131 i\u00e7eren y\u00f6neti\u015fim bi\u00e7imlerinin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katan diyalektik bir de\u011ferlendirmedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan savunulan \u201cifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendiriyorsunuz? Bug\u00fcn burjuva d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u201cifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d ger\u00e7ekten var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Burjuva ideolojisi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sorununu iktidar ve m\u00fclkiyet sorunlar\u0131ndan soyutlayarak, yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bireylerin eylemlerini d\u00fczenleyen soyut bir ilkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. B\u00f6ylesine bir yakla\u015f\u0131m, ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n materyalist analizini ve bu ara\u00e7lara kimin sahip oldu\u011fu ve denetledi\u011fi gibi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir soruyu devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya \u00e7abalar. Bu ideoloji b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm analiz alan\u0131n\u0131 toplumsal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckten, kuramsal ilkelerle m\u00fcnferit bireysel konu\u015fma eylemleri aras\u0131ndaki soyut ili\u015fkiye kayd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n avantajlar\u0131ndan biri, bir ki\u015fiye soyut ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131n\u0131n tam da sesini duyurma g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in verilebilmesidir. Kapitalist d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fayan \u00e7o\u011fu insan\u0131n durumu budur. \u0130lke olarak, bireysel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini istedikleri \u015fekilde ifade edebilirler. Bununla beraber ger\u00e7ekte bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahiplerinin yay\u0131nlamak istedikleri bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na uymuyorsa b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6nemsiz hale gelecektir. Onlara basit\u00e7e bir platform verilmeyecektir. Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcce sahiptir ki, bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131 sans\u00fcr\u00fcn var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ikna etmi\u015ftir, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bast\u0131r\u0131labilir ya da kamuoyu pek fark\u0131na varmadan yasaklanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist ana ak\u0131m\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 geni\u015f bir kitle kazanabiliyor ve ger\u00e7ek bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flayabiliyorsa, o zaman m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ve burjuva devletinin neler yapabilece\u011fini biliyoruz demektir. S\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n fikirlerinin serbest dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc altyap\u0131y\u0131 yok etmek ad\u0131na ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131y\u0131 \u0131skartaya ay\u0131rma konusunda uzun bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahiptirler. \u00d6rnek olarak Yabanc\u0131 ve Ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 Yasalar\u0131n\u0131, Palmer Bask\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131, Smith Yasas\u0131n\u0131, McCarran Yasas\u0131n\u0131, McCarthy d\u00f6nemini ya da \u201cyeni\u201d So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterebiliriz. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019daki \u00f6zel askeri operasyonunun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan bu yana d\u00fcnya, burjuvazinin ABD i\u00e7indeki ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki neredeyse tam denetimine dair bir ders ald\u0131. Ba\u015fta Russia Today<\/em> ve Sputnik<\/em> olmak \u00fczere YouTube ve sosyal medyadaki kapsaml\u0131 sans\u00fcre ek olarak, t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck medya Rusya ve \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 propagandan\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ABD\u2019nin vek\u00e2let sava\u015f\u0131na sorgusuz sualsiz destek i\u00e7in yana\u015f\u0131k d\u00fczende ilerledi (ger\u00e7i son zamanlarda baz\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2rlar bunu kendilerini bir \u015fekilde sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak sunmak i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131). Burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan savunulan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelir, b\u00f6ylece kimin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmeye ve geni\u015f \u00e7apta yay\u0131lmaya de\u011fer oldu\u011funa ve kimin marjinalle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fine ya da sessizlikle \u00f6rtbas edilebilece\u011fine \u00f6zg\u00fcrce karar verebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Bir makalenizde \u201cFa\u015fist y\u00f6neti\u015fim bi\u00e7imlerinin s\u00f6zde liberal d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek ve h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rdaki par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u201d belirttiniz.<\/strong>53<\/a><\/sup> Neden b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Fascism and the Socialist Solution<\/em> [Fa\u015fizm ve Sosyalist \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm] ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir kitap i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, h\u00e2kim tek devlet-tek y\u00f6netim paradigmas\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayan a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve geli\u015ftiriyorum. Yayg\u0131n kabul g\u00f6ren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, her devlet -a\u00e7\u0131k bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f i\u00e7inde de\u011filse- zaman\u0131n belirli bir noktas\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca tek bir y\u00f6neti\u015fim bi\u00e7imine sahiptir. Bu diyalektik olmayan modelle ilgili sorun, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri gibi Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6zde liberal burjuva demokrasilerinde kolayca g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konuyla ilgili bir makalemde belgeledi\u011fim \u00fczere, ABD devleti \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan on binlerce Nazi ve fa\u015fisti rehabilite etti.54<\/a><\/sup> Bir\u00e7o\u011funa Paperclip gibi operasyonlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ABD\u2019ye g\u00fcvenli ge\u00e7i\u015f izni verildi ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu da bilim, istihbarat ve askeri kurumlar\u0131yla (NATO ve NASA dahil) b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirildi. Di\u011fer bir\u00e7o\u011fuysa Avrupa\u2019daki gizli yedek ordular\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Avrupa istihbarat a\u011flar\u0131na ve hatta h\u00fck\u00fcmete (\u0130talya\u2019daki Mare\u015fal Badoglio gibi) dahil edildi.55<\/a><\/sup> Yine di\u011ferleri de Latin Amerika\u2019ya ya da d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerine ge\u00e7i\u015f hatlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00f6nlendirildi. Japon fa\u015fistleriyse b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde CIA taraf\u0131ndan yeniden iktidara getirildi. Liberal Parti\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irdiler ve imparatorluk Japonyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eski liderleri i\u00e7in bir sa\u011fc\u0131 kul\u00fcp haline getirdiler. ABD imparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilen bu deneyimli antikom\u00fcnistlerden olu\u015fan k\u00fcresel a\u011f, kirli sava\u015flara, coups d\u2019\u00e9tat<\/em>\u2019lara, istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131na, sabotajlara ve ter\u00f6r kampanyalar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Fa\u015fizmin \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, \u00f6zellikle de yirmi yedi milyon Sovyet ve yirmi milyon \u00c7inlinin muazzam fedakarl\u0131klar\u0131 sayesinde yenildi\u011fi do\u011fruysa da, s\u00f6zde liberal demokrasiler de dahil olmak \u00fczere ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7 de do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lerici liberal uzmanlar\u0131n zaman zaman iddia etti\u011fi gibi, ABD\u2019nin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda fa\u015fist y\u00f6neti\u015fim bi\u00e7imleri uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama i\u00e7 cephede demokrasiyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemek cazip gelebilir. Bununla beraber bu, tam olarak do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Tarihsel-materyalist analiz, baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131mda savundu\u011fum gibi, her zaman sezgisel olarak birbirinden farkl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 boyutu dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r: tarih, co\u011frafya ve toplumsal tabakala\u015fma. Bu ba\u011flamda, sadece liberal uzmanlarla ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal kesimi i\u015fgal edenleri de\u011fil, t\u00fcm n\u00fcfusu incelemek \u00f6nemlidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yerli n\u00fcfusu ele alal\u0131m. Soyk\u0131r\u0131ma varan bir yok etme siyasas\u0131na maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lan ve daha sonra ABD devleti taraf\u0131ndan denetlenen ve g\u00f6zetlenen rezervasyonlarda tecrit edilen bu n\u00fcfusun bir\u00e7o\u011fu -\u00f6zellikle de en yoksullar\u0131- h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 polis ter\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn hedefidir ve temel insani ve demokratik haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmektedir.56<\/a><\/sup> Ayn\u0131 durum yoksul ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Afro-ABD\u2019li n\u00fcfusun baz\u0131 kesimleri ve g\u00f6\u00e7menler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. George Jackson\u2019\u0131n \u201cD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Reich\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ABD\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik keskin ele\u015ftirisini bu \u015fekilde anlamam\u0131z gerekir.57<\/a><\/sup>  N\u00fcfusun belirli kesimleri, yani hayatta kalma m\u00fccadelesi veren \u0131rksalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yoksullar ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, demokratik haklar ve temsil sistemi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla de\u011fil, genellikle devlet ve devlet-\u00f6tesi bask\u0131 yoluyla y\u00f6netilir. O halde neden onlar\u0131n bir demokraside ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m ki? Unutmayal\u0131m ki Nazilerin kendileri de ABD\u2019de \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 apartheid devlet\u00e7ili\u011finin en geli\u015fmi\u015f bi\u00e7imini g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bir model olarak kulland\u0131.58<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7oklu y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imleri paradigmas\u0131, kapitalist toplum i\u00e7inde i\u015fleyen s\u0131n\u0131f dinamiklerine ve n\u00fcfusun \u00e7e\u015fitli unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilmedi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fine dikkat etti\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde diyalektiktir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki profesyonel y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f tabakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyeleri bi\u00e7imsel anlamda belirli demokratik haklara sahiptir ve bu haklara \u00e7e\u015fitli yasal s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi bi\u00e7imlerinde ba\u015far\u0131yla ba\u015fvurulabilir. S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen bir n\u00fcfus olarak kapitalizmin boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda olanlar genellikle \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilir, \u00f6zellikle de (\u201cEjderha\u201d olarak bilinen) George Jackson[2]<\/a> \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi boyunduruktan kurtulmak i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flarlarsa. Polis ter\u00f6r\u00fcne ve kanunsuz \u015fiddete maruz kal\u0131rlar ve (Ward Churchill\u2019in hesaplamalar\u0131na g\u00f6re) 1968 ila 1976 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda FBI ve polis taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen yirmi dokuz Kara Panter ve altm\u0131\u015f dokuz ABD\u2019li K\u0131z\u0131lderili aktivist gibi s\u00f6zde haklar\u0131 genellikle ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetilmeksizin \u00e7i\u011fnenir. Yeti\u015fkinlik hayat\u0131n\u0131 cezaevinde ge\u00e7iren ve daha sonra \u015f\u00fcpheli bir \u015fekilde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Jackson gibi kuramc\u0131lar bunu fa\u015fizm olarak adland\u0131rmakta hi\u00e7 zorlanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm alt\u0131nda y\u00f6neti\u015fimin ger\u00e7ekte nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in, farkl\u0131 tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alan hassasla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f [fine-grained<\/em>] bir diyalektik yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsemek \u00f6nemlidir. S\u00f6zde liberal demokrasi, kapitalizmin iyi polisi gibi i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve uysal \u00f6znelere haklar ve temsil vaat eder. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde orta ve \u00fcst orta s\u0131n\u0131f tabakalar\u0131 ve onlara talip olanlar\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Fa\u015fizmin k\u00f6t\u00fc polisiyse hem yurti\u00e7inde hem de yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda n\u00fcfusun yoksul, \u0131rksalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ho\u015fnutsuz kesimlerinin \u00fczerine sal\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130yi polis taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmek elbette tercih edilir ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 demokrasi bi\u00e7imlerinin bile savunulmas\u0131 ve geni\u015fletilmesi de\u011ferli taktiksel hedeflerdir (\u00f6zellikle de devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n tamamen fa\u015fist bir \u015fekilde ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin yarataca\u011f\u0131 deh\u015fetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda). Bununla birlikte, t\u0131pk\u0131 bir polis sorgusunda oldu\u011fu gibi, iyi polis ve k\u00f6t\u00fc polisin ayn\u0131 devlet i\u00e7in ve ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7la birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek stratejik olarak \u00f6nemlidir: burjuva demokrasisi havucunu ya da fa\u015fizm sopas\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak kapitalist toplumsal ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr, hatta yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi \u201cTrump g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcs\u00fc\u201dn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n fa\u015fizm tehlikesinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fine inan\u0131yor. Siz bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz? Donald Trump destek\u00e7ilerinin 6 Ocak 2021\u2019de Kongre Binas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 basmas\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l yorumluyorsunuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Trump fa\u015fist g\u00fc\u00e7leri cesaretlendirdi ve faaliyetlerini te\u015fvik etti. Kendisi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i bir beyaz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc ve kuduz bir kapitalist ve emperyalisttir.59<\/a><\/sup> Bununla beraber Trump g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcs\u00fc, emperyalist d\u00fczen i\u00e7indeki daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir krizin belirtisidir. \u00c7ok kutuplu bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u0131srarl\u0131 geli\u015fimi, \u00c7in\u2019in y\u00fckseli\u015fi, finansalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f neoliberalizmin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00f6nde gelen emperyalist devletlerin azalan g\u00fcc\u00fc nedeniyle, fa\u015fizm kapitalist d\u00fcnya genelinde y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD ba\u011flam\u0131nda, Joe Biden\u2019\u0131n 2020 se\u00e7imleri i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u015fkanl\u0131k kampanyas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, iktidar\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde devredilmesine ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fclkeyi fa\u015fizmden kurtarabilece\u011fi fikri etraf\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi. Burjuva demokrasisinin a\u00e7\u0131k bir fa\u015fist diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131k ara tercih edilebilir oldu\u011fu kesinlikle do\u011frudur ve birincisi i\u00e7in ikincisine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmek son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Burjuva demokrasisi her ne kadar yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, i\u015flevsiz ve yalanc\u0131 olma e\u011filiminde olsa da, n\u00fcfusun belirli kesimlerine \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme, siyasi e\u011fitim ve g\u00fc\u00e7 in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir manevra alan\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bununla birlikte, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki Demokrat Parti\u2019nin fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 bir siper oldu\u011funu varsaymak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hatad\u0131r. Biden g\u00f6reve geldi\u011finde Trump\u2019\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 komplo su\u00e7undan hapse atmak i\u00e7in hemen ad\u0131m atmad\u0131 ve genel olarak sahadaki fa\u015fistleri pamuklara sararak sak\u0131nd\u0131 (dikkat \u00e7ekici derecede az say\u0131da ki\u015fi k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 komployla su\u00e7land\u0131 ve cezalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k derecede hafifti). \u015eimdi, olaydan y\u0131llar sonra -ve 2024 ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerine giden propaganda s\u00fcrecinde- baz\u0131 komplocular hapis cezas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131rken, Trump da \u00e7e\u015fitli cephelerde yarg\u0131lan\u0131yor. Dahas\u0131, Biden\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ABD polis devletini, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 polis \u015fiddetini ve (kurulmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu) kitlesel ceza infaz sistemini geriletmek i\u00e7in ciddi bir ad\u0131m atmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, fa\u015fist \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve milisleri da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar atmad\u0131. Scranton\u2019l\u0131 Joe[3]<\/a>, Trump gibi kendi \u00fclkesindeki fa\u015fist hareketleri sesli olarak desteklememi\u015f olsa da (ki bu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a olumlu bir geli\u015fmedir), ekibi ABD\u2019nin emperyalist g\u00fcndemini takip etti ve Ukrayna gibi \u00fclkelerde fa\u015fizmin geli\u015fmesini agresif bir \u015fekilde destekledi.60<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kongre Binas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili olarak, bu olay sadece Biden\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 kendili\u011finden geli\u015fen bir ayaklanma de\u011fildi. Konuyla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir makalede belgeledi\u011fim gibi, kapitalist egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir kesimi taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi ve ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin en \u00fcst kademeleri bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine izin verdi.61<\/a><\/sup> Publix s\u00fcpermarketinin varisi Julie Jenkins Fancelli, Stop the Steal mitingi i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000 dolar sa\u011flad\u0131. Trump aile \u00e7evresi de milyonlarca dolar toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 protestonun finansman\u0131na do\u011frudan kat\u0131ld\u0131: \u201cTrump\u2019\u0131n siyasi operasyonu 6 Ocak organizat\u00f6rlerine 4,3 milyon dolardan fazla \u00f6deme yapt\u0131.\u201d62<\/a><\/sup> O halde bu bir taban giri\u015fimi olmaktan \u00e7ok uzak, suni olarak olu\u015fturulan bir kitle [astroturfed<\/em>] operasyondu. Dahas\u0131, istihbarat servislerinin, ordunun ve polisin \u00fcst d\u00fczey komuta kademesinin -en az\u0131ndan- Kongre Binas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verdi\u011fine dair \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k i\u015faretler var. Kongre Binas\u0131\u2019ndaki ilerici protestolar i\u00e7in uygulanan ac\u0131mas\u0131z g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerine a\u015fina olan herkes, sadece video g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerine ve Kongre Binas\u0131 Polisi\u2019nin sadece be\u015fte birinin o g\u00fcn g\u00f6revde oldu\u011fu ve geni\u015f \u00e7apta beklenen ayaklanmalar i\u00e7in yetersiz donan\u0131ma sahip oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fine dayanarak bunu hemen fark etti. Bununla beraber art\u0131k biliyoruz ki Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n geciktirilmesinden do\u011frudan Ordu\u2019nun \u00fcst d\u00fczey komuta kademesi sorumluydu ve Kongre Binas\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda haz\u0131r bekletilen \u0130\u00e7 G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ajanlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irilmedi. T\u00fcm bunlar ve \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131, Kongre Binas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131nda ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin en \u00fcst kademelerinin su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD ulusal g\u00fcvenlik devleti taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilen psikolojik operasyonlar\u0131n geni\u015f tarihini ciddi bir \u015fekilde inceleyen herkes i\u00e7in, 6 Ocak 2021\u2019in bu psikolojik operasyonlar\u0131n tarihiyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fen unsurlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k olmak gerekirse, bu, burjuva medyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lan, Kongre Binas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 basan insanlar\u0131n hepsinin bu i\u015fin i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu ya da parayla tutulmu\u015f akt\u00f6rler oldu\u011fu gibi sa\u00e7ma sapan bir komplo oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bu operasyonlar \u201cbilmesi gereken\u201d esas\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr, yani ideal bir durumda emir komuta zincirinin en tepesinde sadece birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi bilin\u00e7li su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaysa fark\u0131nda olmayan ve kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na hareket eden \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fi vard\u0131r. Bu durum y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemezlik yarat\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan gelen kendili\u011finden eylemlerin arzu edilen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fvik eder, bu da tepedeki karar vericilere koruma sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kongre Binas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 finanse eden, te\u015fvik eden ve buna izin veren se\u00e7kin operat\u00f6rler hakk\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok \u015fey bilinmesi gerekir. Daha fazla enformasyon elde edilene kadar, ki muhtemelen zaman i\u00e7inde elde edilecektir, en az\u0131ndan bunun Biden y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7in son derece faydal\u0131 bir olay oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Uykucu Joe\u2019nun \u201cdemokrasimizin kurtar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131\u201d gibi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir haleye b\u00fcr\u00fcnerek g\u00f6reve gelmesini sa\u011flad\u0131 ki bu da onun sa\u011fa kay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n emek\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fa \u00e7ok zay\u0131f bir k\u0131l\u0131f sa\u011flad\u0131. Trump hapse at\u0131lmak yerine neredeyse hemen rehabilitasyona tabi tutuldu. Y\u00f6netiminin medya kuklalar\u0131 -Tucker Carlson ve Alex Jones gibi insanlar- kendisinin ve takip\u00e7ilerinin korkun\u00e7 bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet komplosunun kurbanlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi mu\u011flak [woolly<\/em>] bir anlat\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Kendisini B\u00fcy\u00fck Devlet\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc bir d\u00f6nek olarak sunarak, s\u00f6zde ayk\u0131r\u0131 biri olarak bir ba\u015fka ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na haz\u0131rland\u0131. Kendisine y\u00f6nelik h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rdaki kovu\u015fturmalar\u0131n ne kadar ileri gidece\u011fi belli de\u011fil, ancak zamanlama olduk\u00e7a \u015f\u00fcpheli \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc olaydan tam \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, bir sonraki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7im d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn iki emperyalist aday aras\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka ba\u015faba\u015f at yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir anda geliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZD: Bug\u00fcn k\u00fcresel sol i\u00e7in burjuvazinin ideolojik hegemonyas\u0131na nas\u0131l direnmeliyiz? Ne t\u00fcr bir devrimci kuram in\u015fa etmeliyiz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GR:<\/strong> Kapitalist d\u00fcnyada burjuvazinin ideolojik hegemonyas\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayg\u0131t, yani t\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00fcretim, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve t\u00fcketim sistemi \u00fczerinde uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nefes kesici denetim sayesinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Alan MacLeod, be\u015f dev \u015firketin, \u201cABD\u2019nin okudu\u011fu, izledi\u011fi ya da dinledi\u011fi \u015feylerin y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 denetim alt\u0131n tuttu\u011funu\u201d yazar.63<\/a><\/sup> Bu mega \u015firketler, yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi, ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle yak\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Genel hedefleri CIA M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc William Casey taraf\u0131ndan 1981\u2019deki ilk personel toplant\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edildi: \u201cABD halk\u0131n\u0131n inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 her \u015fey yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funda dezenformasyon program\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayaca\u011f\u0131z.64<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlar Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri gibi bir \u00fclkede ideolojik m\u00fccadelenin nesnel ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sadece do\u011fru bir analiz geli\u015ftirmemiz ve bireysel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimizi payla\u015fmam\u0131z, insanlar\u0131 ussal tart\u0131\u015fmalar ve konu\u015fmalar yoluyla ikna etmemiz gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek safl\u0131k olur. Ger\u00e7ek bir etki yaratmak i\u00e7in kolektif olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fc kendi lehimize kullanman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmal\u0131y\u0131z. \u015eu anda Jennifer Ponce de Le\u00f3n\u2019la birlikte \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi alan\u0131 olarak inceleyen bir kitapta, sezgisel olarak \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 taktik aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapt\u0131k. Birincisi, Truva At\u0131 takti\u011fi, burjuva k\u00fclt\u00fcr ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc altyap\u0131s\u0131ndan yararlanarak kar\u015f\u0131 hegemonik mesajlar\u0131 i\u00e7eri sokmak ve b\u00f6ylece geni\u015f \u00e7apta yaymak i\u00e7in kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmaktan ibarettir (Boots Riley bunu ba\u015far\u0131yla yapan harika bir \u00f6rnektir). \u0130kinci \u00f6nemli taktikse fikirlerin \u00fcretimi, dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve al\u0131mlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in alternatif bir ayg\u0131t geli\u015ftirmektir. Bu alanda alternatif medya ve yay\u0131nlardan e\u011fitim platformlar\u0131na, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlardan aktivist a\u011flara ve toplum merkezlerine kadar bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ponce de L\u00e9on ve ben, bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara adanm\u0131\u015f olan Ele\u015ftirel Kuram At\u00f6lyesi\/Atelier de Th\u00e9orie Critique\u2019e d\u00e2hiliz.65<\/a><\/sup> Son olarak, iktidar\u0131 burjuvaziden uzakla\u015ft\u0131ran \u00fclkelerde geli\u015ftirilen sosyalist ayg\u0131tlar var. Bu ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi haber, enformasyon ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr, kapitalist k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayg\u0131tlara ger\u00e7ek bir alternatif sunar. Bat\u0131 yar\u0131mk\u00fcreden iki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, K\u00fcba\u2019daki Prensa Latina ve Venez\u00fcella\u2019daki Telesur inan\u0131lmaz derecede \u00f6nemli i\u015fler yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gereksindi\u011fimiz devrimci kuram konusunda Cheng Enfu\u2019ya daha fazla kat\u0131lamazd\u0131m. Cheng Enfu, di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek ve daha da geli\u015ftirerek, Marxizm\u2019in yarat\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve d\u00fczenli olarak de\u011fi\u015fen durumlara uyarlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ikna edici bir \u015fekilde savundu.66<\/a><\/sup> Marxizm, ta\u015fa kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir doktrin olmaktan ziyade Losurdo\u2019nun deyimiyle zamana g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen bir \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcrecidir. \u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemde bu konuda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7ok i\u015f var. En acil \u00fc\u00e7 sorunun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek gerekirse, fa\u015fizmi, d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve ekolojik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hem anlayabilecek hem de durdurabilecek devrimci kuram\u0131 daha da geli\u015ftirmemiz gerekiyor.67<\/a><\/sup> Emperyal merkezde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fim i\u00e7in, \u015fimdiye kadar devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden etkilenmemi\u015f olan bu \u00f6zg\u00fcl b\u00f6lgede devrimci kuram ve prati\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesinin de elzem oldu\u011funu ekleyece\u011fim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel olarak, en \u00f6nemli devrimci kuram, sosyalizmi in\u015fa etmenin karma\u015f\u0131k ve zor g\u00f6revine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan kuramd\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok s\u00fcrpriz ya\u015fand\u0131 ve 1917\u2019den bu yana \u00e7ok \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenildi. K\u00fcresel durum bug\u00fcn \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019in alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ya da So\u011fuk Sava\u015f olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00f6nemde oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Sosyalist \u00fclkeler, emperyal d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenine (BRICS+, Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi, \u015eangay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, ASEAN, vb. ) kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan yeni uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7eveler in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in ulusal kalk\u0131nma niyetindeki kapitalist \u00fclkelerle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Bat\u0131 ve Orta Afrika\u2019daki son ayaklanmalar, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci rejimine ve Bat\u0131 emperyalizminin cezaevine meydan okudu. Bu ve di\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelelerini ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta olan \u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamak ve ilerletmek hayati bir kuramsal ve pratik g\u00f6revdir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, emperyalist d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n ve \u00e7ok kutuplulu\u011fun geli\u015fiminin sosyalist projenin geni\u015flemesine nas\u0131l basamak olabilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmek de son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Bu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn en acil sorunlar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

* Gabriel Rockhill, Critical Theory Workshop\/Atelier de Th\u00e9orie Critique\u2019in y\u00f6netici m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc ve ABD Pennsylvania\u2019daki Villanova \u00dcniversitesi felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesidir. Yak\u0131nda Monthly Review Press\u2019ten \u00e7\u0131kacak The Intellectual World War<\/em>: Marxism versus the Imperial Theory Industry<\/em> [Entelekt\u00fcel D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131: Marxizme Kar\u015f\u0131 Emperyal Kuram Sanayii<\/em>] ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kitap yazar\u0131n be\u015finci tek yazarl\u0131 kitab\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6yle\u015fiyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Zhao Dingqi, \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi Marxizm Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde yard\u0131mc\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ve World Socialism Studies<\/em> dergisinin edit\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u00f6yle\u015fi ilk olarak 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda World Socialism Studies<\/em>\u2018in on birinci cildinde \u00c7ince olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131. MR i\u00e7in hafif\u00e7e d\u00fczenlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*<\/a> Edit\u00f6r\u00fcn notu: Monthly Review<\/em>\u2018\u00fcn kurucular\u0131ndan Paul M. Sweezy, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda OSS\u2019nin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Analiz \u015eubesi\u2019nde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Ra\u00fal Antonio Capote, Enemigo<\/em> (Madrid: Ediciones Akal, 2015).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2.  Bu ve takip eden paragraflarda yer alan bilgiler, ar\u015fiv ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da Bilgi Edinme \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Yasas\u0131 talebi ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi eserler de dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok kaynaktan derlendi: Philip Agee and Louis Wolf, eds., Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe<\/em>, 1st ed. (Dorset: Dorset Press, 1978); Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Charpier, La C.I.A. en France: 60 ans d\u2019ing\u00e9rence dans les affaires fran\u00e7aises<\/em> (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2008); Ray S. Cline, Secrets, Spies, and Scholars <\/em>(Washington, DC: Acropolis, 1976); Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe<\/em> (New York: The Free Press, 1989); Allan Francovich, On Company Business<\/em> (documentary), 1980; Pierre Gr\u00e9mion, Intelligence de l\u2019anticommunisme: Le Congr\u00e8s pour la libert\u00e9 de la culture \u00e0 Paris, 1950\u20131975 <\/em>(Paris: Librairie Arth\u00e8me Fayard, 1995); Victor Marchetti and John D. Marx, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence<\/em> (New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1974); Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War <\/em>(New York: The New Press, 2000); Giles Scott-Smith, The Politics of Apolitical Culture: The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the CIA and Post-War American Hegemony<\/em> (New York: Routledge, 2002); John Stockwell, The Praetorian Guard: The U.S. Role in the New World Order<\/em> (Boston: South End Press, 1991); Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America<\/em> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Carl Bernstein, \u201cThe CIA and the Media<\/a>,\u201d Rolling Stone<\/em>, October 20, 1977.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5.  John M. Crewdson, \u201cWorldwide Propaganda Network Built by the C.I.A.,\u201d New York Times<\/em>, December 26, 1977.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6.  Task Force on Greater CIA Openness, memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence, Task Force Report on Greater CIA Openness<\/a><\/em>, December 20, 1991, cia.gov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Crewdson, \u201cWorldwide Propaganda Network.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8.  Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer, William F. Pepper, The Plot to Kill King<\/em> (New York: Skyhorse, 2018), 186.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9.  Crewdson, \u201cWorldwide Propaganda Network.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Yasha Levine, Surveillance Valley<\/em> (New York: PublicAffairs, 2018) and Alan Macleod\u2019s articles in MintPress News<\/em>: \u201cNational Security Search Engine: Google\u2019s Ranks Are Filled with CIA Agents,\u201d July 25, 2022; \u201cMeet the Ex-CIA Agents Deciding Facebook\u2019s Content Policy,\u201d July 12, 2022; \u201cThe Federal Bureau of Tweets: Twitter Is Hiring an Alarming Number of FBI Agents,\u201d June 21, 2022; \u201cThe NATO to TikTok Pipeline: Why Is TikTok Employing so Many National Security Agents?,\u201d April 29, 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11.  Kilise Komitesi Raporu bizzat CIA taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kontrol edilmi\u015f ve denetlenmi\u015ftir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla rakamlar\u0131n \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemeldir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12.   Bak\u0131n\u0131z Noam Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the University<\/em> (New York: The New Press, 1997); Sigmund Diamond, Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945\u20131955 <\/em>(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); Walter Rodney, The Russian Revolution: A View from the Third World<\/em>, ed. Robin D. G. Kelley and Jesse Benjamin (London: Verso, 2018); Christopher Simpson, Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945\u20131960<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z The New School Archives, John R. Everett records (NS-01-01-02), Series 3. Subject files, 1918\u20131979, bulk: 1945\u20131979, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1977\u20131978, findingaids.archives.newschool.edu\/repositories\/3\/archival_objects\/34220. Baz\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n detayland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f bir belge koleksiyonu Black Vault MKULTRA Collection<\/a>, theblackvault.com adresinde eri\u015filebilirdir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  14.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Gabriel Rockhill, Radical History and the Politics of Art<\/em> (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  15.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Matthew Alford and Tom Secker, National Security Cinema: The Shocking New Evidence of Government Control in Hollywood<\/em> (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  16.  Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer Alford and Secker, National Security Cinema<\/em>, 49.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  17.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Michel Collon and Test Media International, Ukraine: La Guerre des images<\/em> (Brussels: Investig\u2019Action, 2023).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  18.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer<\/em>; Agee and Wolf, Dirty Work<\/em>; Charpier, La C.I.A. en France<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  19.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Daniele Ganser, NATO\u2019s Secret Armies<\/em> (New York: Routledge, 2004) and Allan Francovich, Gladio<\/em> (documentary), British Broadcasting Corporation, 1992.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  20.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Saunders, The Cultural Cold War<\/em> and Hans-R\u00fcdiger Minow, Quand la CIA infiltrait la culture<\/em> (documentary), ARTE, 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  21.  Postyap\u0131salc\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> terimi bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden Anglofon bir icatt\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Frans\u0131z ba\u011flam\u0131nda (en az\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta) postyap\u0131salc\u0131lar olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lanlar yap\u0131salc\u0131 projeyi devam ettiren ve yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131ran -biraz farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde- ki\u015filer olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  22.  Michel Foucault, Dits et \u00e9crits 1954\u20131988<\/em>, vol. 1 (Paris: \u00c9ditions Gallimard, 1994), 542. For more on Foucault, Bak\u0131n\u0131z Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cFoucault: The Faux Radical<\/a>,\u201d Los Angeles Review of Books<\/em>, October 12, 2020, thephilosophicalsalon.com.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  23.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cThe Myth of 1968 Thought and the French Intelligentsia<\/a>,\u201d Monthly Review<\/em> 75, no. 2 (June 2023): 19\u201349.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  24.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Aymeric Monville, Neocapitalism According to Michel Clouscard<\/em> (Madison: Iskra Books, 2023) kitab\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00f6ns\u00f6z.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  25.  Directorate of Intelligence, France: Defection of the Leftist Intellectuals<\/a><\/em>, Central Intelligence Agency, December 1, 1985, 6, cia.gov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  26.  Walter Rodney, Decolonial Marxism: Essays from the Pan-African Revolution<\/em> (London: Verso, 2022), 46.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  27.  Yorumlar\u0131m\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u015fu makalelerde bulunabilir: Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cThe CIA and the Frankfurt School\u2019s Anti-Communism<\/a>,\u201d Los Angeles Review of Books<\/em>, June 27, 2022, thephilosophicalsalon.com, and Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cCritical and Revolutionary Theory: For the Reinvention of Critique in the Age of Ideological Realignment,\u201d in Domination and Emancipation: Remaking Critique<\/em>, ed. Daniel Benson (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2021), 117\u201361.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  28.  Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer Wolfgang Kraushaar, ed., Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung: Von der Flaschenpost zum Molotowcocktail 1946\u20131995<\/em>, vol. 1, Chronik<\/em> (Hamburg: Rogner and Bernhard GmbH and Co. Verlags KG, 1998), 252\u201353.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  29.  S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine, bak\u0131n\u0131z Richard Becker, Palestine, Israel and the U.S. Empire<\/em> (San Francisco: PSL Publications, 2009), 71\u201378.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  30.  Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer Stuart Jeffries, Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School<\/em> (London: Verso, 2016), 297. Adorno and Horkheimer\u2019s statements on Nasser are of the same family as the propaganda produced by the Western media and intelligence agencies. As Paul Lashmar and James Oliver have convincingly argued, the Information Research Department\u2014a secret anticommunist propaganda office closely tied to MI6 and the CIA\u2014pressured the BBC and its other news assets to present Nasser as \u201ca Soviet dupe,\u201d which was \u201cthe favored all-purpose propaganda line for anti-colonial leaders\u201d (Paul Lashmar and James Oliver, Britain\u2019s Secret Propaganda War: 1948\u20131977<\/em> [Phoenix Mill, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1998], 64).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  31.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Franz Neumann et al., Secret Reports on Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort<\/em>, ed. Raffaele Laudani, trans. Jason Francis McGimsey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013); Barry M. Katz, Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942\u20131945<\/em> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989); Tim B. M\u00fcller, Krieger und Gelehrte: Herbert Marcuse und die Denksysteme im Kalten Krieg<\/em> (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2010).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  32.  J\u00fcrgen Habermas, The New Conservativism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians\u2019 Debate<\/em>, ed. and trans. Shierry Weber Nicholsen (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1990), 69.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  33.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Rockhill, \u201cCritical and Revolutionary Theory.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  34.  Nancy Fraser, \u201cCapitalism\u2019s Crisis of Care,\u201d Dissent<\/em> 63, no. 4 (Fall 2016): 35.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  35.  Fraser, \u201cCapitalism\u2019s Crisis of Care,\u201d 35.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  36.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Tita Barahona, \u201cJudith Butler, la pope del \u2018feminismo\u2019 postmoderno, y su apoyo al capitalismo yanqui<\/a>,\u201d Canarias-semanal<\/em>, April 7, 2022, canarias-semanal.org, and Ben Norton, \u201cPostmodern Philosopher Judith Butler Repeatedly Donated to \u2018Top Cop\u2019 Kamala Harris<\/a>,\u201d December 18, 2019, bennorton.com.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  37.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z, for instance, my critiques of Cinzia Arruzza, Tithi Bhattacharya, and Nancy Fraser in Rockhill, \u201cCritical and Revolutionary Theory.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  38.  Stephen Gowans bunun bir\u00e7ok ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011fini Washington\u2019s Long War on Syria<\/em> (Montreal: Baraka Books, 2017) kitab\u0131nda sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  39.  Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cCapitalism\u2019s Court Jester: Slavoj \u017di\u017eek<\/a>,\u201d CounterPunch<\/em>, January 2, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  40.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda televizyonda yay\u0131nlanan se\u00e7im tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 YouTube\u2019da ar\u015fivlendi: \u201cSlavoj \u017di\u017eek\u20141990 Election Debate in Slovenia<\/a>,\u201d YouTube video, 9:40, posted May 18, 2021, youtube.com\/watch?v=942h8enHCZs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  41.  Slavoj \u017di\u017eek, \u201cWhy the West Will Keep Losing in Africa: Neocolonialism Is Giving Birth to a Wretched Authoritarianism<\/a>,\u201d New Statesman<\/em>, September 4, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  42.  Slavoj \u017di\u017eek, \u201cThe Left Must Embrace Law and Order<\/a>,\u201d New Statesman<\/em>, July 4, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  43.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Collon, Ukraine: La Guerre des images<\/em> and Pepe Escobar, \u201cWhy the CIA Attempted a \u2018Maidan Uprising\u2019 in Brazil<\/a>,\u201d The Cradle<\/em>, January 10, 2023, new.thecradle.co.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  44.  Amin \u015funlar\u0131 yazd\u0131: \u201c\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc, Kiev\u2019de \u2018Avro\/Nazi darbesi\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir darbe d\u00fczenledi. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn siyasalar\u0131n\u0131n demokrasiyi te\u015fvik etmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6ylemi tek kelimeyle yaland\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d (Samir Amin, \u201cContemporary Imperialism<\/a>,\u201d Monthly Review<\/em> 67, no. 3 [July\u2013August 2015]: 23\u201336).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  45.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cThe U.S. Is Not a Democracy, It Never Was<\/a>,\u201d CounterPunch<\/em>, December 13, 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  46.  John Grafton, ed., The Declaration of Independence and Other Great Documents of American History 1775\u20131865<\/em> (Mineola, New York: Dover, 2000), 8. Also Bak\u0131n\u0131z Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples\u2019 History of the United States<\/em> (Boston: Beacon Press, 2015) and David Michael Smith, Endless Holocausts<\/a><\/em> (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2023).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  47.  Terry Bouton, Taming Democracy: \u201cThe People,\u201d the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  48.  Ralph Louis Ketcham, ed., The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates<\/em> (New York: Signet, 2003), 199.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  49.  Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist<\/em>, vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  50.  Genel \u00e7er\u00e7eveyle ilgili baz\u0131 sorunlar\u0131m olsa da, iddialar\u0131m i\u00e7in g\u00f6rg\u00fcl kan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu bu kitab\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sunuyorum: Gabriel Rockhill, Contre-histoire du temps pr\u00e9sent: Interrogations intempestives sur la mondialisation, la technologie, la d\u00e9mocratie<\/em> (Paris: CNRS \u00c9ditions, 2017). It is also available in English: Counter-History of the Present: Untimely Interrogations into Globalization, Technology, Democracy<\/em> (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  51.  Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, \u201cTesting Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,\u201d Perspectives on Politics <\/em>12, no. 3 (September 2014): 564.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  52.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z William Blum, Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II<\/em> (London: Zed Books, 2014), as well as his \u201cOverthrowing Other People\u2019s Governments: The Master List<\/a>\u201c at williamblum.org.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  53.  Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cLiberalism and Fascism: The Good Cop and Bad Cop of Capitalism<\/a>,\u201d Black Agenda Report<\/em>, October 21, 2020, blackagendareport.com.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  54.  Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cThe U.S. Did Not Defeat Fascism in WWII, It Discretely Internationalized It<\/a>,\u201d CounterPunch<\/em>, October 16, 2020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  55.  \u201cBenito Mussolini\u2019nin eski bir i\u015fbirlik\u00e7isi olan ve Etiyopya\u2019da korkun\u00e7 sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan sorumlu tutulan Mare\u015fal Badoglio\u2019nun fa\u015fizm sonras\u0131 \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n ilk devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131na izin verildi. \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgesinde yeni sistem eskisine \u015f\u00fcpheli bir bi\u00e7imde benziyordu ve bu nedenle bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan fascismo senza Mussolini<\/em> ya da \u2018fa\u015fizm eksi Mussolini\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d (Jacques R. Pauwels, The Myth of the Good War<\/em> [Toronto: Lorimer, 2015], 119).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  56.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples\u2019 History of the United States<\/em> and Smith, Endless Holocausts<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  57.  George L. Jackson, Blood in My Eye<\/em> (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1990), 9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  58.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z, for instance, James Q. Whitman, Hitler\u2019s American Model<\/em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  59.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z John Bellamy Foster, Trump in the White House: Tragedy and Farce<\/a><\/em> (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2017).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  60.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cNazis in Ukraine: Seeing through the Fog of the Information War,\u201d Liberation News<\/em>, March 31, 2022, liberationnews.org.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  61.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Gabriel Rockhill, \u201cLessons from January 6th: An Inside Job<\/a>,\u201d CounterPunch<\/em>, February 18, 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  62.  Anna Massoglia, \u201cDetails of the Money behind Jan. 6 Protests Continue to Emerge,\u201d OpenSecrets News, October 25, 2021, opensecrets.org.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  63.  Alan MacLeod, ed., Propaganda in the Information Age: Still Manufacturing Consent<\/em> (New York: Routledge, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  64.  K\u00f6keniyle ilgili olarak, s\u0131k s\u0131k al\u0131nt\u0131lanan bu ifadeye ili\u015fkin \u015fu tart\u0131\u015fmaya bak\u0131n\u0131z: Tony Brasunas, \u201cIs the CIA Trying to Deceive All Americans?<\/a>,\u201d February 9, 2023, tonybrasunas.com.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  65.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z criticaltheoryworkshop.com.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  66.  Bak\u0131n\u0131z Cheng Enfu, China\u2019s Economic Dialectic<\/em> (New York: International Publishers, 2021).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  67.  Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ndeki en \u00f6nemli Marxistlerden biri olan John Bellamy Foster, bu \u00fc\u00e7 cephede de son derece \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Kaynak metin: https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/2023\/12\/01\/imperialist-propaganda-and-the-ideology-of-the-western-left-intelligentsia\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [1]<\/a> ABD Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan, 25 May\u0131s-17 Eyl\u00fcl 1787 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Philadelphia\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplant\u0131 \u2013\u00e7.n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [2]<\/a> George Lester Jackson (23 Eyl\u00fcl 1941 \u2013 21 A\u011fustos 1971) ABD\u2019li yazar, aktivist ve h\u00fck\u00fcm giymi\u015f mahk\u00fbm. Jackson, 1961\u2019de cezaevindeyken devrimci faaliyetlere kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve cezaevi \u00e7etesi Siyah Gerilla Ailesi\u2019nin kurucular\u0131ndan biri oldu. 1971\u2019de Jackson cezaevine sokmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130spanyol Astra 9 mm tabanca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken Ho Chi Minh\u2019e bir g\u00f6nderme yaparak, \u201cBeyler, ejderha geldi\u201d dedi\u011fi rivayet edilir. \u2013\u00e7.n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [3]<\/a> Pennsylvania Eyaleti\u2019nin kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki bir kent \u2013\u00e7.n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Antikom\u00fcnizm ve Kimlik Siyasetinden Demokratik Yan\u0131lsamalara ve Fa\u015fizme Emperyalist Propaganda ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 Sol Ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n \u0130deolojisi CIA bat\u0131l\u0131 sol ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 nas\u0131l etkilemeye ve K\u00fcba \u00fcniversitelerine nas\u0131l s\u0131zmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Gabriel Rockhill \u0130le R\u00f6p\u00f6rtaj: 01 Aral\u0131k 2023 \u00c7eviri: S. Erdem T\u00fcrk\u00f6z\u00fc \u2013 D\u00fcnyadan \u00c7eviri Web Dergisi https:\/\/dunyadanceviri.wordpress.com\/2023\/12\/16\/gabriel-rockhill-ve-zhao-dingqi-antikomunizm-ve-kim Gabriel Rockhill, Critical Theory Workshop\/Atelier de Th\u00e9orie Critique\u2019in y\u00f6netici m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc ve ABD […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dunya-sosyalizmi"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3589","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3589"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3589\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3590,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3589\/revisions\/3590"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3589"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3589"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3589"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}