{"id":4066,"date":"2024-05-23T19:39:04","date_gmt":"2024-05-23T19:39:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=4066"},"modified":"2024-05-23T19:39:10","modified_gmt":"2024-05-23T19:39:10","slug":"4066-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=4066","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten Sapma: Sovyet Modeli Sosyalizmin Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, Demokrasi Olmadan Sosyalizm Olmaz"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten Sapma: Sovyet Modeli Sosyalizmin Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, Demokrasi Olmadan Sosyalizm Olmaz<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Gao Fang<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u00c7eviren: Deniz K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yazar Hakk\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de \u00f6nemli bir ya\u015fl\u0131 ku\u015fak sosyalizm teorisyeni, Gao Fang<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu makale esas\u0131nda \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir akademik tart\u0131\u015fma ve diyalogu ba\u015flatmak amac\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Makale ilk olarak (2003 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s say\u0131s\u0131nda) \u00c7in\u2019de Pazar Ekonomisi Forum  adl\u0131 bir b\u00fcltende  yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (kurum-i\u00e7i bir yay\u0131n. Daha sonra, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Journal of Jiangsu Administration Sciences \u0130nstitute dergisinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 28 Mart 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda, makalenin k\u0131sa bir versiyonu \u00c7KP Merkez Komitesi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Merkezi Parti Okulu taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Study Times (Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Almana\u011f\u0131) adl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma dergide \u201cyeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler\u201d k\u00f6\u015fesi alt\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6l\u00fcm I.    \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, Sosyalizmin temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve onun de\u011fersel hedefidir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve sosyalizm birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturur. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, sosyalizmin temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve onun de\u011fersel hedefidir. Marx, kendisinin yeni d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015fekillenmesinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 g\u00fcnlerinde 1842 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131 gibi erken bir tarihte, Alman Rheinische-Zeitung  gazetesinde, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih Okulunun Hukukla ilgili Felsefi Manifestosu (Viktor H\u00fcgo ile ilgili bir de\u011ferlendirme) adl\u0131 makalesi ve bunu izleyen makalelerinde \u0131srarla \u201cevrensel ak\u0131l, evrensel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, evrensel hak\/hukuk ve evrensel ahlak\u201d, \u201cdevletin ak\u0131lc\u0131 ve ahlaki olmas\u0131 gere\u011fi\u201d  \u201cyoksullar\u0131n evrensel \u00f6rfi  (t\u00f6rel ve do\u011fal) hukukunu\u201d savunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, \u201cdevletin b\u00fct\u00fcn ak\u0131lc\u0131 ve ahlaki ba\u011flar\u0131ndan kurtularak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve yozla\u015fmas\u0131na\u201d vurgu yap\u0131yor \u201d, \u201csu\u00e7lu\u201d ve h\u0131rs\u0131z olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen orman k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cak\u0131lc\u0131 olmayan\u201d ve \u201chaks\u0131z\/hukuksuz\u201d  i\u015flemlerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d radikal bir \u015fekilde ele\u015ftiriyor ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi \u201cayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n tikel  \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131\u201d ve \u201csoylular s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131na\u201d sald\u0131r\u0131yordu. Dipnot 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*Marx bu parafgrafta felsefi olarak tikel ile evrensel aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eubat 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yahudi Sorunu \u00dczerine ve Hegel\u2019in Hukuk Felsefesi\u2019nin Ele\u015ftirisi adl\u0131 eserleri  Alman-Frans\u0131z Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dergisinin  birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f birinci ve ikinci say\u0131lar\u0131nda yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Marx\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri daha da ilerlemi\u015fti: Marx, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden bir devrimci demokrattan, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden bir kom\u00fcniste d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, siyasi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve siyasi kurtulu\u015f ile insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kurtulu\u015fu aras\u0131nda hem ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n, hem de farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n oldu\u011funu savunuyordu. Marx o g\u00fcnlerde burjuva devriminin feodal despotizme kar\u015f\u0131 zaferinin ard\u0131ndan  \u201cak\u0131lc\u0131 burjuva devletinin\u201d tam bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fim g\u00f6stererek\u201d yeni bir durumun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.   \u0130nsanlar aras\u0131nda \u201cs\u0131n\u0131fsal k\u00f6ken, mensup oldu\u011fu toplumsal mertebe , e\u011fitim seviyesi, meslek\u201d gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli   farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini ve insanlar\u0131n e\u015fit haklara, siyasi demokrasiye ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kavu\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, siyasi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve kurtulu\u015f hakk\u0131nda,… Daha sonraki g\u00fcnlerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini daha da ilerletmi\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z se\u00e7me (se\u00e7ilme) hakk\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ile birlikte devletle  birlikte sivil toplumun da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme yoluna do\u011fru girece\u011fi bi\u00e7imindeki daha \u00f6nceki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini  bir kenara b\u0131rakarak, dikkatini sivil toplumdaki i\u00e7sel \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin ke\u015ffedilmesine \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, Marx siyasal devrimi tarihsel geli\u015fimde ileriye do\u011fru b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, ancak ona g\u00f6re siyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmenin baz\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131. Siyasal devrim ile birlikte halk kitlelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun bi\u00e7imsel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere kavu\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, burjuvazi \u00f6zel sermaye m\u00fclkiyetine dayanarak ekonomik hakimiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam ediyor, burjuvazi ekonomik hakimiyetine dayanarak \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ileri s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye ve \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini bask\u0131lamaya devam ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda, toplumsal e\u015fitsizlik hala yerli yerinde duruyor ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olarak kal\u0131yordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re bireyler ancak \u201csiyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmenin\u201d daha \u00f6tesine do\u011fru, \u201cinsan olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnsel anlamda \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmeye ve \u201ctoplumsal kurtulu\u015fa\u201d do\u011fru ilerleyebildi\u011fi takdirde, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir geli\u015fimin ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahip olabilirlerdi, bunu \u015f\u00f6yle ifade ediyordu:   i\u00e7inde tek tek \u201cher bir ki\u015finin  \u00f6zg\u00fcrce  geli\u015fmesinin, (toplumdakilerin) t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcrce  geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n \u015fart\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir birli\u011fe (topluma)sahip olaca\u011f\u0131z.\u201d (Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Marx ayn\u0131 zamanda, kurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelece\u011fin toplumunu \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu: \u201c\u0130nsan kendi g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7ler oldu\u011funu kavramal\u0131d\u0131r, bu g\u00fc\u00e7lerini \u00f6rg\u00fctlemelidir (d\u00fczenlemelidir), b\u00f6ylece art\u0131k insan toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7lerini- politik g\u00fc\u00e7ler bi\u00e7iminde– kendisinden ay\u0131rmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece bu ko\u015ful ba\u015far\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi tamamlanacakt\u0131r.\u201d Bu \u00f6nermesi ile Marx, politik insan\u0131, yani soyut vatanda\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini diyalektik olarak a\u015farak, ger\u00e7ek bireyin (yitirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu) kendi toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7lerini, kendi toplumsal ili\u015fkilerini yeniden kazanmas\u0131 gere\u011fine, ancak bu yolla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fabilece\u011fini savunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels\u2019in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk uluslararas\u0131 kom\u00fcnist partisi olan Kom\u00fcnistler Birli\u011fi  i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz ba\u015fyap\u0131t Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019ya bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda  \u201cserbest rekabetin\u201d, \u201cserbest ticaretin\u201d, \u201cserbest s\u00f6zle\u015fme hakk\u0131n\u0131n\u201d ve benzer kavramla burjuvazi ve kapitalizme ait  benzer kavramlar\u0131n derinlemesine ele\u015ftirildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu arada, onlar kom\u00fcnistlerin m\u00fccadele hedefinin kapitalist \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, yerine ge\u00e7ecek kom\u00fcnist \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek oldu\u011funu ilan etmi\u015flerdir. Yine Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da, \u201cS\u0131n\u0131flar ve s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu eski burjuva toplumunun yerine, i\u00e7inde tek tek \u201cher bir ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrce  geli\u015fmesinin, (t\u00fcm toplumdakilerin) t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcrce  geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n \u015fart\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir birli\u011fe (topluma)sahip olaca\u011f\u0131z.\u201d diyerek gelece\u011fin kom\u00fcnist toplumunu tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019nun yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n 150. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc anmak amac\u0131yla \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Uyum: As\u0131rlar \u00d6tesi Bu \u0130deal Kesinlikle Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecektir\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir makale yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu makalede, Marx ve Engels\u2019in daha ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ama\u00e7lad\u0131klar\u0131 hedeften yola \u00e7\u0131karak kom\u00fcnistlerin hedeflerinin \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar\u0131n\u201d birli\u011fini (toplulu\u011funu) in\u015fa etmek oldu\u011funu ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu arada, benim ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceme ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ma dayanarak, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ne oldu\u011funu, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tarihsel geli\u015fimini nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekti\u011fini, Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin ana i\u00e7eri\u011finin ne oldu\u011funu ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar\u0131n birli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu makalede ayr\u0131ca \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistlerin Marksist \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in nas\u0131l m\u00fccadele etmesi gerekti\u011fine dair bir dizi sorunu ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kabaca s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d terimi 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine, kelimelerine ve eylemlerine, insanlar\u0131n kendi kendilerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde ve d\u0131\u015ftan gelen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde karar vermesi anlam\u0131na gelir. Ancak, insan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc do\u011fan\u0131n ve toplumun ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na tabi olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczden, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck her zaman g\u00f6recelidir, kesin de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn esas niteli\u011fi, k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara tabi olmamakta de\u011fil, insanlar\u0131n kendileriyle ilgili kararlar\u0131n verilme a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmalar\u0131yla ilgilidir. Toplum daha ileriye do\u011fru geli\u015ftik\u00e7e, insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha ileri ve zengin olacakt\u0131r. Marx \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Hukuk (Hak) hi\u00e7bir zaman bir toplumun ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fiminden ve bu ekonomik yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fiminden daha y\u00fcksek olamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizm, kapitalizmin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu farkl\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri miras alarak ve onlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek geli\u015ftirmeli:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 ilk olarak, sosyalizm, insanlar\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n efendisi haline getirerek, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti alan\u0131ndaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc geli\u015ftirmeli; ikincisi, insan\u0131n sosyal ya\u015famdaki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirmeli, insanlar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr birli\u011fin efendisi haline getirmeli; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc insanlar\u0131n kendi yeteneklerini \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve b\u00fct\u00fcnsel olarak geli\u015ftirmeleri alan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelidir.  K\u0131saca, Marksizm \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir yandan her bir bireyin tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z prati\u011fi olarak ele alm\u0131\u015f, di\u011fer yandan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc insan\u0131n nesnel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n zorunlu yasalar\u0131n\u0131 kavramas\u0131 ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi  olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; bununla birlikte Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck insanlar\u0131n  zorunluluklar d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde dinamik bir kontrol sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve pratik i\u00e7inde kendi \u00f6znel d\u00fcnyalar\u0131n\u0131 (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f bi\u00e7imlerini) aktif bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme yetene\u011fine sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle, Marx, rasyonel bilgiye dayanan eski \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7ek pratik \u00fczerinde temellendirmi\u015f, rasyonel ontik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yerine \u00f6znenin duyumsal (Sensous)faaliyetine dayanan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015f, ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bilmeye (bilgiye) ba\u011flayan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u015farak insan\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrce bi\u00e7imlendirmesi (yaratmas\u0131) fikrine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bkz. Feuerbach \u00dczerine Marx Tezler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Paris \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerinin Devrimi, 1871\u2019de, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc ad\u0131nda bir emek\u00e7i-i\u015f\u00e7i cumhuriyeti kurmu\u015ftu. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmet 72 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, y\u00fckselen ilerici burjuvazinin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve demokrasiyi bir temel olarak miras alarak ilerleyen sosyalizmin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve demokrasinin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00f6netim organlar\u0131, esas\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin halk\u0131n ve t\u00fcm toplumun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru \u00f6zerk bir \u015fekilde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesidir. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme tarz\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131lda Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nde de g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 1792-1794 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Paris\u2019in \u00e7e\u015fitli mahallerinde b\u00f6yle 44000 alt-kom\u00fcn \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftu. Ancak 1871 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, Paris i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin burjuva iktidar\u0131n\u0131 devirdikten ve burjuva devleti ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 18 Mart\u2019ta silahl\u0131 ayaklanma ile par\u00e7alad\u0131ktan sonra kurulmu\u015f yeni t\u00fcrde bir i\u015f\u00e7ilerin demokratik cumhuriyeti (devlet bi\u00e7imi) idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1871 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, 1792\u2019deki Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn eski olumlu geleneklerini ve kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 miras ald\u0131. Yeni Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn verdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmet kararlar\u0131nda, \u201cCumhuriyeti,,\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck-e\u015fitlik-birlik\u201d ifadeleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, fakat onlar, bu eski sloganlar\u0131n i\u00e7ini yeni bir i\u00e7erikle doldurarak tarihte yeni bir sayfa a\u00e7mak istemi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, 21 Mart\u2019ta yay\u0131nlanan bir bildiri ile \u201cParis\u2019in \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir kent oldu\u011funu\u201d ve \u201cbu \u015fehirde herkesin bir s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u201d ilan etmi\u015fti.[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milli Muhaf\u0131z \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Birle\u015fik Karargah\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Merkez Komitesi, bir bildirisinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cParis, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na h\u00fckmetmeyi de\u011fil, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck istiyor. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck projesi, insanlara iyi \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturacak bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck in\u015fa etmektir.[2]\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bildiride, bir yanda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ile d\u00fczen, di\u011fer yanda demokrasi ile diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck aras\u0131ndaki diyalektik b\u00fct\u00fcnsellik ili\u015fkisi k\u0131sa ve \u00f6z bir \u015fekilde belirtiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan 19 Nisan\u2019da Frans\u0131z halk\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131klanan bildiride, kom\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar olarak: \u201cbireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler, din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen korumaya\u201d vurgu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vatanda\u015flar, k\u0131sa aral\u0131klarla yap\u0131lan karar alma toplant\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131labilecek, kom\u00fcn\u00fcn meselelerine dahil olabilecek, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce dile getirebilecek ve kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilecekti. B\u00f6ylece kom\u00fcn, halk\u0131n y\u00f6netime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alacak, kendisini denetime a\u00e7\u0131k tutacak \u00f6zg\u00fcr toplant\u0131 hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar ve yay\u0131n yapma haklar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.[3]\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunlar, sadece s\u00f6zde kalan bir vaatler de\u011fildi, pratikte aktif olarak uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki bu\u00e7uk ay boyunca, i\u015f\u00e7iler ve kitleler kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ve demokrasiden ger\u00e7ekten yararlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc Yasama Komitesi\u2019nin 81 \u00fcyesi, genel se\u00e7imle se\u00e7ilmi\u015fti. Komite, her zaman halk taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmi\u015f, uygunsuz davranan komite \u00fcyeleri veya devlet yetkilileri, gerekti\u011finde g\u00f6revlerinden al\u0131nabilmi\u015fti. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc Komitesi\u2019nde temsil edilen meslekler aras\u0131nda: 33 i\u015f\u00e7i( Bu 33 i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131nda 5 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fckkan sahibi bulunuyordu) toplamda 19 katip, muhasebeci ve di\u011fer ofis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131; 12 gazeteci ve sosyal bilimler alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir tak\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7iler bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc Komitesi \u00fcyelerinin maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meyece\u011fi, yasalar ile sabitlenmi\u015fti. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, devlet yetkililerinin belirlenmesinde yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 atama sistemini kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, demokratik se\u00e7im sistemini hayata ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. B\u00fcrokratik ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak maa\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kitleler \u00f6zg\u00fcrce bir tak\u0131m kul\u00fcpler a\u00e7abilmi\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00f6zg\u00fcrce dernekler kurabilmi\u015f, kad\u0131nlar ise, \u201cParis\u2019i Savunan Kad\u0131nlar Derne\u011fi ve Yaral\u0131 Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Bak\u0131m\u0131\u201d \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc kurmu\u015f ve baz\u0131 kad\u0131nlar 1789 ve 1848 zaman\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00f6nceki giri\u015fimlerin izinden giderek feminist bir hareket \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ayd\u0131nlar, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir \u015fekilde bir tak\u0131m yeni gazeteler kurmu\u015ftu. Kitlelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, mektup yoluyla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini yay\u0131n organlar\u0131na iletmek amac\u0131yla binlerce mektup yazm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok say\u0131da toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenleyerek fikir ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece kulland\u0131klar\u0131 demokrasi ile Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc her a\u00e7\u0131dan savunmu\u015f, denetlemi\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015flerdi. Parisli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin o s\u0131rada resmi bir Marksist-sosyalist partileri olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, epeydir sosyalizm ve kom\u00fcnizm \u00fczerine e\u011fitim almaktayd\u0131lar. Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Birli\u011fi, di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Birinci Enternasyonal, 1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftu. Ve Birinci Enternasyonal\u2019in Fransa \u015fubesi, bu e\u011fitim g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda Kom\u00fcn\u00a0 \u00f6nderli\u011fi, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn devrimci prati\u011fi i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nc\u00fc ve yol a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 pratikler sergilemi\u015fti, ve bunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc asl\u0131nda sosyalist \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve sosyalist demokrasinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ile ilgili idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TAMAMINI OKUMAK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N \u0130ND\u0130R\u0130N\u0130Z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

gao-liberalizm<\/a>\u0130ndir<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten Sapma: Sovyet Modeli Sosyalizmin Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, Demokrasi Olmadan Sosyalizm Olmaz Gao Fang \u00c7eviren: Deniz K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7 Yazar Hakk\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de \u00f6nemli bir ya\u015fl\u0131 ku\u015fak sosyalizm teorisyeni, Gao Fang Bu makale esas\u0131nda \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir akademik tart\u0131\u015fma ve diyalogu ba\u015flatmak amac\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Makale ilk olarak (2003 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s say\u0131s\u0131nda) \u00c7in\u2019de Pazar Ekonomisi Forum  adl\u0131 bir b\u00fcltende  yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (kurum-i\u00e7i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-klasikler","category-sosyalist-ulkeler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4066","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4066"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4066\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4069,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4066\/revisions\/4069"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4066"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4066"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4066"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}