{"id":3613,"date":"2024-03-31T00:06:34","date_gmt":"2024-03-31T00:06:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3613"},"modified":"2024-03-31T00:06:34","modified_gmt":"2024-03-31T00:06:34","slug":"kuresel-guneydeki-azgelismislik-kisir-dongusu-nasil-kirilir-marco-fernandes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3613","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’deki Azgeli\u015fmi\u015flik K\u0131s\u0131r D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc Nas\u0131l K\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r? \u2014 \u00a0Marco Fernandes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’deki Azgeli\u015fmi\u015flik K\u0131s\u0131r D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc Nas\u0131l K\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r? \u2014  Marco Fernandes<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Pekin\u2019de yap\u0131lan 13. D\u00fcnya sosyalizmi Forumu\u2019nda sunulan makale:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7eviren Deniz K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7 ve Ferdi Bekir<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131 bu siteden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:\u00a0https:\/\/thetricontinental<\/a>.org\/wenhua-zongheng-2023-4-chinese-perspectives-twenty-first-century-socialism\/<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marco Fernandes, Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research’te ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, Dongsheng kolektifinin kurucu orta\u011f\u0131 ve No Cold War kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyesidir. K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney perspektifinden jeopolitik ve \u00c7in \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar  yapmakta ve yaz\u0131lar yazmaktad\u0131r.  S\u00e3o Paulo \u00dcniversitesi’nden (Brezilya) tarih alan\u0131nda lisans ve y\u00fcksek lisans derecelerine ve sosyal psikoloji alan\u0131nda doktora derecesine sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f bir \u00c7in atas\u00f6z\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle der: ‘1949’da sosyalizm \u00c7in’i kurtard\u0131. Ve yirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in sosyalizmi kurtaracak’.  \u00c7in Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Xi Jinping, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda Merkez Komite’nin yeni \u00fcyelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmada, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra ‘sosyalizm \u00c7in’de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olsayd\u0131 […] k\u00fcresel sosyalizmin uzun bir karanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenece\u011fini’ hat\u0131rlatt\u0131. Ve kom\u00fcnizm, Karl Marx’\u0131n bir zamanlar dedi\u011fi gibi, arafta kalan bir hayalet olacakt\u0131r’.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki \u00c7ine \u00d6zg\u00fc sosyalizminin temel \u00f6zellikleri <\/em>nelerdir?  Pazar ve planlama, sosyalist bir stratejiye birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015fman olmadan  nas\u0131l entegre edilebilir? \u00c7in sosyalizmini Sovyet modelinden ay\u0131ran nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pazar\u0131n sosyalizme dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle y\u00fczle\u015fen \u00c7in’in kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar nelerdir? \u00c7in deneyimi sosyalizme giden yolda di\u011fer \u00fclkelere ilham verebilir mi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Wenhua Zongheng<\/em> dergisinin uluslararas\u0131 bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131, Yang Ping’in iki makalesinde bu temel sorular\u0131 inceliyor  Wenhua Zongheng <\/em>dergisinin \u00c7ince bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f edit\u00f6r\u00fc olan Pan Shiwei, \u015eangay Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi \u00c7in Marksizmi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn onursal ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. Yang Ping, ‘Sosyalizmin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Dalgas\u0131’ adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 150 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fc\u00e7 bilimsel sosyalizm dalgas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmektedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa’da Marksizmin ve devrimci hareketlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 (bu birinci dalga), yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7ok say\u0131da sosyalist devletin ve ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 (bu ikinci dalga) ve (bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dalga: Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve Mao d\u00f6neminde sosyalizmin bocalamas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, 1970’lerde \u00c7in’in reformu ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan sosyalist bir pazar ekonomisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benzer \u015fekilde Pan Shiwei, ‘Yirmi Birinci Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sosyalizmin Yeni Bi\u00e7imleri’<\/strong> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 ana sosyalizm bi\u00e7iminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmektedir: Avrupa kapitalizminin merkezlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan klasik sosyalizm, ikincisi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde sosyalizmin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bi\u00e7imleri ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, \u00c7in’de geli\u015fen ve kapitalizmi a\u015fmay\u0131 hedefleyen yeni bir sosyalizm bi\u00e7imi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Her iki yazar da sosyalizmin yeni dalgas\u0131n\u0131n ya da bi\u00e7iminin hen\u00fcz ilk a\u015famalar\u0131nda oldu\u011funu savunmakta ve bunun \u00c7in’de sosyalizmi nas\u0131l daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilece\u011fini ve d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer uluslara nas\u0131l ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilece\u011fini tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler ekonomik bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ortas\u0131ndad\u0131r ve Ukrayna ile Filistin’de Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’ya yay\u0131lma ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fckleme riski ta\u015f\u0131yan bir sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, sosyalist \u00c7in’in y\u00fckseli\u015fi K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’e ne gibi f\u0131rsatlar sunuyor? Bu yaz\u0131, bu soruyu incelemek \u00fczere yazarlar\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ele almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Sosyalizmi i\u00e7in Ba\u015far\u0131lar ve Zorluklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

45 y\u0131ll\u0131k reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin ard\u0131ndan sosyalist \u00c7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir end\u00fcstriyel, teknolojik, finansal, ticari ve askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ekonomileri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc olan sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fc paritesine g\u00f6re gayri safi yurti\u00e7i has\u0131la baz al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00c7in, ABD’yi rahatl\u0131kla geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in’in GSYH’si (SATIN ALMA G\u00dcC\u00dc HESAPLAMASI ) 31 trilyon dolar iken ABD’nin 26 trilyon dolard\u0131r.  Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, \u00c7in’in GSY\u0130H’si (SATIN ALMA G\u00dcC\u00dc HESAPLAMASI) ABD’ninkinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,2 kat\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 sosyalist kalk\u0131nma tarihi i\u00e7inde bir ba\u011flama oturtmak gerekirse, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zirvesine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, GSY\u0130H’si (SATIN ALMA G\u00dcC\u00dc HESAPLAMASI) ABD’nin yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 58’ine, yani yar\u0131s\u0131ndan biraz fazlas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, 2000’li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan bu yana d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l \u00c7in k\u00fcresel imalat \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 26,7’sini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken, onu ABD (y\u00fczde 15,4), Japonya (y\u00fczde 5,3) ve Almanya (y\u00fczde 4) takip etti. Bu, \u00c7in’in sanayi \u00fcretiminin K\u00fcresel Kuzey’deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7 sanayi \u00fclkesinin toplam \u00fcretimini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. \u00c7in ayr\u0131ca son y\u0131llarda telekom\u00fcnikasyon (5G), y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 tren, yenilenebilir enerji, maden ar\u0131tma ve elektrikli ara\u00e7lar gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde k\u00fcresel \u00f6nder haline gelerek ve yapay zeka, kuantum hesaplama, biyoteknoloji ve in\u015faat dahil olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok alanda olduk\u00e7a ileri a\u015famalara ula\u015farak dikkate de\u011fer teknolojik ilerlemeler kaydetmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7in, 120’den fazla \u00fclkenin birincil ticaret orta\u011f\u0131 olarak hizmet veren d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in’in ihracat\u0131 6,28 trilyon dolar olurken, 860 milyar dolar fazla verdi ve y\u0131l\u0131 3,13 trilyon dolarl\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 rezervle kapatt\u0131. Bu arada, finans alan\u0131nda \u00c7in devleti, toplam varl\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rt bankas\u0131n\u0131 – Industrial and Commercial Bank of China , China Construction Bank, Agricultural Bank of China ve Bank of China – kontrol etmektedir ve bu bankalar birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 trilyon dolarl\u0131k varl\u0131\u011fa sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fclkeleri ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 kurumlar\u0131 geride b\u0131rakarak k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte en b\u00fcy\u00fck kalk\u0131nma finansman\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.  Son olarak \u00c7in, 1978-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 850 milyon insan\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yoksulluktan kurtararak tarihteki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lardan birine imza atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131’na g\u00f6re bu d\u00f6nemde yoksullu\u011fun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00c7in’in pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 76’d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lara ra\u011fmen \u00c7in geli\u015fmekte olan bir \u00fclke olmaya devam etmektedir ve sosyalizmin ‘ilk a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n’ \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u00f6nemli ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasi zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu zorluklar aras\u0131nda hem kentsel ve k\u0131rsal alanlar aras\u0131nda hem de \u00fclkenin b\u00f6lgeleri aras\u0131nda (do\u011fu bat\u0131dan \u00e7ok daha geli\u015fmi\u015ftir) e\u015fitsizli\u011fin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.  Bu hedef, 300 milyondan fazla (\u00fclke i\u00e7i) g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7inin gelir ve sosyal refah\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131; y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeydeki gen\u00e7 i\u015fsizli\u011finin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131; finansalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir gayrimenkul sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne olan y\u00fcksek ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Hiper-h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sanayile\u015fmeden kaynaklanan \u00e7evresel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015flanan n\u00fcfusa ve azalan do\u011fum oran\u0131na uyum sa\u011flamak; \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi i\u00e7inde ve kitleler aras\u0131nda Marksist siyasi e\u011fitimi canland\u0131rmak (Xi Jinping i\u00e7in bir \u00f6ncelik) yer almaktad\u0131r; Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00c7in’in ilerlemesini engellemek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hibrit sava\u015f taktiklerini de hesaba katal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’de Sosyalist ya da Kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 Bir Dalga m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya’y\u0131 esir alan k\u0131s\u0131r ‘azgeli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fin geli\u015fimi’ d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnden kurtulmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131ndan onlarca y\u0131l sonra, bu d\u00f6ng\u00fc \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerin kapitalist sistem i\u00e7indeki deneyimlerini tan\u0131mlamaya devam etmektedir. Muazzam ekonomik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’de giderek artan say\u0131da \u00fclke \u00c7in’i hem takip edilecek ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek (kendi yerel \u00f6zelliklerini dikkate alarak) hem de kalk\u0131nma odakl\u0131 stratejiler aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda potansiyel bir ortak olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00c7in de bu t\u00fcr ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 giderek daha fazla geli\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekim 2022’de \u00c7KP’nin yirminci Ulusal Kongresi’nin raporu, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, ya\u011fma, k\u00f6lelik ve K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’deki do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n ve halklar\u0131n ya\u011fmac\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne dayanan Bat\u0131 modernle\u015fme modelinin yank\u0131 uyand\u0131ran Marksist bir ele\u015ftirisini i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu model sadece Avrupa ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 \u00fczerindeki ekonomik, siyasi ve askeri hakimiyetlerinin de temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve bir emperyalizm sistemi \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00c7in, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir n\u00fcfus aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lan refah, maddi ve etik-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ilerleme, insan ve do\u011fa aras\u0131nda uyum ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l kalk\u0131nma ilkeleriyle karakterize edilen kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc modernle\u015fme yolunu form\u00fcle etti. Bu tarihsel fark\u0131ndal\u0131k \u00c7in’in devlet politikas\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Orta Asya ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurarak Bat\u0131 \u00c7in’in kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla ba\u015flat\u0131lan Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi’ni (BRI) \u015fekillendirmektedir. Deng Xiaoping’in ‘ta\u015flara dokunarak nehri ge\u00e7me’ tarz\u0131nda, \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bunun otuz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir neoliberalizm taraf\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z edilen K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney ile ili\u015fkisinin temel ta\u015f\u0131 olabilece\u011fini fark etti. On y\u0131l ve y\u00fcz milyarlarca dolar sonra, \u00c7KP’nin yirminci Ulusal Kongresi’nde bu y\u00f6n bir kez daha teyit edilmi\u015f ve \u00c7in’in K\u00fcresel Kuzey ile K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumun daralt\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaya ve K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinde kalk\u0131nman\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemeye kararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son geli\u015fmeler, \u00c7in ile geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda daha y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde bir i\u015fbirli\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda (on be\u015finci BRICS zirvesinden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra d\u00fczenlenen) \u00c7in-Afrika \u00d6nderler Diyalo\u011fu’nda Afrikal\u0131 \u00f6nderler \u00c7in’in son yirmi y\u0131lda k\u0131tada altyap\u0131y\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7abalar\u0131 takdir ettiklerini ifade ederken, \u00c7in’e yat\u0131r\u0131m oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 altyap\u0131dan sanayile\u015fmeye kayd\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundular.1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi Jinping bu \u00f6neriyi kabul etti ve Temmuz ay\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen Rusya-Afrika zirvesinde de benzer  bir tart\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve mevcut Afrika stratejisi teyit edilmi\u015ftir. Bir zamanlar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmi\u015f sanayi sekt\u00f6rlerine sahip olan ancak son y\u0131llarda sanayisizle\u015fme ya\u015fayan Brezilya ve G\u00fcney Afrika gibi \u00fclkelerden, bol do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Bat\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc nedeniyle istikrarl\u0131 bir sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in yeterli sermaye birikimi sa\u011flayamayan Bolivya ve Zimbabve gibi \u00fclkelere kadar, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’de sanayile\u015fme ihtiyac\u0131 bir kez daha kamusal tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n saflar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in devlet \u015firketleri ve \u00f6zel \u015firketler ile K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fcksek talep g\u00f6ren madenlerin yerel olarak i\u015flenmesi veya elektrikli ara\u00e7 \u00fcretimi ile ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da ortakl\u0131k kurulmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7in, Bolivya’da lityum i\u015fleme tesislerine, Zimbabwe’de bir ba\u015fka lityum tesisine ve mega \u00e7elik tesisine, Endonezya’da nikel i\u015fleme tesislerine ve Fas’ta elektrikli ara\u00e7 fabrikalar\u0131 merkezine milyarlarca dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131yor. \u0130pek Yolu Projesi, geni\u015fletilmi\u015f BRICS-11 ve \u015eangay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc gibi b\u00f6lgesel giri\u015fimlerin, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin muhalefetiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fsalar da, bu s\u00fcreci g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kald\u0131ra\u00e7 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rebilece\u011fine dair y\u00fcksek beklentiler var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

End\u00fcstriyel kalk\u0131nma olmadan, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’deki halklar a\u00e7l\u0131k, i\u015fsizlik ve kaliteli e\u011fitim, bar\u0131nma ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine yetersiz eri\u015fim gibi derin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelemeyecektir. Ancak bu sadece \u00c7in (veya Rusya) ile ili\u015fkiler yoluyla elde edilemeyecektir. Ulusal halk projelerinin, ba\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131flar olmak \u00fczere ilerici toplumsal kesimlerin geni\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi gerekmektedir; aksi takdirde, herhangi bir geli\u015fmenin meyvelerinin, bu meyvelere en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyanlar taraf\u0131ndan toplanmas\u0131 pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’de \u015fu anda \u00e7ok az \u00fclkede kitle hareketlerinde bir y\u00fckseli\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u00fcresel bir ‘\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sosyalist dalga’ beklentisi olduk\u00e7a zorlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r; daha ziyade, ilerici bir karaktere b\u00fcr\u00fcnme potansiyeline sahip yeni bir kalk\u0131nma dalgas\u0131 daha m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn temel \u00e7eli\u015fkisi emperyalizmdir ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcm \u00e7abalar stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan avantajl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphe yok ki \u00c7in ve Rusya, tam da son on y\u0131llarda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve egemen uluslar in\u015fa ettikleri i\u00e7in emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan hedef al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bunun  \u00f6tesinde, \u00c7in ve daha az \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Rusya, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerine daha geni\u015f bir yelpazede end\u00fcstriyel, teknolojik, finansal, ileti\u015fim ve askeri yetenekler sunarak se\u00e7eneklerini geni\u015fletmekte ve potansiyel olarak Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 daha geni\u015f anlamda zay\u0131flatmaktad\u0131r. 1950’lerle 1970’ler aras\u0131nda ulusal kurtulu\u015f ve kalk\u0131nmaya y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck dalga olan ve nihayetinde hayalleri neoliberalizm ve \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun sava\u015f makinesi taraf\u0131ndan engellenen ‘\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya Projesi’nin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in eksik olan tam da bu de\u011fil miydi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney’deki Azgeli\u015fmi\u015flik K\u0131s\u0131r D\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc Nas\u0131l K\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r? \u2014  Marco Fernandes Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Pekin\u2019de yap\u0131lan 13. D\u00fcnya sosyalizmi Forumu\u2019nda sunulan makale: \u00c7eviren Deniz K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7 ve Ferdi Bekir Yaz\u0131 bu siteden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:\u00a0https:\/\/thetricontinental.org\/wenhua-zongheng-2023-4-chinese-perspectives-twenty-first-century-socialism\/ Marco Fernandes, Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research’te ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, Dongsheng kolektifinin kurucu orta\u011f\u0131 ve No Cold War kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyesidir. K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney perspektifinden jeopolitik ve \u00c7in \u00fczerine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"6c01c548-e554-4692-9ca8-32067fa655da\",\"content\":\"\"}]"},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dunya-sosyalizmi"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3613","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3613"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3613\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3614,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3613\/revisions\/3614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3613"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3613"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}