{"id":3693,"date":"2024-04-02T22:33:39","date_gmt":"2024-04-02T22:33:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3693"},"modified":"2024-04-02T22:34:05","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T22:34:05","slug":"unlu-tarihci-dai-mucainin-cinin-yolu-kitabindan-bir-derleme-cem-kizilcec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=3693","title":{"rendered":"\u00dcnl\u00fc Tarih\u00e7i Dai Mucai\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019in Yolu Kitab\u0131ndan Bir Derleme &#8211; Cem K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dcnl\u00fc Tarih\u00e7i Dai Mucai\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019in Yolu Kitab\u0131ndan Bir Derleme &#8211; Cem K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sosyalistbirlik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chinese-19th-centory-wear.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5251\" style=\"width:608px;height:465px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi \u00d6ncesi Kurtulu\u015f Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131: Muhafazakar Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm ve Topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&#8211;<br>Mao\u2019nun G\u00f6z\u00fcnden \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Son G\u00fcnleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&#8211;<br>19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren \u00c7in\u2019in uygun geli\u015fim yolu aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde etkili olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca hatal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&#8211;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ulusu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa, halk\u0131 kurtulu\u015fa, refah ve zenginli\u011fe kavu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan modernle\u015fme yolu ile \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc geli\u015fim yolunu ke\u015ffetme \u00e7abas\u0131, 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan&#8211;&nbsp;yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fdan&#8211;&nbsp;itibaren \u00c7in\u2019in tarihsel geli\u015fmesine y\u00f6n vermi\u015ftir.&nbsp;\u00c7in\u2019in yolu, yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fdan bu yana, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n zorlu ve \u00e7etin aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131, defalarca yap\u0131lan tercih ve k\u0131yaslamalar sonucunda se\u00e7ti\u011fi modernle\u015fme yolu ve ulusal geli\u015fim yoludur. Bu yol, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7KP\u2019nin halka \u00f6nderlik ederek, uzun vadeli pratikler i\u00e7inde ad\u0131m ad\u0131m geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve kolay elde edilmemi\u015f olan \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalist modernle\u015fme yoludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalist yol, olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecinde ve olu\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00e7e\u015fitli yurti\u00e7i ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 etkenlerden etkilenmi\u015f, hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde dahi d\u00fcnyadaki \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ve sosyalist yol d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer yollardan etkilenmeye devam ediyor, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7e\u015fitli meydan okumalarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunuyor. Ancak pratikte, bu t\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer yollar\u0131n hepsinin \u00c7in\u2019in durumuna uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel geli\u015fme taraf\u0131ndan kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d teorisi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Son 100 y\u0131ld\u0131r, \u00c7in\u2019e \u00d6zg\u00fc yol ile ilgili olarak en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konu, \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d olarak an\u0131lan sorundur.&nbsp;\u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n\u201d temel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ise Bat\u0131l\u0131lardan ve Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n ileri teknolojilerini, ileri sistemlerini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini \u00f6\u011frenip, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar gibi ileri bir toplum seviyesine ula\u015fmakt\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle diyebiliriz, \u00c7in, Bat\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile temas etmesinden bu yana, s\u00fcrekli Bat\u0131l\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frenip \u00f6\u011frenmeme hususunu ve Bat\u0131\u2019dan nas\u0131l \u00f6\u011frenilmesi gerekti\u011fi sorununu tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1840 Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesinden sonra, bu tart\u0131\u015fma daha da ciddi bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131, hem yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fdan bu yana \u00c7inli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulan bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u015f\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131, hem de \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin radikal bir versiyonudur. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda ya\u015fanan \u201cReform Hareketinden\u201d kaynakland\u0131. \u201cReform Hareketi\u201d yanl\u0131lar\u0131, \u00fclkedeki tutucu kesimin bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeme inad\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ve \u201c\u00d6z Geli\u015fme Hareketi\u2019nin \u201c\u00c7in\u2019in feodal sisteminin korunmas\u0131 temelinde Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin kopya edilmesi\u201d tutumuna kar\u015f\u0131 bir tepki olarak, \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kopya edilmesi\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ortaya koydular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu tepki, \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d teorisinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ifadesi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda demokrasi ve hukuka dayal\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Bat\u0131l\u0131 sistemin kopya edilerek, d\u00fcnyadaki trendlere ayak uydurulmas\u0131ndan yanayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda patlak veren 4 May\u0131s 1919 Devrimci Hareketi d\u00f6neminde, kendisini tamamen ifade edebilen ve pop\u00fclerlik kazanan \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d teorisi, Bat\u0131da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen modern Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019in geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine koyulmas\u0131ndan yana idi. 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan \u201c\u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131k \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d \u00f6nerisinde bulundu. Baz\u0131 ki\u015filer, \u00c7in\u2019in \u201cHer konuda di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin gerisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d, Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fim y\u00f6n\u00fc oldu\u011funu, \u00c7in\u2019in de Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma yolunda y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bu yolda s\u00fcrekli ilerleyece\u011fini, yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda Bat\u0131l\u0131 bireyci k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019i kurtarabilece\u011fini savundu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerle \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d y\u00f6nteminin \u00c7in ulusunu tehlikeden kurtarman\u0131n tek yolu oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di\u011fer baz\u0131 ki\u015filer ise: \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn alanlarda ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, yaln\u0131zca maddi-ekonomik ve teknolojik geli\u015fme ve siyasi sistem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ahlak, bilim, edebiyat, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, m\u00fczik, sanat ve sporlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 itiraf etmeliyiz\u201d diyerek, \u00c7in devrim yapmamal\u0131, devrim yapacak nitelikte de de\u011fil, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sadece evrimci bir tarzda geli\u015fmeli, \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>70\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonundan 80\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00c7in\u2019de reform ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lma politikas\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bir kez daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131karak, \u00fclkenin geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn zenginle\u015ftirilmesi ve modernle\u015ftirilmesi \u00f6nerisine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Baz\u0131 ki\u015filer \u00c7in\u2019de de Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerin liberal demokrasi sisteminin uygulanmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunarak, sosyalist sistemi inkar etmeye, burjuva liberalizmini desteklemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Baz\u0131 ki\u015filer ise net bir \u015fekilde \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmadan\u201d yana olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirterek, \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n\u201d topyekun d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lma olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini savundular. \u00c7in\u2019in k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ileri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla topyekun d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n ileri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019in siyaset, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bilim ve teknoloji, e\u011fitim ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm alanlarda etkili bir konuma gelmesi gerekti\u011finden yanayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hatta baz\u0131 ki\u015filer, \u00c7in\u2019in geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fclke halk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndaki bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u201cy\u00fck\u201d oldu\u011funu, hi\u00e7 bir yarar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201ctamamen inkar edilmesi\u201d gerekti\u011fini net bir \u015fekilde belirterek, geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7oktan terk edilmesi gerekti\u011fini, geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcrde \u201ciyi olan\u0131 de\u011fil, sadece k\u00f6t\u00fc olan\u0131 g\u00f6rebildiklerini\u201d, hatta \u00c7in&#8217;in insanl\u0131k tarihindeki parlak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc temsil eden d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck icad\u0131n (pusula, ka\u011f\u0131t yap\u0131m\u0131, bas\u0131m ve barut) \u201cgeleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcre dahil edildi\u011fi durumda bile, olumlu de\u011fil olumsuz bir katk\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ileri s\u00fcrerek, bu nedenle \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n yak\u0131n modern tarihinde tamamen geri kalm\u0131\u015f\u201d \u00c7in\u2019in eski durumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u201ctopyekun ve tamamen Bat\u0131l\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frenmek\u201d, \u201ctopyekun d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmak veya da topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmak\u201d gerekti\u011fini savundular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7in\u2019in geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyip, Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ven, hatta \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d ve ulusal nihilizmden yana olan bu t\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131 daha \u00f6nceki \u00e7e\u015fitli tarihsel d\u00f6nemlerde geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hem 1930\u2019lu hem de 1980\u2019li y\u0131llardaki \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellikleri, topyekun d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya topyekun a\u00e7\u0131lmay\u0131 \u00f6nererek, tarihin e\u011filimi do\u011frultusunda sosyalizm yolunu se\u00e7mi\u015f olan \u00c7in\u2019i Bat\u0131 kapitalizmi yolunda ilerlemeye te\u015fvik etmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemlerdeki \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d, sadece k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi, sosyal sistem ve toplumsal geli\u015fim yolu gibi alanlar\u0131 da kaps\u0131yordu. Bu t\u00fcr d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131 o d\u00f6nemlerde de burjuva liberalizmi olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015fti, \u201cbu bir burjuva liberalizmi aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ve kapitalist yolda ilerlemesi\u201d anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, geli\u015fimi ve de\u011fi\u015fiminin arkas\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k nedenler yer al\u0131yordu. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de d\u00fcnya genelinde etkili olan modernle\u015fmeci ak\u0131m\u0131, Bat\u0131 merkezcilik olarak bilinen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde te\u015fvik etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d bir t\u00fcr a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ve k\u00f6ktenci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ak\u0131m\u0131n esas niteli\u011fi d\u00fcnyada tek bir \u00fcst\u00fcn geli\u015fme modeli ve geli\u015fme yolunun oldu\u011funu savlamas\u0131, ve kapitalist geli\u015fim yoluna hayranl\u0131k duymas\u0131 ona temel bir ele\u015ftiri getirememesidir. Toplumsal pratik, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin kapitalist modernle\u015fme modelinin bir\u00e7ok zaaf ve eksikli\u011finin bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Sonradan modernle\u015fme dalgas\u0131na kat\u0131lan \u00fclkelerin kendi modernle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde Bat\u0131y\u0131 tamamen kopya etmemeleri, onlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f yollar\u0131na ba\u015fvurmamalar\u0131, kendi \u00fclkelerinin durumlar\u0131na uygun modernle\u015fme yolunu aramalar\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deng Xiaoping\u2019in de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cBizim sosyalist modernle\u015fmeyi in\u015fa etme \u00e7abam\u0131z, \u00c7in\u2019in somut durumundan hareketle yap\u0131lmal\u0131. Gerek sosyalist devrim gerek sosyalist in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerin deneyimlerini \u00f6\u011frenmek ve bu deneyimlerden yararlanmak iyidir. Fakat ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerin deneyimlerini ve modelini birebir kopya ederek ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan tek bir \u00fclke yoktur. Bu alanda bizler de kendi ad\u0131m\u0131za bir\u00e7ok ders \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131k.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7in sadece \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc modernle\u015fme\u201d yolunda ilerliyor, i\u015fte bu yol \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm yoludur. \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm yolda ilerleme s\u00fcrecinde, Bat\u0131l\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr hazinesine katm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kazan\u0131mlar kabul edilip yararlan\u0131labilir ama topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mao Zedung, \u00c7KP\u2019nin tarihiyle ilgili olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesinde \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cAfyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra, \u2018\u0130lerici \u00c7inliler\u2019 hep Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinin ger\u00e7e\u011fini arad\u0131. O zaman vard\u0131klar\u0131 sonu\u00e7 ise; \u2018Devleti kurtarmak i\u00e7in (evrimci) reform yapmal\u0131, reform yapmak i\u00e7in de sadece yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerden \u00f6\u011frenmek gerekir\u2019 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi idi. Bu nedenle \u2018\u0130lerlemek isteyen \u00c7inliler, sadece Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini ele alan her t\u00fcr kitab\u0131 ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeden okuyordu\u2019. Ancak bu s\u00f6zde reformcular kendilerine olduk\u00e7a g\u00fcvenmelerine ra\u011fmen, \u2018\u00d6\u011fretmenlerin (sava\u015f ve ya\u011fmalama yoluyla) s\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frencilerine sald\u0131r\u0131yor\u201d olmas\u0131 gibi bir tarihsel ger\u00e7eklik, onlar\u0131n ve \u2018\u00c7inlilerin Bat\u0131l\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frenme r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 suya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u2019. 1917 Ekim Devrimi\u2019nden sonra, birka\u00e7 ku\u015fak \u2018ilerici \u00c7inlilerin Bat\u0131l\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frenme konusunda vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel sonu\u00e7 ise \u2018Ruslar\u0131n (sosyalizm) yolunda y\u00fcr\u00fcmek\u2019 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u00d6\u011fretmenlerin \u00f6\u011frencilerine (sava\u015f ve ya\u011fmalama yoluyla) sald\u0131rmas\u0131 veya sald\u0131rmamas\u0131\u201d ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi \u00c7inlilerin \u00f6\u011fretmenlerini se\u00e7meleri konusunda kritik bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131 ile \u201cKarakhan Manifestosu\u201dnun sembolik \u00f6nemi de b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. \u00dcstelik \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumda, kimi ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00f6\u011fretmen yapmak gerekti\u011fi konusu net bir \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. \u00c7inli ilericilerin \u00c7in\u2019in geli\u015fmesini \u00fcmit ettikleri yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda, eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeye ge\u00e7i\u015fte nihai tercihi ve modeli ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p yerine Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 \u00c7inli ilericileri te\u015fvik eden \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Marksizm ve Leninizm\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019de olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok nedeni vard\u0131r. Tarihsel ba\u011flam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda,&nbsp;hem Marksizm, hem Leninizm bat\u0131dan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda hem Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tedavi ediyor, hem de d\u00fcnya halk\u0131n\u0131 (Bat\u0131 kaynakl\u0131)&nbsp;emperyalizmin \u201cd\u00fcnya devrimine\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu. Bu sadece Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin simgesi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00c7inli\u2019nin Bat\u0131l\u0131lara olan sevgi ile nefret kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 duygular\u0131na uygundu. Yani hem Bat\u0131l\u0131lara sayg\u0131 duyuyor, hem \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n ileri teknolojilerini \u00f6\u011frenip, bu teknolojileri kullanarak Bat\u0131l\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015fmede atak yapmak\u201d istiyorlard\u0131. Bilimsel ilke bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda,&nbsp;Marksizm ve Leninizm\u2019in i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u201cBilimsel sosyalizm\u201d ile \u00c7in\u2019in geleneksel \u201cuyumlu toplum\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi aras\u0131nda belirli bir benzerlik vard\u0131r. Pratik politik a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda,&nbsp;Marksizm ve Leninizm ile donanm\u0131\u015f Bol\u015fevik Partisi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde Ekim Devrimini zafere ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma teorisi\u201d, ise \u00f6z\u00fcnde \u00c7in\u2019in modernle\u015fmesini Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n modernle\u015fme modeline ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak ilerletmekten yanad\u0131r. Bu teori, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n modernle\u015fme modelinin \u00c7in\u2019in modernle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu bir yol oldu\u011funu savunur, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00c7in\u2019in modernle\u015fme in\u015fas\u0131 \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve deneyimlerinden yararlanmalar\u0131, ekonomik ve siyasi sistemden, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal sisteme kadar topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeli, \u00f6zellikle liberal Bat\u0131 demokrasini, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, g\u00f6steri \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, hukukun egemenli\u011fi, \u00e7ok partili sistem, genel oy yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme ve yarg\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ile yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi siyasi sistemleri azami \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde adapte etmekten yanad\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6ylenenlerden anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalist yol \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d yolu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A) \u201c\u00c7in\u2018in Ayr\u0131ks\u0131 \u00d6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d Doktrini<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in\u2019in kap\u0131s\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve sald\u0131rgan toplar\u0131yla zorla d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve zor yoluyla modernle\u015fme e\u011filimine s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda \u201c\u00c7in\u2018in ayr\u0131ks\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d&nbsp;doktrini uzun bir tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fe dayan\u0131r. \u00c7in (Qing) Hanedan\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminden, Kuomingtang\u2019\u0131n iktidara hakim oldu\u011fu Milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in d\u00f6nemine ve bug\u00fcne kadar bu doktrin hep ayaktad\u0131r. Nitekim Qing Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma ve yenilik\u00e7i hareketlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan gerici g\u00fc\u00e7ler Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin ileri teknolojisinin, ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f sisteminin \u00c7in\u2019e uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle boykot etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019e gelen Goodnough da, \u201c\u00c7in\u2019in \u00f6zel ve ayr\u0131ks\u0131 niteliklere sahip \u00f6zel bir toplum\u201d oldu\u011fu doktrininin savunucusuydu. Goodnough, d\u00f6nemin Milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in\u2019inin ilk k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Yuan Shikai taraf\u0131ndan kendisinin Hukuk Dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 olarak atand\u0131.Goodnough, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Yuan Shikai\u2019nin imparatorluk sistemini canland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uygulamas\u0131na teorik ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 deste\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131,&nbsp;b\u00f6ylece&nbsp;Goodnough&nbsp;\u00c7in\u2019in ayr\u0131ks\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc doktrinini ilk kez g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Goodnough, \u00c7inlilerde yetki, \u00f6dev ve sorumluluk kavram\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hukuk ve disiplin al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sosyal i\u015fbirli\u011fi kabiliyetinin hen\u00fcz yetersiz oldu\u011funu, bu y\u00fczden \u00c7in\u2019in politik sisteminde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck yerine otoriteye gerek oldu\u011funu, halk\u0131n bireysel se\u00e7imler yerine otoritelere tabi olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nem vermek yerine, yukar\u0131dan idari d\u00fczenlemelere \u00f6nem verdi\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekti. Goodnough, demokratik cumhuriyet sisteminin ABD ve Fransa gibi \u00fclkelere uygun oldu\u011funu, \u00c7in\u2019in ise farkl\u0131 bir devlet sistemine sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, \u00c7in\u2019de \u201cdiktat\u00f6rl\u00fck sisteminin, cumhuriyet sistemine g\u00f6re daha uygun\u201d oldu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ba\u015fkan Yuan Shikai\u2019nin otoriteye vurgu yapmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in ve tarihsel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi ile daha uyumlu oldu\u011funu savundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda, d\u00f6nemin \u00c7in Kuomintang&nbsp;(\u00c7in Milliyet\u00e7i Partisi)&nbsp;Partisi\u2019nin Lideri \u00c7an Kay \u015eek \u201c\u00c7in\u2018in \u00f6zel ayr\u0131ks\u0131 niteliklere sahip oldu\u011fu\u201d doktrininden yola \u00e7\u0131kan bir siyasi kampanya ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve \u015fu ifadeleri kulland\u0131\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c4 May\u0131s 1919 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hareketi\u2019nden sonra \u00fclkemizde, liberalizm ve kom\u00fcnizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler bir s\u00fcre bir hayli benimsendi ve pop\u00fcler oldu, bunlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri halk\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. Fakat bu hareketin \u00f6nderlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ve \u00f6nerileri, nesnel a\u00e7\u0131dan ulusumuzun hisleri ve yap\u0131s\u0131na hi\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7imde uymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7an Kay \u015eek\u2019in bu doktrini benimsemesinin \u00f6nemli bir nedeni, d\u00f6nemin \u00c7KP ve \u00e7e\u015fitli demokratik-yurtsever partilerin ortakla\u015fa bir bi\u00e7imde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 \u201c<strong>tek doktrin, tek siyasi parti, tek \u00f6nderlik\u201d&nbsp;<\/strong>sistemini ayakta tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakt\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in ayr\u0131ks\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc doktrini, Reform ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lma ve sosyalist pazar ekonomisini geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde, de belli bir kesim taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmi\u015ftir. Bu doktrin esas olarak \u015fu iki anlamlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1)&nbsp;\u00c7in\u2019in temel sosyalist sistemini ve Marksizm\u2019in \u00f6nderlik konumu korumay\u0131 gerek\u00e7e olarak g\u00f6stererek, \u00c7in\u2019in tarihsel ve nesnel k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reform ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lma ve sosyalist pazar ekonomisinin geli\u015ftirilmesine, \u00c7in\u2019in insan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fiminde kaydedilen olumlu kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lardan yararlanmaya, \u00f6zellikle de Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin siyaset alan\u0131nda kaydetti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rneklerden yararlan\u0131p, \u00c7in\u2019in kendi siyasi sisteminde reformlar yapmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) \u00c7in\u2019in 3 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc&nbsp;k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc korumay\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kararak pazarla\u015fmaya, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme hatta modernle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak. Bu ama\u00e7la Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc bir Marksizm\u2019i ve Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc bir sosyalizm doktrini geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve hatta eskileri yeniden canland\u0131rma g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini savunmak. Bu doktrin yanl\u0131lar\u0131 gibi 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, yeni Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcler de \u00c7in\u2019in \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geri olmas\u0131, \u00f6zel bir toplumsal yap\u0131ya ve \u00f6zel bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, Marksizm\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019e girmesini geciktirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u201c\u00c7in\u2019in ayr\u0131ks\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d, \u00c7in\u2019de sosyalist modernle\u015fmenin in\u015fas\u0131na ve \u00c7in ulusunun yenilenmi\u015f geli\u015fmesinin ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131na zarar verdi\u011fi giderek daha fazla g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u00c7in\u2019in ayr\u0131ks\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d doktrini ile \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc ger\u00e7ekleri\u201d dikkate alma teorisi aras\u0131nda temel bir nitelik farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r ve bu ikisi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7KP, \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc ger\u00e7eklerin\u201d ve \u00c7in\u2019in kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip oldu\u011funu kabul etmekte, fakat \u00c7in\u2019in ayr\u0131ks\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d doktrinine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc ger\u00e7ekler\u201d teorisi \u00c7in\u2019in temel ger\u00e7eklerini daha derinlemesine kavramaya vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu teori giri\u015fece\u011fimiz t\u00fcm toplumsal ve politik pratiklerde, \u00c7in\u2019in temel ger\u00e7eklerini dikkate almaya, Marksizm temel teorilerinin \u00c7in\u2019in somut ger\u00e7e\u011fiyle birle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fine vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin Kurulu\u015fu \u00d6ncesi ve Sonras\u0131 \u00c7in Yolu Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve M\u00fccadeleler<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Eski Feodal Sistemin Kurtulu\u015f Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 Yolu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7in d\u00fcnyada&nbsp;feodal&nbsp;despotik toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 ilk \u00f6nce kuran \u00fclkedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekonomide tar\u0131m\u0131n esas oldu\u011fu, kendine yeterli bir do\u011fal ekonomi s\u00f6z konusuydu, feodal toprak sahipleri hakim konumdayd\u0131. Siyasetteki h\u00e2kimiyetin kral\u0131n elinde oldu\u011fu y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde merkeziyet\u00e7i feodal despotik bir monar\u015fi rejimi s\u00f6z konusuydu. K\u00fclt\u00fcrde Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck merkezi ideoloji konumundayd\u0131 ve feodal etik kurallar\u0131 hakimdi, bu etik sistem \u201c 3 Ba\u015fl\u0131ca De\u011fer \u0130lkesi\u201d ve \u201c5 Sabit \u0130lke\u201dgibi temel ahlaki ve etik ilkelere dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131nda feodal kast sistemi hakimdi ve toplumda klan otoritesi ve politik otorite bir bile\u015fim halinde bulunuyordu. D\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerde kendisini sak\u0131nmak i\u00e7in uzun bir s\u00fcre d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapal\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f ve kendisini k\u00f6r ve abart\u0131l\u0131 bir kibirle pohpohlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7ing ve Han hanedanlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimi boyunca \u00c7in\u2019de feodal sistem g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeye devam etmi\u015f,Sui ve Tang hanedanlar\u0131 d\u00f6nemine gelindi\u011finde feodal sistem ekonomi, siyaset, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerde doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130ki Song hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ve Ming hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6nemine, \u00c7in\u2019in feodal toplumunun ilerledi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u00c7ing hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6nemi ise \u00c7in\u2019de feodal toplumun ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 son hanedand\u0131r. Kangxi ve \u00c7ianlong gibi parlak d\u00f6nemler art\u0131k geride kalm\u0131\u015f feodal sistemi gittik\u00e7e kemikle\u015fmeye, duraklamaya, her y\u00f6nden krize ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bat\u0131da sanayi devriminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte \u00c7in\u2019in feodal toplum d\u00f6neminde elde etti\u011fi kazan\u0131mlar, bat\u0131 kapitalizminin h\u0131zl\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc geli\u015fmesiyle her g\u00fcn \u00f6nemini yitirmekteydi. \u00c7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geli\u015fme dalgas\u0131n\u0131n gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015f, hatta geli\u015fme fark\u0131 gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere Humen\u2019da kendisine ait afyonun&nbsp;Lin Zexu&nbsp;adl\u0131 devlet g\u00f6revlisi taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 bahane ederek \u00c7ine bir tecav\u00fcz sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 olarak Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu tarihten itibaren \u00c7in yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yar\u0131-feodal toplum derin do\u011fru batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi. Di\u011fer kapitalist \u00fclkeler de birbiri ard\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019i talan etme yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girdi ve i\u015fgal sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. \u0130kinci Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131, \u00c7in-Japonya Ciawu Sava\u015f\u0131 ve sekiz kapitalist \u00fclkeden olu\u015fan koalisyon g\u00fc\u00e7leri ordusunun i\u015fgal sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra art\u0131k \u00c7in tam olarak yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yar\u0131-feodal bir topluma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu nedenle emperyalizme ve sava\u015f a\u011fal\u0131\u011f\u0131na (feodalizme) kar\u015f\u0131 direnen hareketler ve ayaklanmalar patlak vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Taiping Cennet Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayaklanmas\u0131, Nianjun ayaklanmas\u0131 bunlar\u0131n birer \u00f6nemli \u00f6rnekleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7ing hanedan\u0131 son d\u00f6nemde kendini kurtarmak i\u00e7in \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 d\u00fczenine y\u00f6nelik Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmac\u0131 Yangwu hareketi, 1894 Reformu (Vu\u015f\u00fc reformu yasas\u0131) gibi bir dizi yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya reform tedbirleri ald\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece mevcut durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirip \u00c7in\u2019i g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00fclke yapmak istiyordu. Fakat t\u00fcm bu reform \u00e7abalar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Ulusu felaketten kurtarmak i\u00e7in say\u0131s\u0131z idealist yurtsever zorlu ve kanl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler verdiler. Birisi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde onun izinde y\u00fcr\u00fcyen bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 onun yerini dolduruyordu. Bu g\u00fcnlerde y\u00fckselen yurtsever dalga \u00c7in\u2019in yak\u0131n tarihinde hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir seviyeye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1911\u2019de \u015einhai Cumhuriyet Devrimi patlad\u0131 ve \u00c7ing Hanedan\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131larak, \u00c7in\u2019in iki bin y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan feodal otokrasinin iktidar\u0131 sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Feodal otokrasi rejimini tekrar diriltmek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7en Yuan \u015eikay, \u0130kinci Devrimi zorla bast\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra feodal monar\u015fiyi geri getirmek istedi ve 1916\u2019de kendini imparator ilan etti. \u00c7in Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201c\u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u201d olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi, kendisine h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fccelten Hongxian unvan\u0131n\u0131 lay\u0131k g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yuan \u015eikay\u2019\u0131n kendini imparator ilan etmesi halk\u0131n deste\u011fini alamad\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda isyanlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu ko\u015fullarda devrimciler Cumhuriyeti savunan Ulusal Savunma Hareketini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Yuan \u015eikay bu hareketi askeri g\u00fc\u00e7le bast\u0131ramay\u0131nca 22 Mart 1916\u2019de monar\u015fiyi iptal edildi\u011fini ilan etmeye mecbur kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarihsel geli\u015fmeler \u015funu g\u00f6sterdi ki, eski feodalyolda devam etmek veya onu canland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu, bu yol \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, \u00f6zg\u00fcr, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00fclkeye g\u00f6t\u00fcremezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Reformizm (Evrimci Sosyalizm) Yolu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Reformizm 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n hale gelmi\u015f bir ak\u0131md\u0131r. \u00c7in \u201cbin y\u0131llar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan beklenmedik, tarihinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir krizle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca, , son hanedan olan \u00c7ing hanedan\u0131 i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sorunlarla, d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131yla bo\u011fu\u015furken, reformist yol \u00c7in\u2019deki baz\u0131 idealist insanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fclkenin kurtulu\u015f yolu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, bu yolla onlar i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f tehlikeleri giderip \u00c7ing s\u00fclalesi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayakta tutmak istemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda reformizm uluslararas\u0131 alanda olduk\u00e7a h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnist hareket i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Bernsteinci revizyonizm ak\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fim i\u00e7ine girerek, ortak tutum sergileyerek, Marksizm\u2019i ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 etmeye giri\u015ftiler, b\u00f6ylecedevrim yerine reformu y\u00fcceltip b\u00f6ylece devrimi iptal etmek istediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son yar\u0131s\u0131nda yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge, yar\u0131-feodal \u00c7in\u2019de reformizm ak\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019de burjuva devrimi hen\u00fcz ba\u015flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ko\u015fullarda burjuva reformcular \u00fclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sanayi ve ticaretin korunmas\u0131n\u0131, Qing (\u00c7ing)&nbsp;&nbsp;hanedan\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smi demokratik reformlar yapmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015flerdi. Bu da bir t\u00fcr reformizmdi. Fakat bu reformizm uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i hareketleri i\u00e7inde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz reformizmle a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermekteydi. Bu burjuva reformizmi, bir yandan k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcileri destekliyor, fakat as\u0131l vuru\u015funu iflah olmaz feodallere y\u00f6neltiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu burjuva reformizmi burjuvalar\u0131n taleplerini yans\u0131t\u0131yordu, daha sonra bu ak\u0131m burjuva siyasi hareketlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, b\u00f6ylece d\u00f6nemin mevcut tarihsel ko\u015fullar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu ak\u0131m\u0131n belirli bir ilerici de\u011feri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYangwu Reformist Hareketi\u201d (Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma Hareketi), \u00c7ing hanedan\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyetini korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan, hakim s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde olu\u015fan bir reformist ak\u0131md\u0131. Bu ak\u0131m\u00c7in K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc temel alarak, bat\u0131dan yararlanmaya te\u015febb\u00fcs etmi\u015ftir. As\u0131l ideolojisi bat\u0131n\u0131n modern bilim ve teknolojisinden \u00f6\u011frenmek, b\u00f6ylece feodal iktidar\u0131 korumakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu ak\u0131m feodal sisteme hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde dokunmaks\u0131z\u0131n, Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerden \u00c7in\u2019e baz\u0131 modern bilimsel \u00fcretim teknolojilerini \u00fclkeye getirmi\u015f oldu. Ayr\u0131ca bir k\u0131s\u0131m bilim adamlar\u0131, teknik eleman ve i\u015f\u00e7iler yeti\u015ftirdi, b\u00f6ylece nesnel olarak \u00c7in kapitalizminin geli\u015fimini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00fclkede geni\u015flemesini bir derece \u00f6nlemi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYangwu Hareketi\u201d Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmac\u0131 reform hareketi, \u00c7in\u2019in yak\u0131n zaman tarihinde bat\u0131n\u0131n sanayile\u015fme hareketini topyekun bir \u015fekilde taklit etti\u011fi ve uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131, feodal monar\u015fiyi korumak iste\u011fi kayd\u0131yla ve \u015fart\u0131yla yukar\u0131da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru i\u015fleyen bir reform hareketidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYangwu Hareketi\u201d Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmac\u0131 reform hareketi, bat\u0131n\u0131n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n itibaren elde etti\u011fi bilim ve teknoloji alan\u0131ndaki kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ithal etti. Bat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli eserleri ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 terc\u00fcme yoluyla \u00c7in\u2019e girdi. Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim alan bir\u00e7ok \u00f6\u011frenci yeti\u015fti ve Bat\u0131 \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u00c7in Bat\u0131n\u0131n modern \u015firket i\u015fleyi\u015f sistemini \u00f6\u011frendi ve \u00c7in bir\u00e7ok sanayi tesisi, kimyasal tesis kurarak, \u00c7in\u2019de modern sanayinin geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakat sonra patlak veren 1894-1895 y\u0131l\u0131 Birinci \u00c7in-Japonya Jiavu sava\u015f\u0131 yenilgisi, Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmac\u0131 reform hareketinin, \u00c7in\u2019i g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olma yoluna g\u00f6t\u00fcremedi\u011fini, hatta g\u00f6t\u00fcremeyece\u011fini ispatlam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1900\u2019den sonra emperyalist \u00fclkeler \u00c7in\u2019e y\u00f6nelik i\u015fgal sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u00c7in\u2019in bir\u00e7ok yerel b\u00f6lgelerinde bask\u0131lara ve i\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 etkili silahl\u0131 ayaklanmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. Burjuva devrimci hareket b\u00fcy\u00fck ivme kazand\u0131 ve bunun sonucunda son \u00c7ing hanedan\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sars\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7ing hanedan\u0131 kendi h\u00e2kimiyetini korumak i\u00e7in 1901\u2019den ba\u015flayarak \u201cyeni siyaset\u201di uygulamaya koydu. \u201cYeni siyaset\u201dde al\u0131nan bir dizi \u00f6nlem \u00c7in\u2019de ulusal burjuvazinin geli\u015fmesine belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Zamanla y\u00fckselen devrim dalgas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kalan \u201cyeni siyaset\u201d \u00c7ing hanedan\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kriz batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtaramad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, \u201cReformizm\u2019in\u201d de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretemeyen bir ak\u0131m oldu\u011fu tarih taraf\u0131ndan kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Burjuva Devrimi Yolu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarih \u015funu g\u00f6sterdi ki, s\u0131rf k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 devrimi veya k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ayaklanmas\u0131yla \u00c7in toplumunun demokratik devrim yoluna girmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taiping Tianguo Cennet Krall\u0131k k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131 olup 14 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00c7ing hanedan\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Kuram ve ger\u00e7eklik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sadece k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131fa dayanarak feodal h\u00e2kimiyetinden farkl\u0131 yeni bir iktidar kurmak imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. Taiping Tianguo Cennet Krall\u0131k k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir demokratik devrim say\u0131lmasa da sonraki demokratik devrimin belirli \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1898 \u201cVu\u015f\u00fc Yenilik\u00e7ilik Hareketi\u201d veya reform ak\u0131m\u0131 ma\u011flup olduktan sonra \u00c7in\u2019de demokratik devrim hareketleri h\u0131zla geli\u015fti. \u00c7in\u2019in yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f tarihindeki devrimler genel olarak emperyalizm ve feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu devrimler nitelik itibariyle burjuva demokratik devrimi \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1911 \u015einhai Cumhuriyet Devrimi, \u00c7in burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi, derebeylik monar\u015fisine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 cumhuriyeti kurmay\u0131 hedefledi\u011fi, tipik \u00f6zelli\u011fi itibariyle bir burjuva demokratik nitelikteki devrimdir. \u015einhai Cumhuriyet Devrimi \u00c7ing Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131p, \u00c7in\u2019in iki bin y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan feodal monar\u015fi rejimini sonland\u0131rd\u0131 ve tarihte ilk kez burjuva demokratik cumhuriyeti kurdu. Bir dizi devrimci tedbirleri al\u0131p kapitalist ekonomiyi geli\u015ftirdi. Bir burjuva cumhuriyeti niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan&nbsp;<strong>Nanjing ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetini<\/strong>&nbsp;kurup, s\u00f6z konusu cumhuriyetin \u201cge\u00e7ici anayasas\u0131n\u0131\u201d ilan etti, b\u00f6ylece, demokrasi ve cumhuriyet kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 halk\u0131n kalbine yerle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fakat, \u00c7in ulusal burjuvazi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle s\u00f6z konusu s\u0131n\u0131f feodalizme tam olarak kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131 ve feodalizme son verme g\u00f6revini yerine getiremiyordu, emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 kararl\u0131 bir m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fctemiyor, ona kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir tutum alam\u0131yordu. Hatta burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f i\u015flerinde \u00c7ing Hanedan\u0131 ile emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda imzalanan haks\u0131z anla\u015fmalar\u0131 dahi kabul edece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1911 \u00c7in Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 \u00c7in halk\u0131na bar\u0131\u015f, d\u00fczen ve ulusal onuru getiremedi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, emperyalistlerin \u00c7in\u2019i kendi aralar\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fmesi h\u0131zl\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme girmi\u015f, \u00c7in\u2019in devlet egemenli\u011fi, \u00fclkenin kendi kaderini belirleme hakk\u0131 o d\u00f6nemdeki uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczende hi\u00e7bir g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurti\u00e7i siyasete bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olsa da, ki\u015fisel despotizm \u015feklinde belirimler \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131, hatta hanedan\u0131 canland\u0131rmak isteyen baz\u0131 h\u0131rsl\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler belirmi\u015fti, \u00fclke topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kontrol sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok yerde silahl\u0131 sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131 hakimiyet b\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toplum yap\u0131s\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, toplumda eski klan ili\u015fkileri da\u011f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin deste\u011fiyle \u00fclkede silahl\u0131 sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131 ve komprador i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla geli\u015fti. Bu iki tabaka el ele verdiler ve \u00fclke iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ve zenginlikleri birlikte kontrol ettiler. Halk\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kesimler b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131lara maruz kald\u0131 ve mevcut yeni rejimden h\u00fcsrana u\u011frad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015einhai Cumhuriyet Devrimi\u2019nin tarihsel kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Fakat toplumsal pratik \u015funu g\u00f6sterdi ki burjuva devrimi yolu \u00c7in\u2019in yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f tarihindeki emperyalizm ve feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 tarihsel m\u00fccadele g\u00f6revini tam olarak yerine getiremezdi ve \u00c7in ulusunu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa, kurtulu\u015fa \u00fclkenin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131, halk\u0131n refah i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fartlara ula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma yolu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1840 Afyon sava\u015f\u0131, \u00c7in tarihinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f feodal despot siyasi sistemi Bat\u0131l\u0131 gemilerinin top ate\u015fiyle sars\u0131ld\u0131. D\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kapal\u0131 ve sadece kendini sak\u0131nan \u00c7ing Hanedan\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tecav\u00fczc\u00fcye, Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve de\u011fer sistemini ihra\u00e7 etmeyi ama\u00e7layan Bat\u0131 kapitalizminin sald\u0131r\u0131 ve i\u015fgallerine maruz kald\u0131. \u00c7in o g\u00fcne kadar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir krizle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015fti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7in Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6rece \u00e7ok geride kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7in ulusu Bat\u0131 kapitalizminin i\u015fgalleri ve tehditleri alt\u0131nda kal\u0131nca \u00c7in\u2019de ilk uyananlar baz\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar oldu. S\u00f6z konusu ayd\u0131nlar bu gerilik durumunu a\u015fmak ve ilerleme yoluna girmek i\u00e7in bizi i\u015fgal eden Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinden \u00f6\u011frenme bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler, b\u00f6ylece \u00c7in\u2019i g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebiliriz ve ayakta kalabiliriz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini savundular. Yangwu ak\u0131m\u0131 (Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmac\u0131 reform ak\u0131m\u0131), Reformcu yenilik\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131, Devrimcilik ak\u0131m\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de ard\u0131 ard\u0131na ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve kendilerine ait de\u011fi\u015fik yollar\u0131 savunan \u201c\u00fclkeyi kurtarma, \u00fclkeyi ayakta tutma\u201d kampanyalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bat\u0131dan \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcreci veya bu ak\u0131m \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famadan ge\u00e7ti: s\u0131ras\u0131yla maddi, bilim, sanayi, teknolojisini \u00f6\u011frenme, ikincisi Bat\u0131n\u0131n sistem ve metotlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc Bat\u0131n\u0131n ideolojisi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00f6\u011frenme. Burada bili\u015fsel bir evrim s\u00f6z konusuydu, muhafazak\u00e2r bak\u0131\u015f, yani \u201c\u00c7in\u2019in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc temel olsun, Bat\u0131dan \u00f6\u011frenme sadece kullan\u0131ls\u0131n\u201d yerini \u00f6nce Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmac\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131ma ard\u0131ndan da&nbsp;topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma&nbsp;ak\u0131m\u0131na b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bat\u0131 kapitalizminin ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu genel d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7ekli modernle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yay\u0131lmac\u0131 geni\u015fleme, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci e\u011filime sahipti. B\u00f6ylece kapitalizm uluslararas\u0131 pazarlar\u0131, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 ve ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerine kanl\u0131 geni\u015fleme sava\u015flar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta, geride kalan kapal\u0131 veya yar\u0131-uygar \u00fclkeler uygar \u00fclkelere, k\u00f6yl\u00fc uluslar burjuva uluslara, Do\u011fu \u00fclkeleri Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale ba\u015flad\u0131. Yani, di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerin \u00fclkeleri, bir\u00e7ok zay\u0131f Avrupa \u00fclkesi dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7o\u011fu Bat\u0131 Avrupa kapitalizminin sanayisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131nda ezildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 itiraz etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O d\u00f6nemde modernle\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin neredeyse tamam\u0131 bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerdi ve bunlar ekonomi, siyaset, teknolojik, askeri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konuma sahiplerdi. Bu y\u00fczden di\u011fer \u00fclkeler o d\u00f6nemde modernle\u015fmek istediklerinde sadece bu Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkeleri \u00f6rnek almak durumundayd\u0131, ba\u015fka bir alternatif yoktu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insanlar modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecini \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d veya \u201cAvrupal\u0131la\u015fma\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz durumda olan Do\u011fulu \u00fclkeler ve \u201cBat\u0131 merkezci teori\u201dnin etkisi alt\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla geli\u015fmi\u015f Bat\u0131\u2019dan yeni bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler ve \u00fclkelerini modernle\u015fme yoluna sokmak istediler. D\u00f6nemin bu arka plan\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n genel modernle\u015fme e\u011filiminin etkisiyle \u00c7in\u2019de ayn\u0131 zamanda bir \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d ak\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimi ve genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a burjuva-kapitalist \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 net bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u201cTopyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n\u201d da bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunamayaca\u011f\u0131 tarih \u00f6n\u00fcnde kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00c7in\u2018inde kapitalizm nas\u0131l ve neden \u00e7ekici olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Yabanc\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l m\u00fccadele edilebilir ve ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazan\u0131labilirdi? \u00dclkenin yoksulluk ve geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k durumunu nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirip ulusal refah yolunda y\u00fcr\u00fcyebiliriz? Bunlar yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flarda \u00c7in\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel sorunlard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in\u2019in ilericilerinin tekrar tekrar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel meselelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pratik \u015funu g\u00f6stermi\u015fti ki, art\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan eski feodalite \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale gelmi\u015fti. Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 verilen sava\u015flarda ma\u011flup olduktan sonra \u00c7in, geri ve kendi tercihi ile kapal\u0131 olan ama ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan bir feodal \u00fclkeden yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge, yar\u0131-feodal bir \u00fclkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7in\u2019e y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131rgan tecav\u00fczlerin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m artmas\u0131, feodal iktidar\u0131n gittik\u00e7e yozla\u015fmas\u0131 ve yolsuzla\u015fmas\u0131yla \u00c7in iktidar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc, sava\u015flar bitmedi, halk a\u00e7, giyeceksiz, k\u00f6le konuma s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi. Bu karanl\u0131k \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in halk\u0131n bizzat kendisi ve say\u0131s\u0131z idealist insan ve yurtseverler zorlu ke\u015fiflerde bulunarak, inat\u00e7\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler verdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak, ger\u00e7ek \u015funu g\u00f6sterdi ki, feodalizmi k\u00f6k\u00fcnden s\u00f6k\u00fcp atmadan \u201ckendini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme hareketi\u201d ve \u00e7e\u015fitli reformist ak\u0131mlar, eski tip k\u00f6yl\u00fc sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, burjuva devrimcilerinin \u00f6nderli\u011findeki devrim hareketleri ve Bat\u0131 kapitalizmini kopyalamaya dayal\u0131 di\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitli yollar ve programlar, \u00fclkeyi kurtarma ulusal kurtulu\u015f g\u00f6revini ve feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 tam m\u00fccadele tarihsel g\u00f6revine yerine getiremedi. Cesur \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n azimle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Taiping Tiango\u2014Cennet Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hareketi- k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayaklanmas\u0131, 1898 Vu\u015f\u00fc Yenilik\u00e7i Reform Hareketi, Yihetuan Boxer Ayaklanma hareketi, di\u011fer sava\u015f ve direni\u015fler ard\u0131 ard\u0131na ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. Uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca ilerici insanlar bat\u0131dan \u00f6\u011frenme ve kapitalizm yolunu tek alternatif olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcreci bir d\u00f6nem olduk\u00e7a co\u015fkulu ve y\u00fcce bir inan\u00e7 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ancak, t\u00fcm bu aray\u0131\u015f \u00e7abalar\u0131 toplumsal pratikte tekrar ve tekrar duvara \u00e7arpt\u0131. Yangwu Hareketi (Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma Reform Hareketi) ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu, 1898 Vu\u015f\u00fc Yenilik\u00e7ili\u011fi premat\u00fcre bir bi\u00e7imde do\u011fmadan \u00f6ld\u00fc, 1911 \u015einhai Cumhuriyet Devrimi erken d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yapt\u0131. Sun Yat Sen \u00f6nderli\u011findeki 1911 Cumhuriyet (\u015einhai) Devrimi \u00c7in\u2019in binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k otokratik monar\u015fi sistemine son verip, \u00c7in\u2019in sosyal ilerlemesine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olsa da, \u00c7in\u2019in yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131-feodal toplumsal yap\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini ve \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n trajik kaderini de\u011fi\u015ftiremedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c7in\u2019in ilericileri derin analizler ve teorik \u00f6zetlemelerden sonra sadece Bat\u0131dan bilim, sanayi ve teknolojiyi \u00f6\u011frenerek sadece yeni metalar \u00fcreterek ve sadece onlar\u0131n y\u00f6ntemini alarak \u00c7in\u2019in yoksul ve geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k durumunu, kurtulu\u015f meselesini \u00e7\u00f6zemeyece\u011fini anlad\u0131 ve 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ideolojik ayd\u0131nlanma hareketi ba\u015flatmaya karar verdi, , \u00c7in\u2019de modern bir burjuva toplumu kurmay\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019de kapitalizmin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki ideolojik engelleri temizlemek i\u00e7in demokrasi ve bilim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini savundu ve geleneksel feodal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ele\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu hareket daha sonra \u201cYeni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hareketi\u201d olarak bilinen harekettir. \u201cYeni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hareketi\u201d canl\u0131, ilerici, devrimci bir harekettir, feodalizmin \u00c7in\u2019in siyasi ve toplum hayat\u0131ndaki hakim durumuna darbe indirerek, burjuva demokrasisi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini te\u015fvik etmi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u201cYeni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hareketi\u201d \u00c7in\u2019de o g\u00fcnlerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme dalgas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bu g\u00fcnlerde Marksizm\u2019i k\u0131lavuz edinen, bir sosyal fikir ve toplumsal hareket olan sosyalizm hareketi de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Ancak, bu d\u00f6nemde kapitalizmin zaaflar\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri giderek kendini g\u00f6stermeye ve insanlar\u0131 daha derin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in ilericileri burjuva demokrasisinin ideolojik, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine ku\u015fkucu bir tutumla yakla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar, bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de ad\u0131m ad\u0131m sosyalizmi kabul etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u00c7in\u2019in ilericileri hangi sebeple giderek kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcpheci bir tutumla yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Bunun nedenleri neydi<\/strong><strong>?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk olarak, emperyalizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda kapitalist sistemin i\u00e7kin \u00e7eli\u015fkileri daha belirgin ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130kinci olarak, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesi d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131na \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bir felaket getirdi ve hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f kapitalist sistemin kendisinde i\u00e7kin olan \u00e7eli\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131k ve keskin bir \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, haks\u0131z, emperyalist, bir ya\u011fma sava\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Ulusal kurtulu\u015f ve \u00f6z savunmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren birka\u00e7 \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda (Bel\u00e7ika ve Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f) di\u011ferlerinin hepsi haks\u0131z bir sava\u015f s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesinin k\u00f6kl\u00fc nedeni, emperyalist \u00fclkelerin siyasi ve ekonomik geli\u015fmelerinin e\u015fitsiz ve dengesiz olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 4 y\u0131l, 3 ay s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sava\u015fa 30\u2019dan fazla \u00fclke, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyar 500 milyon ki\u015fi kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu n\u00fcfus o g\u00fcnlerde d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 67\u2019sini olu\u015fturuyordu. Bu sava\u015f insanl\u0131\u011fa b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kay\u0131plar ve zararlar getirdi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler hasar\u0131na neden oldu. Zaman\u0131n ABD Dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131na g\u00f6re hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sava\u015fa kat\u0131lan \u00fclkelerin do\u011frudan verdi\u011fi kay\u0131p 180,5 milyar dolar, dolayl\u0131 ekonomik kay\u0131p ise 151,6 milyar dolar olmu\u015ftu. Baz\u0131 tahminlere g\u00f6re, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n sanayi \u00fcretim seviyesi en az 8 y\u0131l gerilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu geli\u015fmeler \u00c7in\u2019in fikir d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 mutlaka etkileyecekti. \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 kapitalizminin yolundan gitmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve bu yolu izleme plan\u0131 giderek sorunlu hale gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da proletarya devrimi ya\u015fand\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk sosyalist \u00fclkesi olan Sovyet Rusyas\u0131 (Sovyet Federal Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti) kuruldu. \u00dcstelik Sovyet Rusya Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7ekilece\u011fini ilan etti. Rus sosyalist devriminin zaferi emperyalizmin d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki hakimiyetine a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe indirdi ve uluslararas\u0131 sosyalist hareketin geli\u015fmesini ilerletti, yar\u0131- s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131-feodal \u00fclkelerdeki halklar\u0131n kurtulu\u015f sava\u015flar\u0131na ilham verdi ve b\u00f6ylece Rusya\u2019da proletarya devrimi, d\u00fcnyada yeni bir modernle\u015fmeyi ba\u015flatt\u0131, sosyalist modernle\u015fme tarihinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Bu tarihten itibaren, sosyalizm d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerine yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O tarihte \u00c7in\u2019in Beiyang h\u00fck\u00fcmeti m\u00fcttefiklerin yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 14 Mart 1917\u2019de Almanya ile diplomatik ili\u015fkilerini koparm\u0131\u015f ve 14 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Almanya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na, Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sava\u015ftan sonra \u00c7in zafer kazanm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke olarak Paris toplant\u0131s\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fu makul bir iste\u011finin geri \u00e7evrilmesi, \u00c7in\u2019de \u201c4 May\u0131s\u201d yurtsever hareketinin ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden oldu. O zamandan sonra, Beiyang Cunta H\u00fck\u00fcmeti kamuoyundaki itibar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti ve y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Marksist teori ise \u00c7in\u2019de geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yay\u0131larak, \u00c7KP\u2019nin do\u011fmas\u0131na ve geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 kapitalizminden \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n art arda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi, \u00c7in\u2019in ilericilerinde kapitalist yolu izleme program\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015f\u00fcphe uyand\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130nsanlar \u00fclkenin her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha k\u00f6t\u00fc duruma gitti\u011fini, ortam\u0131n ya\u015fan\u0131lmaz hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u00c7in\u2019in ilericilerinde kapitalist yolun program\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015f\u00fcphe uyand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ilericiler di\u011fer yollar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler ve \u00fclkeyi kurtarman\u0131n yeni yol ve y\u00f6ntemlerini ke\u015ffetmeye y\u00f6neldiler, bu aray\u0131\u015f Marksist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, Marksist sosyalist yolu kabul etmeleri i\u00e7in uygun bir fikir zemin olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mao Zedung, \u00abHalk\u0131n Demokratik Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00dczerine\u00bb ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201c1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afyon sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten itibaren \u00c7in\u2019in ilericileri zor bir ke\u015fif yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerindeki hakikati ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.&nbsp;Hong \u015eiuquan, Kang Youwei, Yanfu ve Sun Yat Sen, \u00c7KP \u00f6ncesindeki hakikat aray\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcileridir. Zaman\u0131nda \u00c7inli ilericiler her buldu\u011fu kitab\u0131 okuyordu, yeter ki onda Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yeni bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve tezi olsun. Japonya, \u0130ngiltere, ABD, Fransa, Almanya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilen \u00f6\u011frencilerin say\u0131s\u0131 insanlar\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtacak seviyeye ula\u015ft\u0131. Yurt i\u00e7inde eski e\u011fitim kurallar\u0131 feshedildi, yeni okullar ya\u011fmurdan sonraki bambu dallar\u0131 gibi \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131 ve t\u00fcm \u00fclke Bat\u0131l\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frenme \u00e7abas\u0131na girdi. Ben gen\u00e7li\u011fimde bu \u015feyleri \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftim. Yeni e\u011fitim diye bilinen bu Bat\u0131l\u0131 burjuva demokratik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, eski e\u011fitim diye bilinen \u00c7in\u2019in feodal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile \u00e7eli\u015fmi\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015fti. Yeni e\u011fitim y\u00f6ntemiyle yeti\u015fen insanlarda uzun bir s\u00fcre bir t\u00fcr inan\u00e7, yani bu yeni e\u011fitimle \u00c7in\u2019i kurtarmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir diye bir inan\u00e7 olu\u015ftu. Eski e\u011fitim mensuplar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yeni e\u011fitimi g\u00f6renler aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131 yolundan \u015f\u00fcphesini ifade edenler \u00e7ok azd\u0131.\u00dclkeyi kurtarmak i\u00e7in reform zorunlu idi, reform demek yabanc\u0131lardan \u00f6\u011frenmek demekti. O d\u00f6nemde bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeler i\u00e7inde sadece bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, onlar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde modern burjuva toplumu in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdi. Japonlar\u0131n Bat\u0131dan \u00f6\u011frenme deneyi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, art\u0131k \u00c7in de Japonlardan \u00f6\u011frenmek istiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O d\u00f6nemdeki \u00c7in halk\u0131na g\u00f6re, Rusya geri bir \u00fclkeydi ve kimse ondan bir \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fini sanm\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015fte bunlar 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki deneylerden \u00f6\u011frenme durumuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Emperyalistlerin i\u015fgalleri ve tecav\u00fczleri, \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131dan \u00f6\u011frenme r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 bozdu.Ne tuhaf ki, usta \u00f6\u011fretmenler neden kendi \u00f6\u011frencilerine s\u00fcrekli sald\u0131r\u0131yordu? \u00c7in halk\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019dan bir\u00e7ok \u015fey \u00f6\u011frendi, ama \u201c\u00f6\u011frendikleri i\u015fe yaramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, idealleri hi\u00e7bir zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fccadele, \u015einhai Cumhuriyet Devrimi gibi demokratik hareketler tamam\u0131yla ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. \u00dclkenin durumu giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti ve halk i\u00e7in ortam ya\u015fan\u0131lmaz hale geldi. Bat\u0131 ve kapitalist yol hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00fcpheler do\u011fdu ve gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sallad\u0131, Ruslar Ekim Devrimi\u2019ni yapt\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyada ilk sosyalist devleti kurdu. Eskiden g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmayan bir s\u0131n\u0131f, insanlar\u0131n hi\u00e7 g\u00f6remedi\u011fi Rusya proletaryas\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ilerin devrim co\u015fkusu, Lenin ve Stalin\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde yanarda\u011f gibi aniden patlad\u0131. \u00c7in ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya halk\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya ba\u015fka bir g\u00f6zle bakmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u00c7\u0130N\u2019DE SOSYAL DEMOKRAS\u0130<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mao Zedung\u2019un bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok net, yukar\u0131daki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi usta \u00f6\u011fretmen, kapitalist emperyalizmdi. Bu y\u00fczden s\u00fcrekli \u00f6\u011frencilerine sald\u0131r\u0131yor. O, emperyalist olmasayd\u0131, \u00f6\u011frencilere sald\u0131rmayacak, aksine yol g\u00f6sterici olarak d\u00fcnyada sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanacakt\u0131.&nbsp;Bu y\u00fczden \u00c7KP en sonunda \u201csosyalist Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yolunu\u201c se\u00e7mi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 bir yandan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir felaket olurken, di\u011fer yandan insanl\u0131k tarihinin yeni bir d\u00f6nemini a\u00e7t\u0131. D\u00fcnya sosyalist hareketi ivme kazand\u0131 ve insanl\u0131\u011fa b\u00fcy\u00fck bir umut getirdi. D\u00fcnya sosyalist hareketinin h\u0131z kazanmas\u0131, \u201cYeni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hareketi\u201d ve \u201c4 May\u0131s Hareketi\u201d sonucunda Marksizm, Marksist sosyalizm ideolojisi \u00c7in\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve sosyalizm ideolojisini \u00c7in\u2019in 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki en yayg\u0131n ak\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, Sovyet Ekim Devrimi radikal devrimci y\u00f6ntemi kullanarak zafer kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, D\u00fcnya sosyalist hareketini iki kampa ay\u0131rd\u0131: Bunlardan biri, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2018n\u0131n Sosyal Demokrat Partisi\u2019nin temsil etti\u011fi sosyal demokrasi (\u0130kinci Enternasyonal, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cBat\u0131 Avrupa Modeli\u201d olarak da bilinir), di\u011feri ise, Sovyet Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin temsil etti\u011fi kom\u00fcnizmdir (\u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u201d, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cSovyet Modeli\u201d olarak da bilinir). \u201cBat\u0131 Avrupa Modeli\u201d \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 parlamenter m\u00fccadeleler yoluyla iktidara gelmeyi, sosyalist reformu a\u015famal\u0131 bir \u015fekilde hayata ge\u00e7irmeyi ve sonunda sosyalizmi, kom\u00fcnizmi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi savunuyordu. Sovyet Modeli ise \u015fiddete dayal\u0131 devrimi kullanarak proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kurmay\u0131, sosyalist idealler ve kom\u00fcnizmi h\u0131zla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi savunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sosyalist hareketin bu iki kampa b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada, ayn\u0131 zamanda 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki \u00c7in \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkisi olmu\u015ftu. \u00c7in\u2019de sosyalizmin \u00e7e\u015fitli okullar\u0131 faaliyet i\u00e7indeydi ve sosyalizmden yana olan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi ile Kuomingtang (\u00c7HP) ve ona yak\u0131n Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Grubu aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi, Sovyet Modeli kom\u00fcnizme inan\u0131yordu. Kuomingtang\u2019a yak\u0131n Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Grubu ise Bat\u0131 Avrupa Modeli\u2019ndeki sosyal demokrasiyi kabul ediyordu, \u00c7HP ise bu iki model aras\u0131nda uzla\u015fmac\u0131 bir tutum sergiliyordu. Bu t\u00fcr fikir farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00c7in Devrimi\u2019nin ileri a\u015famas\u0131nda, (1946-49) kanl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Asl\u0131nda, sosyal demokrasi uzun bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde sosyalist devletlere \u00f6nderlik edememi\u015f olsa da potansiyel etkisini devaml\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc, sosyal demokrasinin belirli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri sosyalist \u00fclkelerdeki partileri \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczeylerde etkiledi ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n doksanl\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve Do\u011fu Avrupa sosyalist \u00fclkelerinin dramatik de\u011fi\u015fiklikler sonras\u0131nda bu durumdan yararlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019de reform ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lma politikas\u0131ndan bu yana, sosyal demokrasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ayd\u0131nlar i\u00e7inde belirli bir etkiye sahip oldu ve ivme kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">MAO\u2019NUN G\u00d6R\u00dc\u015e\u00dc: \u201c\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcNC\u00dc YOL YOKTUR\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Yeni \u00c7in&#8217;in kurulmas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce, \u00c7in&#8217;in ulusal burjuvaziye mensup bir k\u0131s\u0131m insanlar \u00c7in&#8217;de kapitalizmin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilmesini, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir yola girme fikrini hayal etmi\u015flerdi. Buna y\u00f6nelik Mao Zedung \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifade kulland\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\u201cSun Yat Sin\u2019in 40 y\u0131ll\u0131k, \u00c7KP&#8217;nin 28 y\u0131ll\u0131k deneyiminden \u015funu \u00f6zetleyebiliriz: \u00c7in halk\u0131 ya emperyalizmden ya da sosyalizmden yana olmak zorundad\u0131r, ba\u015fka bir se\u00e7enek mevcut de\u011fildir. Kenara \u00e7ekilip bakmak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yol da yoktur. Ve \u00c7in&#8217;in Yeni Demokratik Devrimi&#8217;nin do\u011fas\u0131, zaferden sonra sosyalizm yolunda y\u00fcr\u00fcmek zorunlulu\u011funu belirlemektedir. Bu t\u00fcr siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimiz ve sosyal sistem tercihi Yeni \u00c7in&#8217;in diplomatik stratejilerini de belirlemektedir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00c7in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00f6nderli\u011findeki sosyalist kamp\u0131 se\u00e7ecektir. \u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu nedenle, Yeni \u00c7in&#8217;in kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00c7KP, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi&#8217;nin ABD&#8217;ye kar\u015f\u0131 konumlanmas\u0131n\u0131 temel alan bir \u00e7izgide \u201cbir tarafa dayanma\u201d d\u0131\u015f stratejisini ortaya koydu. Bu keyfi bir bi\u00e7imde al\u0131nan bir karar de\u011fil, o d\u00f6nemdeki d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni, \u00c7in ile ABD, SB ili\u015fkilerinin tarihsel durumu ve belirli bir analize g\u00f6re verilmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karard\u0131r. Bu stratejinin siyasi e\u011filimi net olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ba\u015fka bir alternatif yoktu. \u201cBir tarafa dayanma\u201d \u201csiyasi olarak sadece sosyalist kamptaki \u00fclkelerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde olmak, sosyalist \u00fclkelerin saf\u0131nda olmak, bir aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sosyalizme, di\u011fer aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapitalizme basmamak anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bunu o d\u00f6nemdeki d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni belirliyordu. \u201cBir tarafa dayanma\u201d stratejisi siyasi olarak \u00c7in&#8217;in kapitalist \u00fclkelerden \u00f6zellikle politik d\u00fczlemde tamamen uzakla\u015fmas\u0131 ve kopmas\u0131, bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in besledi\u011fi t\u00fcm hayallerinden vazge\u00e7mesi demek oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sanayi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na daha \u00f6nce ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler, 1840 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan itibaren eski \u00c7in uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n parlak d\u00f6nemini sona erdirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bunun sonucunda \u00c7in ad\u0131m ad\u0131m yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131-feodal bir \u00fclke haline gelmi\u015fti. Bu a\u011f\u0131r soruna yan\u0131t arayan \u00c7in halk\u0131 da, \u00fclkeyi yok olmaktan kurtar\u0131p yeni ve farkl\u0131 bir modernle\u015fme yolu ke\u015ffetmek i\u00e7in zorlu bir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1840 Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00c7KP\u2019nin kurulu\u015funa kadar olan onlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in toplumunun \u00e7e\u015fitli kademelerindeki ilerici ve yurtsever \u015fahsiyetler bu tarihsel soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6neriler ortaya koydular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u00f6z konusu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve \u00f6nerileri \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebilirim:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketi, bu ak\u0131m \u00c7in\u2019in feodal sisteminde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin ileri teknolojilerinden \u00f6\u011frenerek modernle\u015fmeyi maddi-teknolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) Wuxu reform hareketi, bu ak\u0131m \u00c7in\u2019in feodal sisteminde k\u0131smi ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 reformlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. \u0130ngiltere ve Japonya gibi \u00fclkelerde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00c7in\u2019de monar\u015fi ile burjuva cumhuriyetini uzla\u015ft\u0131ran bir politik sistem olu\u015fturmak istedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c) 1911 Xinghai (Cumhuriyet) devrimi, Qing Hanedan\u0131n\u0131n feodal diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc y\u0131karak, yerine Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarzda bir burjuva cumhuriyeti kurmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f b\u00f6ylece burjuvazinin geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm engelleri ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 umut etmi\u015fti, Qing Hanedan\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, fakat istenen sonu\u00e7 elde edilemedi.&nbsp;(SUN YATSEN DEVR\u0130M\u0130)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7aba ve \u00f6neriler bilimsel bir teorinin yol g\u00f6stericili\u011finden yoksundu ve bunedenle ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da meydana gelen \u201cEkim Devrimi\u201dnden sonra sosyalist geli\u015fim yolunu a\u00e7an Marksizm\u2019in ve Leninizm\u2019in \u00f6\u011fretisi, \u00c7in\u2019de h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekilde tan\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve toplumsal ilerleme konusunda kafas\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olan ilericileri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hem \u015fok etti hem de te\u015fvik etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eski bir tarihe ve parlak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olan \u00c7in, tarih i\u00e7inde bir d\u00f6nem kalabal\u0131k bir n\u00fcfusa, geni\u015f topraklara, zengin maden kaynaklar\u0131na, geli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomiye\u2014Britanya imparatorlu\u011fundan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck&#8211; sahip b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fclke idi. Fakat Avrupa\u2019da sanayi devriminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00c7in yava\u015f yava\u015f geride kald\u0131. 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesinden bu yana, \u00c7in, s\u00fcrekli olarak Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin bask\u0131lar\u0131na ve i\u015fgallerine maruz kalarak, yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131-feodal toplum haline gelmi\u015f oldu.&nbsp;\u00dclkemiz ve ulus zay\u0131flama ve devlet yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, say\u0131s\u0131z yurtsever \u015fahsiyet \u00e7e\u015fitli kurtulu\u015f \u00e7areleri ve \u00f6neriler ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmac\u0131, reformcu ve me\u015frutiyet\u00e7i gruplar ile eski demokratik devrim vizyonu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalm\u0131\u015f olan gruplar\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6neriler farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hepsi Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin, \u00fclkeyi yok etmesini engellemeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7areler aramaktan yana idi. Ancak en sonunda hepsi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mao Zedung\u2019un temsil etti\u011fi \u00c7in kom\u00fcnistleri ve \u00c7KP, Rusya\u2019y\u0131 ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u00f6ntemini \u00f6rnek alarak \u00c7in\u2019in Yeni Demokratik Devrim yolunu ba\u015far\u0131yla ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c7in yolu ne t\u00fcr zorluklardan ge\u00e7ti?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlak vermesinden sonra geli\u015fen tarihsel olaylara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f tarihinde kaydedilen esas de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri veya esas toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>a)<\/strong>&nbsp;1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131 patlak verdi. Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler \u00c7in\u2019i i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7in yava\u015f yava\u015f yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131-feodal toplum yap\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu durum \u00c7in geleneksel toplumunun yak\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f toplumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>b)<\/strong>&nbsp;1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Xinhai Devrimi patlak verdi. Sun Yat-sen \u00f6nderli\u011finde yap\u0131lan eski tipte burjuva demokratik devrim Qing Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 devirdi. B\u00f6ylece 2,000 y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcren feodal monar\u015fi sistemine son verilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00dcnl\u00fc Tarih\u00e7i Dai Mucai\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019in Yolu Kitab\u0131ndan Bir Derleme &#8211; Cem K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7 \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi \u00d6ncesi Kurtulu\u015f Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131: Muhafazakar Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm ve Topyekun Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc &#8211;Mao\u2019nun G\u00f6z\u00fcnden \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Son G\u00fcnleri &#8211;19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren \u00c7in\u2019in uygun geli\u015fim yolu aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde etkili olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca hatal\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ak\u0131mlar\u0131 &#8211; Ulusu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa, halk\u0131 kurtulu\u015fa, refah ve zenginli\u011fe kavu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dunya-sosyalizmi","category-turkiye-sosyalizmi"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3693"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3694,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3693\/revisions\/3694"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}