{"id":4597,"date":"2024-10-18T10:51:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-18T10:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=4597"},"modified":"2024-10-18T10:51:00","modified_gmt":"2024-10-18T10:51:00","slug":"kurtler-buyuk-gucler-ve-ortadogunun-kurt-sorunu-abd-rusya-avrupa-cin-araplar-israil-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=4597","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcrtler: B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun K\u00fcrt Sorunu: ABD, Rusya, Avrupa, \u00c7in, Araplar, Israil, T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

K\u00fcrtler: B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun K\u00fcrt Sorunu: ABD, Rusya, Avrupa, \u00c7in, Araplar, Israil, T\u00fcrkiye <\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Nisan 2014<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof. Tang Zhichao,\u00a0 Ortado\u011fu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Uzman\u0131\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu par\u00e7a yazar\u0131n \u201cA New Approach to Contemporary Kurdish Issue From the Chinese Perspective<\/a>\u201d\u00a0kitab\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da eski bir deyi\u015f vard\u0131r; derler ki, K\u00fcrtlerin dostu yoktur. Bu s\u00f6z bile K\u00fcrtlerin ne kadar yaln\u0131z ve talihsiz oldu\u011funu ve hem K\u00fcrt co\u011frafyas\u0131nda hem d\u00fcnyada ne kadar zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ispatlamaya yeter. K\u00fcrt sorunu, Bat\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin ve b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fcnya g\u00fc\u00e7lerin zalim politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcrt sorunu, olumlu bir y\u00f6nde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmek yerine, uluslararas\u0131 bir boyut kazanm\u0131\u015f ve daha da karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumun, d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcdahaleleri ve sorunlu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim. K\u00fcrtler, tarih boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin politikalar\u0131n\u0131n kurban\u0131 oldular. K\u00fcrtler emperyalist s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin, hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve sorunlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 ve \u015fiddet kullanma yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6zmeye dayal\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir arac\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Ortado\u011fu sorunlar\u0131na d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan m\u00fcdahale eden b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6nemli bir satran\u00e7 ve piyon ta\u015f\u0131 olma konumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmek istenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ilgilenmeleri tamamen kendi bencil \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda olmu\u015ftur. K\u00fcrt sorunundaki b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerin ba\u015flamas\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz ve ABD\u2019li s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler etkili oldu. K\u00fcrt sorununun bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumunu en fazla etkileyebilecek g\u00fc\u00e7 ABD\u2019dir. ABD, ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Irak sava\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte K\u00fcrtlerin kaderini do\u011frudan do\u011fruya etkilemi\u015f K\u00fcrtlere yeni bir tarihi \u015fans ve f\u0131rsatlar potansiyeli sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde K\u00fcrt sorununda \u00f6nemli bir etken olmakla beraber So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonunda da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yahudiler (\u0130srail) ile K\u00fcrtler, Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da benzer bir tarihi ve kaderi payla\u015fmakta ve bu y\u00fczden de \u0130srail h\u00fck\u00fcmeti K\u00fcrtleri bu co\u011frafyada muhtemel bir m\u00fcttefik olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. \u00c7in, K\u00fcrt sorunu \u00fczerinde pek etkisi olmayan ikincil bir etkendir fakat bug\u00fcn \u00c7in ile \u00e7e\u015fitli K\u00fcrt taraflar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dostane ili\u015fkiler geli\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.1  Amerika Birle\u015fik Devleti ve K\u00fcrt Sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD , K\u00fcrt sorununu etkileyen d\u0131\u015f etkenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen kilit bir akt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorunu \u00fczerindeki bu etkisi g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde K\u00fcrt sorununu etkileyen esas d\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6r Avrupa\u2019yd\u0131. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde ise Avrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler yerini Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne b\u0131rakt\u0131 ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de asli g\u00fc\u00e7 ABD oldu. ABD taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan, iki K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131 (Irak i\u015fgali dahil), K\u00fcrt ulusal hareketinin tarihsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecini \u00f6nemli bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ve ABD\u2019nin bu co\u011frafyada etkisi zirveye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ilgili tavr\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde incelemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Birinci d\u00f6nem, (1914-1945) Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan ve ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorununa m\u00fcd\u00e2hil olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir. ABD, K\u00fcrt devletinin kurulmas\u0131 fikrini aktif olarak desteklemi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 engeller y\u00fcz\u00fcnden vazge\u00e7mi\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 nedeniyle deste\u011fini geri \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Bu tutum, d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fkan\u0131 Woodrow Wilson\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan \u201con d\u00f6rt ilke\u201d (1918) ile kendisini ifade etmi\u015ftir, bu on d\u00f6rt ilkenin on ikisi sava\u015f\u0131 kaybeden Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun b\u00fcnyesindeki milletlerin kendi kaderlerini tayin edebilme haklar\u0131yla ilgidir. \u0130kinci d\u00f6nem (1945-1990), faydac\u0131l\u0131k\u2013—d\u0131\u015f politikada adalet ve eti\u011fin b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na tabi k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>—- politikalar\u0131n\u0131n en yo\u011fun olarak hissedildi\u011fi So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD, bir yandan \u0130srail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 cephesinden gelen tehditlere yan\u0131t vermek, di\u011fer yandan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile giri\u015fti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck rekabetin gereklerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak K\u00fcrt sorununa yak\u0131ndan ilgi duymaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu ilgisi K\u00fcrt ulusunun yarar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, sadece ABD\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda olmu\u015ftur. Bu politika, \u201cK\u00fcrdistan\u201d teriminin ABD taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lmas\u0131 ile kendisini ifade etmi\u015ftir. ABD bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00f6lgede \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 CENTO arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile desteklemi\u015f, Mahabad K\u00fcrt Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta destek verdi\u011fi Irak K\u00fcrtlerini, daha sonra a\u00e7\u0131kta b\u0131rakarak ihanet etmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nem (1991\u2019den \u015fimdiye de\u011fin), ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorununa olan ilgisinin zirve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir. ABD bu d\u00f6nemde Irak\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 iki kez sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Irak K\u00fcrtlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an bir politika izlemi\u015ftir. Bu politika bir yandan K\u00fcrtlerin \u00f6zerkli\u011finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin zeminini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve K\u00fcrt ulusal hareketinin y\u00fckseli\u015fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te yandan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hakimi konumunu korumak i\u00e7in ABD, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n demokrasi havarisi pozuna b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, bu do\u011frultuda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131 propagandas\u0131na giri\u015fmi\u015f, bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede K\u00fcrtlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve insan haklar\u0131 sorununa daha fazla ilgi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n nesnel olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin, K\u00fcrtlerin insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ulusal haklar\u0131n\u0131 belli bir derecede\u2014korudu\u011funu da kabul etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca K\u00fcrt sorununa ilk d\u00e2hil olan \u00fclkedir. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda Avrupal\u0131 \u00fclkelerin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fma planlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson \u0130lkeleri olarak bilinen \u201con d\u00f6rt ilke\u201d Ba\u015fkan Wilson taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir. Bu teklif, diplomatik kanallar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, gizli anla\u015fmalar\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge meselelerinin adil bir \u015fekilde nihayete kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Yine bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re egemenlik de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere y\u00f6netimle ilgili al\u0131nacak t\u00fcm kararlarda b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan yerel halklar\u0131n haklar\u0131na ve me\u015fru kabul g\u00f6ren s\u00f6m\u00fcrge h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131na riayet edilmesi, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc ve di\u011fer halklar\u0131n \u201c\u00f6zerkliklerinin\u201d kabul edilmesi gereklili\u011fi belirtilmi\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 bir ittifak\u0131n gereklili\u011fi savunulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fkan Wilson\u2019\u0131n ideallerine g\u00f6re K\u00fcrtlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Yine, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan alanlarda ba\u015fka halklar\u0131n bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hakk\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131p yararlanamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ya da uluslararas\u0131 bir vesayet sisteminin gerekip gerekmeyece\u011fini inceleyecek uluslararas\u0131 bir komisyonun kurulmas\u0131 fikri ilk kez ABD taraf\u0131ndan teklif edildi. Fakat ABD\u2019nin sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pozisyonla, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu payla\u015fma karar\u0131 alan Britanya ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n konumu aras\u0131nda ciddi bir fark vard\u0131 ve haliyle ABD, Fransa ve  Britanya\u2019dan bekledi\u011fi deste\u011fi alamad\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden de b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131lmas\u0131 teklif edilen bu inceleme s\u00fcrekli olarak ertelendi. Sonunda ABD, komisyonu kendi ba\u015f\u0131na kurma karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Ba\u015fkan Wilson, uluslararas\u0131 komitenin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Oberlin \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6r\u00fc Henry Churchill King\u2019i ve Demokrat Parti\u2019nin \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerinden Charles R. Crane\u2019i g\u00f6revlendirdi, b\u00f6ylece King-Crane Komisyonu kuruldu. 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda King-Crane Komisyonu, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve T\u00fcrk olmayan uluslar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu halklar\u0131n kaderlerinin tayinin belirlenmesi i\u00e7in politikalar \u00fcretmeye koyuldu. Komisyon bu amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in Filistin, Suriye, L\u00fcbnan ve Anadolu\u2019da say\u0131mlar yapt\u0131 fakat Britanya\u2019n\u0131n engellemeleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sekteye u\u011frad\u0131. King-Crane Komisyonu\u2019nun haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporun, uluslararas\u0131 alanda ilan edilmesinden \u00f6nce 1920 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu. 1922 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Komisyon raporlar sunmaya devam etti. Bu raporlardan \u00e7\u0131kan sonuca g\u00f6re; Orta Do\u011fu halklar\u0131 hen\u00fcz ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmaya muktedir de\u011fildi. \u00d6te yandan, bu co\u011frafyay\u0131 sadece bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devletinin y\u00f6netebilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ABD\u2019nin bu b\u00f6lgeyi i\u015fgal etmesi gerekmekteydi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcvenilebilir tek \u00fclke ABD\u2019ydi. ABD himayesi alt\u0131nda b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131n\u0131n daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131 sa\u011flanabilirdi. King-Crane Komisyonu Raporu\u2019nda, ba\u015fkenti \u0130stanbul olmak \u00fczere sadece Ermenilerin, K\u00fcrtlerin ve ba\u015fkenti \u0130stanbul olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrklerin devlet kurmas\u0131 gereklili\u011finden bahsedildi. Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Wilson \u0130lkeleri d\u00e2hilinde K\u00fcrtlerin belli bir co\u011frafyada belli \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na izin verilmekle birlikte bu ilkelerin \u00e7o\u011funu  Fransa ve Britanya kabul etmedi. Bu d\u00f6nemde ABD\u2019de tekrar ba\u015flayan kabu\u011funa \u00e7ekilme (isolation) politikas\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle Versay Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ABD Kongresi\u2019nden ge\u00e7medi. Ayr\u0131ca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Mustafa Kemal taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan Kurtulu\u015f M\u00fccadelesi\u2019nin de ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte Britanya, Fransa, \u0130talya ve di\u011fer \u00fclkeler K\u00fcrtlere destek s\u00f6zlerini yerine getirmedi. ABD\u2019nin Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra K\u00fcrt sorununa aktif bir \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahil oldu\u011funu, milletlerin kendi kaderlerini tayin edebilme hakk\u0131na g\u00f6re K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 destekledi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu da bize ABD\u2019nin, Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin gizli sakl\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015fmalardan ve yeni bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni kurma hayallerinden ho\u015fnut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, bu durum Wilson\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Gelgelelim, ABD K\u00fcrt sorununa ilk olarak el att\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar K\u00fcrt sorununa uzak kalm\u0131\u015f ve \u201cK\u00fcrtlere asgari destek ve azami f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k politikas\u0131n\u0131\u201d benimsemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi boyunca ABD, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a olan ilgisini art\u0131rd\u0131 ve bu b\u00f6lgeyi daha yak\u0131ndan izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu b\u00f6lge, ABD\u2019nin Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki stratejisi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir konumdayd\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde, ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorununa bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n iki temel \u00f6zelli\u011finden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u0130lk olarak ABD\u2019nin, silahl\u0131 K\u00fcrt ulusal m\u00fccadelesine s\u0131cak bakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerekir. B\u00f6yle bir tavr\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde bir\u00e7ok etken vard\u0131r. Bu etkenler aras\u0131nda, Sovyet Birli\u011finin b\u00f6lgedeki ulusal m\u00fccadeleleri desteklemesi ve K\u00fcrt ulusal m\u00fccadelesini aktif bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fcten partilerin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde Marxist-Leninist bir politika izlemesi ABD politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ana belirleyenidir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f siyasette sosyalist m\u00fccadeleyi savunurken, emperyalizme ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 politikalar \u00fcretmektedir, ne var ki K\u00fcrt sorununun yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerin \u00e7o\u011fu ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Bat\u0131 ile ittifak halinde olan \u00fclkelerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin NATO \u00fcyesi T\u00fcrkiye (K\u00f6rfez b\u00f6lgesinin \u2018polisi\u2019) ve \u0130ran\u2019daki Pehlevi Rejimi. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ABD, b\u00f6lgedeki devletlerin K\u00fcrt politikalar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131lamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki ikinci temel \u00f6zellik ise, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n ABD\u2019nin ama\u00e7lar\u0131na hizmet edecek \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 stratejisidir. Bunun en tipik \u00f6rne\u011fi ise Irak\u2019t\u0131r. 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Irak\u2019taki Baas Rejimi Sovyetlere yak\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, bu y\u00f6nde bir konum almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Bat\u0131\u2019dan uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ABD kar\u015f\u0131 hamle olarak \u0130ran ile yak\u0131nla\u015farak h\u00fck\u00fcmet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan KDP\u2019yi (K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi) desteklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1975\u2019te M\u0131s\u0131r ile \u0130srail aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fczakerelerde Irak\u2019\u0131n deste\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmu\u015ftur. Cezayir Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla birlikte ABD\u2019nin Irak KDP\u2019sine verdi\u011fi destek sona erer, deste\u011fin son bulmas\u0131yla birlikte KDP b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla y\u00fczle\u015fmek zorunda kal\u0131r, partinin lideri Molla Mustafa Barzani, ABD\u2019deki s\u00fcrg\u00fcn hayat\u0131nda depresyona girmi\u015f ve  yine ABD\u2019de hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. CIA\u2019in g\u00f6zetiminin Mustafa Barzani\u2019nin depresyona girip hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesinde etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 ABD\u2019nin Irak K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi\u2019ni ve K\u00fcrtleri desteklemesinin alt\u0131nda birden \u00e7ok sebep bulunmaktad\u0131r; ABD, m\u00fcttefiki olan \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 Irak\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 desteklemek ve Irak\u2019\u0131 zay\u0131flatmak istiyordu. Irak o s\u0131rada \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131yd\u0131 ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde Bat\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019yle birlikte hareket etmekteydi. \u0130srail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca tav\u0131r sergiliyordu. ABD ayn\u0131 zamanda Irak K\u00fcrtlerini destekleyerek \u0130srail \u00fczerindeki Irak bask\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak istiyordu. Daha sonra ABD, Irak K\u00fcrtlerine verdi\u011fi deste\u011fi geri \u00e7ekti\u011finde Kissenger \u015fu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; \u201cABD, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olan K\u00fcrdistan da\u011flar\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir cephe a\u00e7mak istememi\u015ftir.\u201d Ayr\u0131ca, Irak K\u00fcrtlerine verdikleri deste\u011fi geri \u00e7ekti\u011finde ABD\u2019nin, \u0130ranl\u0131 m\u00fcttefiki Pehlevi\u2019yi ikna etmesi hi\u00e7 de kolay olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[1]<\/a> O d\u00f6nemde CIA ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten William Colby[2]<\/a>, an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 Onurlu Bir Adam: CIAdeki Hayat\u0131m<\/em>\u2019da, Ba\u015fkan Ford\u2019un g\u00f6revden neden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsederken, CIA\u2019in Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtlere gizliden yard\u0131mlarda bulundu\u011funu ve fakat ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanan bu te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn bas\u0131na s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itiraf eder. Yine bu kitapta Colby, K\u00fcrtlerin, uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca, ayr\u0131m yapmadan, yard\u0131m alabilecekleri herhangi bir g\u00fcce yana\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve daima kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir. Irak ile Sovyetlerin s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinden rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyan \u0130ran ve ABD, b\u00f6lgede kom\u00fcnistlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesinden de korkmu\u015ftur. \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131 Pehlevi, Ba\u015fkan Nixon\u2019dan Irak\u2019taki K\u00fcrtlerin \u00f6zerklik m\u00fccadelesinin ABD taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmesini istedi\u011fi konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u201cB\u00f6ylece ABD\u2019nin \u0130ran ile birlikte b\u00f6lgede kom\u00fcnizmin yay\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu kuvvetli bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6stermi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. CIA, K\u00fcrtlere el alt\u0131ndan \u00e7ok gizil bir bi\u00e7imde yard\u0131m etmeyi teklif emi\u015ftir. Colby, bunun, plan\u0131n sadece \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Colby ayr\u0131ca, 1975 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131p isyanc\u0131 K\u00fcrtler b\u00fcy\u00fck darbeler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrtleri destekleme politikas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ti\u011fini, buna sebep olarak da \u201cIrak h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flamaya ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini\u201d yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu yenilgi g\u00fcnlerinde b\u00f6lgedeki CIA ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n merkeze g\u00f6nderdikleri gizli mesajlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eriklerinde de baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler olmu\u015f, ajanlar art\u0131k \u201cgizli silah ve m\u00fchimmat yard\u0131m\u0131\u201d yerine \u201ckitleler halinde yerlerini terk edip g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lan K\u00fcrtlere ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen K\u00fcrt muhaliflere yard\u0131m\u201d konular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Tahran\u2019daki CIA \u015fefi, 10 Mart 1975\u2019te Colby\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi telgrafta \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrtlere yard\u0131m\u0131 kesmesinin K\u00fcrtlerin politik inan\u00e7 ve ideallerini yok etmenin \u00f6tesinde milyonlarca K\u00fcrd\u00fcn hayat\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye atmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ABD\u2019nin h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rdaki m\u00fcdahalesinin ahlaki olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir[3]<\/a>. Molla Mustafa Barzani de Kissenger\u2019a yard\u0131m isteyen bir telgraf g\u00f6ndermi\u015f fakat Ford h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu telgrafa bir yan\u0131t vermemi\u015ftir[4]<\/a>. Colby, Kissenger\u2019e bu telgraf hakk\u0131nda soru y\u00f6neltmesine kar\u015f\u0131n Kissenger onu \u201cgizli g\u00f6rev ile ahlaki \u00f6devi birbiriyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak\u201d ile ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Daha sonralar\u0131, ABD\u2019nin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu King-Crane komisyonunun raporunda Kissinger, \u015eah Pehlevi\u2019nin Irak\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tekliften haberdar oldu\u011funu kaydetmi\u015ftir.  \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131, Irak\u2019\u0131n  s\u0131n\u0131r sorunlar\u0131nda uzla\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etmesi halinde\u2014en k\u0131sa zamanda\u2014K\u00fcrtlere verdi\u011fi deste\u011fi durduraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vaat etmi\u015ftir.[5]<\/a> Bu raporun \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de K\u00fcrtlerin hem ABD hem de \u0130ran i\u00e7in bir satran\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131ndan ibaret oldu\u011fudur.[6]<\/a> Irak ile \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 uzun bir sava\u015f s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (1980-1988) d\u00f6nem \u00f6ncesinde \u0130ran, ABD yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir devlet iken, 1979\u2019deki \u0130slam devrimi sonras\u0131nda  ABD kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir \u0130slam devleti haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu nedenle \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 bask\u0131lama politikas\u0131 ABD\u2019nin Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki temel politikas\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f ve ABD bu politika gere\u011fi Irak\u2019\u0131 yan\u0131na \u00e7ekme stratejileri geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. ABD bu kez \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n eski m\u00fcttefiki olan Irak KDP\u2019sine kar\u015f\u0131 Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetini desteklemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, K\u00fcrtleri \u201csorun \u00e7\u0131karan\u201d ve \u201c\u0130ran ile Suriye\u2019nin emrinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u201d bir unsur olarak nitelemeye giri\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eubat 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD ve Irak aras\u0131nda gizli silah al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ba\u015flad\u0131. 1987 ile 1988 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmeti K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 100 bin insan\u0131n can\u0131na mal olacak Enfal Operasyonu\u2019nu d\u00fczenledi. Ayr\u0131ca, 1988\u2019deki Halep\u00e7e Katliam\u0131 olarak an\u0131lacak olan operasyonda Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kimyasal silahlar kulland\u0131. ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 bilmesine ra\u011fmen hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in belgelerine g\u00f6re, ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve CIA, Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 1987 ile 1988 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u00fcrtleri bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kimyasal silah kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. Reagan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti buna ra\u011fmen Irak\u2019\u0131 desteklemeye devam etti ve hatta Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kimyasal silah yap\u0131m\u0131nda yard\u0131m etmeyi teklif etti. ABD Senatosu D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Komitesi \u00fcyesi Peter Galbraith, Irak K\u00fcrtleri hakk\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlarda ABD y\u00f6netiminden \u201cSaddam rejiminin K\u00fcrtleri katletmesine son vermesini\u201d istemi\u015ftir.[7]<\/a> 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD Senatosu D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Komitesi, Saddam h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden K\u00fcrtleri kimyasal silahlarla yok etmemesini isteyen Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Durdurma Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 senatodan ge\u00e7irdi ama Reagan h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin m\u00fcdahalesiyle bu yasan\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olmad\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise ABD taraf\u0131ndan ter\u00f6rist \u00f6rg\u00fctler listesine al\u0131nan PKK\u2019ye ABD\u2019nin operasyon d\u00fczenlemesinin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fkan Wilson\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt sorununa bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 daha idealisttir. ABD\u2019nin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemindeki bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ise Sovyetler ile olan m\u00fccadele ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olma stratejisiyle daha realist ve \u00e7\u0131kar eksenli bir politikaya dayanmaktad\u0131r. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlerin insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak, ABD H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ilgilenmesini sa\u011flamak ve ayr\u0131ca \u00f6zg\u00fcr K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yollar bulmak i\u00e7in K\u00fcrt Ulusal Konseyi (KUK) kuruldu ama pek etkili olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyetlerin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131. ABD bu d\u00f6nemde Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da tam h\u00e2kimiyet kurmu\u015f ve K\u00fcrt sorunuyla daha yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmeye, enerjisini ve kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 bu mesele etraf\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde sarf etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Irak\u2019taki K\u00fcrt politikalar\u0131 bunun en klasik \u00f6rne\u011fidir. George H. W. Bush[8]<\/a> d\u00f6neminde ABD kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun bir yeni d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenini kurabilmek i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde Saddam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f, fakat Saddam rejimini devirmemi\u015ftir. ABD K\u00fcrtlerin Saddam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 isyan hareketleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015f, her ne kadar istemese de uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunun zoruyla G\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lge yaratmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da K\u00fcrtleri bir nebze de olsa rahatlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lge kurulduktan sonra ABD, ordusunu geri \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her ne kadar Ba\u015fkan Bush K\u00fcrtleri desteklemek istemese de ABD\u2019nin K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanabilmek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli B\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrtlerin durumunu iyile\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ocak 1993\u2019te Bill Clinton[9]<\/a>, yeni ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve Orta Do\u011fu politikas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cBat\u0131\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f, Do\u011fu\u2019da tahakk\u00fcm\u201d olarak belirlemi\u015ftir. Clinton, u\u00e7u\u015fa yasak b\u00f6lgenin devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrtlerin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 korumalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Clinton, T\u00fcrkiye ile olan ili\u015fkilerinden dolay\u0131 K\u00fcrtleri desteklemek istememi\u015ftir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lenen K\u00fcrtlerin Irak\u2019\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da dengelerin de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve bundan rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duymu\u015ftur.  Bununla birlikte, Clinton, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca iki farkl\u0131 K\u00fcrt grup aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara hakemlik yapmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George W. Bush d\u00f6neminde Irak\u2019a m\u00fcdahale edici ve K\u00fcrtleri destekleyici politikalar\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Saddam Rejimi\u2019nin devrilmesi ve Irak\u2019\u0131n istikrara kavu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in Bush y\u00f6netimi, K\u00fcrtlerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f ve bu durum K\u00fcrtlerin Irak\u2019taki durumunda bir iyile\u015fme sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Obama y\u00f6netiminin, Irak ve K\u00fcrtler hakk\u0131ndaki politikas\u0131 baba Bush ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r; K\u00fcrtlerin b\u00f6lgedeki \u00f6zerk yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarken ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k taleplerini reddederler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019nin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ilgilenirken geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi temel birka\u00e7 stratejiden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u0130lki, ABD\u2019nin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminden sonra diplomatik politikas\u0131nda demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 9\/11 olay\u0131ndan sonra Orta Do\u011fu\u2019yu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek ABD\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli stratejisi olmu\u015ftur. Bu stratejinin gere\u011fi olarak b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek ve temel insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD, 1991 ve 2003 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Irak\u2019a iki kez sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sava\u015flar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebeplerinden biri de Saddam\u2019\u0131n halk\u0131na reva g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zul\u00fcmler ve \u00f6zellikle de K\u00fcrtlere ve \u015eiilere uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 politikalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1994\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki K\u00fcrt milletvekilleri Leyla Zana, Hatip Dicle, Selim Sadak ve Orhan Do\u011fan \u201cK\u00fcrt\u00e7e yemin\u201d nedeniyle tutukland\u0131. ABD\u2019de temsilcili\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olan Elizabeth Farser\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi Nazi devleti olmakla ve K\u00fcrtlerin seslerini duyulmaz k\u0131lmakla su\u00e7lar. New Mexico Heights College profes\u00f6rlerinden Abbas Manafy T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi demokratik standartlara uymamakla su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f ve K\u00fcrtlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin, dillerinin ve geleneklerinin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia etmi\u015ftir. Bu durum Ermenilerin, K\u00fcrtlerin ve \u015eiilerin kurban edildi\u011fi bir \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stergesidir.  \u0130kinci olarak ABD, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kral\u0131 olmu\u015f fakat K\u00fcrtler de Sovyet deste\u011fini yitirmi\u015flerdir. Sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin g\u00fcc\u00fc giderek zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan dolay\u0131 K\u00fcrtler de ABD\u2019ye y\u00fczlerini d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtlerin liderlerinde Talabani, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte\u015f\u00f6yle bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada bulunmu\u015ftur: \u201cBizim herkesin yard\u0131m\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Bir kere sava\u015fa d\u00e2hil olunca, \u00f6l\u00fcm tehlikesiyle y\u00fczle\u015fince muhtemel b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcttefiklerle anla\u015fmaya varman\u0131z gerekti\u011fini anlars\u0131n\u0131z. Sava\u015f meydan\u0131 bir s\u00fcpermarket de\u011fildir. Kendinize m\u00fcttefik se\u00e7me l\u00fcks\u00fcn\u00fcz yoktur, sadece muhtemel b\u00fct\u00fcn yard\u0131mlara ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele vermeniz gerekmektedir\u201d. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise, anti-ter\u00f6rizm ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt politikas\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesindeki temel unsur olmu\u015ftur.  9\/11 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra anti-ter\u00f6rizm devletin resmi g\u00fcvenlik stratejisi olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ter\u00f6rizm, dost ile d\u00fc\u015fman ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n mihenk ta\u015f\u0131 haline gelir. ABD PKK\u2019yi (1984), TAK\u2019\u0131 (2008) ve PJAK\u2019\u0131 (2008) yabanc\u0131 ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri listesine d\u00e2hil eder ve t\u00fcm yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na karar verir. 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin PKK lideri \u00d6calan\u2019\u0131 yakalamas\u0131na yard\u0131m eder. Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra ABD, T\u00fcrkiye ve Irak ile birlikte PKK\u2019ye sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6nl\u00fc koordine bir mekanizma kurar. Ayr\u0131ca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye askeri m\u00fcdahalelerinde istihbarat payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 teklifinde de bulunur. 28 A\u011fustos 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD, General Joseph Ralston\u2019\u0131 PKK ile M\u00fccadele \u00d6zel Temsilcisi  olarak atam\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrkiye, Irak ve Irak K\u00fcrtleriyle birlikte yap\u0131lacak i\u015fbirli\u011fi projesinin ba\u015f\u0131na getirmi\u015ftir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, ABD, Saddam\u2019\u0131 devirmek i\u00e7in Irak\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 iki kere sava\u015f a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  Irak K\u00fcrtlerinin ezeli hayallerini, \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fip \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeleri umudunu canland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar ABD\u2019nin bu sava\u015flar\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131ndaki as\u0131l sebep K\u00fcrtlere yap\u0131lan mezalimleri durdurmak olmasa da, sava\u015f\u0131n sebepleri aras\u0131nda kamuoyunda \u00f6nemli bir yer kaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015fincisi ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrtleri b\u00f6lgedeki piyonlardan biri olarak g\u00f6rmeye devam etti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru olur. ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 devam eden de\u011fi\u015fken tavr\u0131 kendi diplomatik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na hizmet etmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye ile olan ittifak\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmek i\u00e7in PKK ile olan m\u00fccadeleyi desteklemi\u015f ve PKK\u2019yi \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc K\u00fcrtler\u201d olarak ilan etmi\u015ftir; di\u011fer yandan \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele i\u00e7inde olan PJAK\u2019\u0131 destekleyerek \u0130ran H\u00fck\u00fcmetine gizliden zarar vermeye devam etmi\u015ftir. Kongre \u00fcyelerinden Dennis Kucinich ve me\u015fhur ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteci Seymour Hersh, ABD\u2019nin PJAK\u2019\u0131 gizliden destekledi\u011fini iddia etmi\u015flerdir.[10]<\/a> ABD bask\u0131lar sonucunda bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ancak 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri listesine eklemi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte Ba\u015fkan Bush I991 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, Saddam\u2019\u0131 devirmeleri i\u00e7in K\u00fcrtleri desteklemi\u015f ve K\u00fcrtlerin kendi kaderlerini \u00e7izmelerini te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir.[11]<\/a> K\u00fcrtler ayaklanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve Saddam bu ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ABD bu duruma seyirci kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD bir yandan Saddam rejimini devirmek istememi\u015f ve  olas\u0131 bir m\u00fcdahalenin \u00fclke i\u00e7inde pek taraftar bulamamas\u0131ndan ve m\u00fcdahalenin Irak\u2019ta ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da dengeleri bozmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe etmi\u015ftir.  Ancak milyonlarca K\u00fcrt g\u00f6\u00e7menin yollara d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve uluslararas\u0131 bask\u0131lar\u0131n artmas\u0131 sonunda u\u00e7u\u015fa yasak, g\u00fcvenli bir b\u00f6lgenin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. \u0130lgin\u00e7 olan, Kuzey Irak\u2019ta g\u00fcvenli bir b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 fikri ABD\u2019den de\u011fil, m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131ndan korkan d\u00f6nemin T\u00fcrkiye Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 \u00d6zal taraf\u0131ndan teklif edilmi\u015ftir. Bu teklif Britanya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmi\u015f ve nihayet ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Bush taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edilmi\u015ftir. ABD b\u00f6lgede kal\u0131rsa daha \u00e7ok sorunla bo\u011fu\u015fmaktan endi\u015fe etti\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lgeyi in\u015fa ettikten sonra ordusunu b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. 2003\u2019teki Irak sava\u015f\u0131nda ABD, Saddam\u2019\u0131 devirmek i\u00e7in K\u00fcrtler ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapar. K\u00fcrtler ABD\u2019ye T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fini teklif etmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda ABD, K\u00fcrtleri b\u00f6lgede d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in desteklemi\u015f ve Kuzey Irak\u2019ta federal bir yap\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na izin vermi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar \u201ciyi K\u00fcrtler\u201d olarak se\u00e7ilmi\u015flerdir. Fakat ABD hala K\u00fcrtlerin b\u00f6lgedeki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmakta ve K\u00fcrtlerin Kerk\u00fck petrolleri konusunda taviz vermesini, Irak\u2019\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 bir anayasayla ABD\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcnde istikrar kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmemesini istemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda eski ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti \u00fcyesi James Baker ile eski senat\u00f6rlerden Lee Hamilton bir rapor haz\u0131rlard\u0131 ve bu rapor K\u00fcrtlerin Irak Merkezi Y\u00f6netimi ile petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kolektif bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmelerini ve binlerce ABD\u2019li askerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla Irak g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin e\u011fitiminin h\u0131zland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etti.[12]<\/a> Irak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Celal Talabani, Baker-Hamilton raporundan ho\u015fnutsuz oldu ve raporun \u201cadil ve hakl\u0131\u201d olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Ayr\u0131ca Talabani\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu rapor \u201cIrak Rejimini ve anayasas\u0131n\u0131 yok edebilecek \u00e7ok tehlikeli \u00f6nerileri de i\u00e7ermekteydi\u201d.[13]<\/a> ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2009 Mart ay\u0131nda K\u00fcrt sorunundaki bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek  Herro K. Mustafa\u2019y\u0131 (K\u00fcrt ABD\u2019li) ABD Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Joe Biden\u2019\u0131n Orta Do\u011fu Ba\u015fdan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine atad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen birka\u00e7 temel \u00f6zellikten bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. \u00d6ncelikle ABD\u2019nin e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc ve birle\u015fik bir K\u00fcrt politikas\u0131 yoktur.  \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir yandan K\u00fcrtler b\u00f6lgede birden \u00e7ok devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ikamet etmekte[14]<\/a> ve devletleri bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan ABD\u2019nin realist ve \u00e7\u0131kar odakl\u0131 politikalar\u0131 her \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Baz\u0131 uzmanlar, ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cikircikli politikalar\u201d geli\u015ftirdi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir.[15]<\/a> Bir\u00e7ok uzman da birle\u015fik bir K\u00fcrt politikas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f vermektedir.[16]<\/a> \u0130kinci olarak, ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 K\u00fcrtlerden ziyade, K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fclkelere dair ABD\u2019nin temel politikalar\u0131 belirlemektedir. Bu da ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt sorununa farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde farkl\u0131 tepkiler vermesini, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelere farkl\u0131 politikalar uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta ayn\u0131 \u00fclkelerde farkl\u0131 zamanlarda farkl\u0131 politikalar uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 getirmektedir. K\u00fcrt sorunu uzmanlar\u0131ndan Kani Xulam, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye ve Irak\u2019\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 devlet olarak ABD\u2019ye farkl\u0131 kazan\u00e7lar sundu\u011funu\u201d s\u00f6ylemektedir. ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrtlere ili\u015fkin tavr\u0131n\u0131 Erbil ve Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019dan daha \u00e7ok Ankara ve Ba\u011fdat belirlemektedir. ABD\u2019nin Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki K\u00fcrtlerle ilgili geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi politikalar\u0131n aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f yoktur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ABD\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleriyle ilgili politikalar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ile ili\u015fkileri belirlemektedir.[17]<\/a> \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, ABD her ne kadar K\u00fcrtlerin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu k\u00f6t\u00fc durumla ilgili \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duysa da K\u00fcrtlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k taleplerine olumlu bakmamakta ve \u00f6zerklik m\u00fccadelelerine mesafeli yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Irak\u2019taki K\u00fcrtlerin \u00f6zerklik kazanmalar\u0131, ABD\u2019nin iste\u011fi do\u011frultusunda geli\u015fmemi\u015f, Saddam rejiminin devrilmesinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra ABD\u2019li diplomat ve K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netiminin dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Peter Galbraith, \u201cK\u00fcrdistan, Arap \u015eiileri ve Arap S\u00fcnnileri olarak  \u2018Irak\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin\u2019 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funu\u201d \u015fiddetle savunmu\u015f ve \u00f6nermi\u015f ama tavsiyesi dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[18]<\/a> D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise, K\u00fcrtler ve K\u00fcrt sorununun ABD ulusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ve d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131na hizmet edecek \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. ABD, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman K\u00fcrtleri desteklemi\u015f, \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi zaman deste\u011fini hemen geri \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. ABD uzun bir zamand\u0131r T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtlerin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ihmal etmi\u015ftir. ABD, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi Sovyetler ile olan sava\u015fta bir tampon b\u00f6lge olarak ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla Bat\u0131 medeniyeti aras\u0131nda da bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye ile ili\u015fkisini devam ettirme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 duymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD y\u00f6netiminin, 1970\u2019lerde Molla Barzani\u2019ye deste\u011fini geri \u00e7ekti\u011fi zaman K\u00fcrtlere ihanet etti\u011fini y\u00fcksek sesle ifade edenler olmu\u015ftu. D\u00f6nemin ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Henry Kissinger, tepkiler \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada \u201cABD diplomasisinin \u2018hay\u0131rseverlik\u2019 \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmedi\u011fini\u201d belirterek \u201cK\u00fcrtleri kurtarman\u0131n ABD\u2019nin ulusal g\u00f6revi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.[19]<\/a> Orta Do\u011fu uzmanlar\u0131ndan Hussein Tahiri, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda ABD i\u00e7in \u201cK\u00fcrtlerin g\u00fcvenini tam olarak kazanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, K\u00fcrtlere defalarca kez ihanet etmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcrtler ABD\u2019nin ulusal g\u00fcvenlik stratejilerinin kurban\u0131 olmu\u015ftur\u201d de\u011ferlendirmesinde bulunmu\u015ftu.[20]<\/a> Be\u015fincisi, ABD i\u00e7in ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar her zaman belirleyici oldu. Ama g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt politikas\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesinde demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda anti-ter\u00f6rizms\u00f6ylemi y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Haliyle bu iki s\u00f6ylem bazen birbirleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fabilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt politikas\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok eksiklik vard\u0131r. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 samimiyet ve c\u00f6mertlikten yoksunluk, \u00e7ifte standartl\u0131l\u0131k, i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerdir. T\u00fcm bu eksiklik ve tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar, ABD\u2019nin i\u00e7 siyasetinde de bir\u00e7ok kez ele\u015ftirilere maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda da g\u00fcvensizlik artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fcrt sorunu, zamanla ABD\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli hale gelmi\u015f ve ABD d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri sorunu ile ilgili olarak ABD,  T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de \u00fcye oldu\u011fu Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (AG\u0130T) antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n uygulan\u0131p uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulu\u015fu olan Helsinki Komisyonu\u2019nu kurdu.[21]<\/a> Helsinki Komisyonu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00fclkede ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 muamelelerden dolay\u0131 ele\u015ftirerek raporlar sundu. Fakat Avrupa ile k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ABD, K\u00fcrtlere d\u00f6n\u00fckinsan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri konusunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye o kadar da \u00e7ok bask\u0131 yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-ABD ili\u015fkilerinde PKK konusu da \u00f6nemli bir yer i\u015fgal etmekte ve bazen bu ili\u015fkinin gerilmesine sebep olmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r ABD\u2019yi PKK konusunda \u00e7ifte standartl\u0131 davranmakla ele\u015ftirmektedir. ABD, \u00f6zellikle Irak Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda PKK\u2019nin bu \u00fclkede hareket etmesine izin vermi\u015f ve sava\u015ftan sonra PKK\u2019ye a\u011f\u0131r sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uzun s\u00fcredir ABD\u2019li baz\u0131 liberaller T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi K\u00fcrtlere eziyet etmekle su\u00e7lamakta ve PKK ile emparti kurmaktad\u0131rlar. ABD\u2019li baz\u0131 senat\u00f6rler bir\u00e7ok defa, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin PKK\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmak \u00fczere istedi\u011fi baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli silahlar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 durdurma tehdidinde bulundular. [22]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan T\u00fcrkiye, ABD\u2019nin Irak\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtlerin kazanacaklar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ya da \u00f6zerkli\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki K\u00fcrtlere de ilham verece\u011finden duydu\u011fu endi\u015feleri dile getirdi. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD, ABD askerleri i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131ndan Irak\u2019a ge\u00e7i\u015f izni istedi ve fakat bu talep T\u00fcrkiye parlamentosu taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi. Bu durum T\u00fcrk-ABD ittifak\u0131n\u0131n ve ili\u015fkilerinin gerginle\u015fmesine neden oldu. Neticede, ABD Irak\u2019a sava\u015f a\u00e7abilmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcneyden gitmek zorunda kald\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, ABD bu sava\u015fta ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bir\u00e7ok talebini kar\u015f\u0131lamak zorunda kald\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. O d\u00f6nem bas\u0131na yans\u0131ya bilgilere g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye; sava\u015f\u0131n bitmesinin ard\u0131ndan K\u00fcrtlerin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, daha \u00f6nce Kerk\u00fck\u2019ten s\u00fcr\u00fclen K\u00fcrtlerin bu kente geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerinin engellenmesini, Kuzey Irak\u2019ta PKK\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lge kurmas\u0131na ve K\u00fcrt kentlerini i\u015fgal etmesine izin verilmesini istemi\u015fti. 2003 \u015eubat ay\u0131nda Ba\u015fkan Bush, Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtleri ikna etmek ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taleplerini kabul ettirmek i\u00e7in Erbil\u2019e bir el\u00e7i g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. ABD, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi memnun etmek i\u00e7in, 100 bin Kuzey Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrt milisi sava\u015fta kullanmamaya s\u00f6z vermi\u015fti. ABD Savunma Bakan\u0131 Wolfowitz, e\u011fer T\u00fcrkiye ABD ile t\u00fcm konularda tam bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapacak olursa, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu elde edebilece\u011fini duyurdu.[23]<\/a> Bu asl\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ordusuna hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Kuzey Irak\u2019taki \u00f6zerk K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesi, T\u00fcrkiye-ABD ili\u015fkilerinde bir\u00e7ok sorun ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden oldu. T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131k s\u0131k PKK\u2019ye sald\u0131r\u0131yor, Musul ve Kerk\u00fck konusunda \u00e7ok istekli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye-ABD ili\u015fkilerinin gerilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ABD\u2019nin Irak stratejisine de zarar veriyordu.Bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nihayete kavu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in 28 A\u011fustos 2006\u2019da Washington y\u00f6netimi, T\u00fcrkiye, Irak ve Irak K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve koordinasyonu sa\u011flamak \u00fczere emekli General Joseph Raltson\u2019u ABD\u2019nin PKK ile M\u00fccadele \u00d6zel Temsilcisi olarak g\u00f6revlendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Irak\u2019\u0131n durumu g\u00fcvenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. ABD s\u00f6z konusu g\u00fcvenlik sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in Irak\u2019a yard\u0131m ederken, T\u00fcrkiye Kuzey Irak\u2019ta PKK\u2019ye operasyon d\u00fczenlemeye haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu. Bu durum, ABD T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda yeni bir gerilime sebep oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Temmuz ay\u0131nda ABD Senatosu\u2019nda T\u00fcrkiye konulu bir oturum yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bir T\u00fcrkiye uzman\u0131 olan Soner \u00c7a\u011faptay, o d\u00f6nemm yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131da, T\u00fcrkiye ve ABD aras\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli meselenin PKK oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015fti.[24]<\/a> Ba\u015fkan Bush, 7 Ekim 2007\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Irak\u2019taki PKK milislerine operasyon yapmamal\u0131\u201d \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin daha \u00f6nce kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cb\u00f6lgeye asker g\u00f6ndermeyece\u011fi ya da b\u00f6lgedeki asker say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d konusunda s\u00f6z vermi\u015f oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatt\u0131. ABD, PKK sorununun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Irak\u2019a asker g\u00f6ndermesiyle de\u011fil, ba\u015fka yollardan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereklili\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. 5 Kas\u0131m 2007\u2019de Ba\u015fkan Bush, T\u00fcrkiye Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan ile Beyaz Saray\u2019da bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapt\u0131. Bush, Erdo\u011fan\u2019a \u201cIrak\u2019a asker g\u00f6nderme konusunda aceleci olmamalar\u0131\u201d konusunda \u0131srar ederken \u201cPKK\u2019nin ter\u00f6rist bir \u00f6rg\u00fct oldu\u011fu konusunda hemfikir olduklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirtmi\u015fti. Bush, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede ayr\u0131ca, PKK\u2019nin hem T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin hem ABD\u2019nin hem de Irak\u2019\u0131n ortak d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015f veT\u00fcrkiye ile PKK konusunda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc i\u015fbirli\u011fine ve istihbarat payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na haz\u0131r olduklar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015fti. Fakat buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ba\u015fbakan Erdo\u011fan \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi operasyon kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde her ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun yap\u0131lacak ve di\u011fer devletlerin destekleyip desteklemeyece\u011fi bizi ilgilendirmiyor\u201d dedi. Ayr\u0131ca, ABD\u2019nin de e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak \u201cPKK\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 bir hareket ba\u015flataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umduklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d ekledi.[25]<\/a> ABD, bu bask\u0131lar sonucunda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin PKK\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 bir yere kadar s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi operasyon yapmas\u0131na izin verdi. 2007 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131 boyunca T\u00fcrkiye, PKK\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi hava sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. T\u00fcrk ordusu, ABD ordusunun kendileriyle \u201csadece bilgi payla\u015fmakla kalmay\u0131p Kuzey Irak hava sahas\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7arak operasyona destek verdi\u011fini\u201d iddia etti.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

21 \u015eubat 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Ordusu, Kuzey Irak\u2019a 10 bin asker g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve PKK g\u00fc\u00e7lerini bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. ABD T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi b\u00f6lgede uzun s\u00fcre kalmamas\u0131 ve operasyonu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde tutmas\u0131 konusunda uyar\u0131rken b\u00f6lgedeki sivillere de zarar vermemesi konusunda ikaz etti.[27]<\/a>Irak sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u015fka sorun ise merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmet ile K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131ndaki petrol \u00e7eki\u015fmesiydi. Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesindeki petrol\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netim taraf\u0131ndan tek tarafl\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131, ABD ile Irak Merkezi H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, ABD, Irak H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin Petrol Yasas\u0131n\u0131<\/em> ge\u00e7irmesine izin vermi\u015f, b\u00f6ylece ABD\u2019li \u015firketler Irak petrol sahalar\u0131nda yasal olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Ancak, daha sonralar\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 petrol \u015firketleri birer iki\u015fer Kuzey Irak\u2019a gelmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca ABD, Irak merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetine verdi\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc bir\u00e7ok kez bozdu. Bir\u00e7ok ABD\u2019li petrol \u015firketi Irak Merkezi Y\u00f6netiminin tepkilerine ra\u011fmen K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netimiyle petrol anla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzalad\u0131 ve bu da ABD ile Ba\u011fdat aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerinin gerilmesine sebep oldu. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel K\u00fcrt y\u00f6netimiyle ABD\u2019li petrol \u015firketi HUNT OIL aras\u0131nda bir anla\u015fma imzaland\u0131. Bu anla\u015fma, Petrol Yasa<\/em>\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Irak Parlamentosu\u2019nda onaylanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgesel K\u00fcrt y\u00f6netimiyle bir petrol \u015firketi aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk anla\u015fmayd\u0131. Bu ad\u0131m\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Ba\u011fdat\u2019tan tepki gecikmedi ve \u201canla\u015fma hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 geldi. Irak Petrol Bakan\u0131 H\u00fcseyin \u015eehristani, \u201cyap\u0131lacak b\u00fct\u00fcn anla\u015fmalar\u0131n Irak Federal Devleti\u2019nin onay\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesi gerekti\u011fini\u201d belirtirken, \u201cB\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netim\u2019in yapm\u0131\u015f old\u0131u\u011fu anla\u015fman\u0131n, Federal Devlet\u2019in onay\u0131ndan ge\u00e7medi\u011fi i\u00e7in yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u201d s\u00f6yledi. 18 Ekim 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi, ABD\u2019li petrol devi Exxon Mobil ile 6 petrol sahas\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan bir anla\u015fmaya vard\u0131. Bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne Irak Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Nuri Maliki, Exxon Mobil\u2019i uyard\u0131 ve bu ihtilafl\u0131 anla\u015fmaya dayanarak b\u00f6lgede herhangi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatmas\u0131 halinde Irak\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 \u201cba\u015fka yollara\u201d ba\u015fvuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu.[28]<\/a> 19 Temmuz 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019li bir di\u011fer petrol devi Chevron, Irak K\u00fcrt \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde bulunan Rovi ve Sarta\u2019daki petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n aranmas\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili ihalede \u00e7o\u011funluk hissesini (y\u00fczde 80) sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. 24 Temmuz 2012\u2019de Ba\u011fdat\u2019tan gelen a\u00e7\u0131klamada, Chevron\u2019\u0131n Merkezi H\u00fck\u00fcmet\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uyar\u0131lar\u0131 dikkate almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u201cyasalara ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir te\u015febb\u00fcste bulunarak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimiyle anla\u015fma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in art\u0131k Orta ve G\u00fcney Irak\u2019ta i\u015f yapamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtildi. Irak Petrol Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cChevron\u2019\u0131n, K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmay\u0131 ask\u0131ya alana kadar Irak Merkezi H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile ticaret yapabilme haklar\u0131n\u0131n ilga edildi\u011fini\u201d duyurdu. [29]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD ve Irak K\u00fcrtleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler de sorunsuz de\u011fildi. Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtlerle ABD\u2019nin birbirlerine ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131. Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler, ABD\u2019nin Irak\u2019taki Araplar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131racaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek onlardan destek ve yard\u0131m istiyordu. 1992 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda ABD Senatosu D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Komitesi, Irak\u2019taki toplu katliamlar konusunda bir oturum ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Talabani\u2019nin temsilcisi Najmiddin Karim, ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrtlerin kendi kaderlerini tayin edebilmeleri i\u00e7in yard\u0131m etmesini istedi. Bu oturumda Karim, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye kom\u015fusu Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 tan\u0131yor, \u0130ran n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 25\u2019ine tekab\u00fcl eden ve Kuzey \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fayan Azerbaycan halk\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ediliyorken neden hala K\u00fcrt halk\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilmiyor\u201d dedi. K\u00fcrtlerin neden hala di\u011fer milletler gibi kendi kaderlerini tayin etme hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 soran Karim, Wilson Prensipleri\u2019ne g\u00f6re ve Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n da kabul etti\u011fi gibi K\u00fcrt Halk\u0131n\u0131n kendi kaderini tayin etme hakk\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 zeminde kabul edilmesinin vaktinin geldi\u011fini savundu. Karim, Komite\u2019den K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtlerin kendi kaderlerini tayin edebilme hakk\u0131n\u0131 destekleme talebinde bulundu.[30]<\/a> 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda Carnegie Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f Vakf\u0131, \u201cK\u00fcrdistan\u2019daki \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n Sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d konulu bir seminer d\u00fczenledi ve Kubad Talabani\u2019yi Irak K\u00fcrdistan B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi temsilcisi olarak davet etti. Talabani, bu seminerde ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin K\u00fcrt sorununu stratejik boyutlarda \u00f6nemsemesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek \u201cKerk\u00fck meselesi gibi b\u00f6lgesel uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda, petrol ve gaz kaynaklar\u0131 ile gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda, federal yap\u0131n\u0131n istikrar\u0131 gibi meselelerde ve Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin iyile\u015ftirilmesi gibi kilit konularda ABD\u2019nin sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini\u201d savundu.[31]<\/a> Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mesud Barzani, Nisan 2012\u2019deki ABD ziyaretinde, Kuzey Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesi ile ABD aras\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir ili\u015fkinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmi\u015f ve K\u00fcrtler ile ABD\u2019nin \u201cOrta Do\u011fuda m\u00fcttefik ve ortak\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.[32]<\/a> K\u00fcrtler, ABD kamuoyunu K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ilgili s\u00fcrekli olarak bilgilendirmek i\u00e7in ofisler ve lobi gruplar\u0131 kurdular. 2007 ile 2011 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi, bu t\u00fcr faaliyetler i\u00e7in toplam 4,6 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 harcad\u0131; \u00f6rne\u011fin bu ikna \u015firketlerden biri olan BGR\u2019a, 730 bin ABD dolar\u0131 \u00f6denmi\u015ftir.[33]<\/a> ABD, Saddam rejimini devirmek ve sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Irak\u2019ta d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in K\u00fcrtlere ihtiya\u00e7 duymu\u015ftu. K\u00fcrtler, ABD\u2019nin Irak\u2019taki en iyi orta\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131nda ABD\u2019de K\u00fcrt-ABD gurubu kuruldu ve ABD\u2019den 23 kongre \u00fcyesi bu guruba kat\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 da bu komitenin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6renine kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu ekibin as\u0131l amac\u0131, K\u00fcrtler ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmekti ve Kas\u0131m 2011\u2019e kadar bu grubun \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 43\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan iki taraf da (ABD ve Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler) birbirine g\u00fcvenmemekte, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve stratejilerinde birbirleriyle ters d\u00fc\u015fmekteydi. Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talebinde bulunurken, bu talep ABD\u2019nin Irak merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile ili\u015fkilerini olumsuz etkilemekte ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uymamaktayd\u0131. ABD, K\u00fcrtlerin bu taleplerinin stratejik olarak imk\u00e2ns\u0131z oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde K\u00fcrtlerin temel amac\u0131 g\u00fcvenliklerini garantiye almak ve g\u00f6rece ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fmak iken, ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki temel amac\u0131 ise Irak\u2019\u0131n ulusal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak ve merkezi y\u00f6netimin olabildi\u011fince g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesiydi. Haliyle aralar\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 mevcuttu.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Celal Talabani, ABD\u2019yi Irak\u2019\u0131 anlamamakla ele\u015ftirmi\u015fti; \u201cK\u00fcrtlere ve \u015eiilere uygulanan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmalar ABD\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yanl\u0131\u015f politika ve stratejiler geli\u015ftirdiler.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti \u00fcyesi James Baker ile Demokrat Parti eski senat\u00f6r\u00fc Lee Hamilton taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Irak \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Grubu, \u201cBaker-Hamilton Raporunu\u201d yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Rapor, 79 maddede s\u0131ralanan \u00f6nerilerden olu\u015fuyordu. Bu \u00f6neriler aras\u0131ndan \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kanlar; petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn Irak Merkezi Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nde olmas\u0131 ve Irak g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin ABD askerlerinin katk\u0131s\u0131yla e\u011fitilip donat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funun vurgulanmas\u0131yd\u0131. K\u00fcrtlerin, Merkezi H\u00fck\u00fcmet ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve uyum i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi savunulmaktayd\u0131.[36]<\/a> Bu rapor K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli tepkilerin y\u00fckselmesine sebep oldu. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Talabani, bu rapordan duydu\u011fu memnuniyetsizli\u011fi dile getirirken \u201cABD\u2019li askerlere gereken malzemeler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda Irak Merkez Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nin iznini almad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131\u201d hat\u0131rlatt\u0131. \u201cBu rapor bizim kendi ordumuzun i\u00e7ine yabanc\u0131 askerlerin d\u00e2hil edilmesini talep etmekte\u2026 Nerede kald\u0131 bizim rejimimiz?… Bu rapordaki fikre g\u00f6re bizim bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devletinden fark\u0131m\u0131z yoktur. ABD bizi istedi\u011fi gibi etkileyebilecek ve bizim ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k taleplerimizi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edebilecektir\u201d dedi. Talabani ayr\u0131ca, raporda dile getirilen, Saddam\u2019\u0131n Baas Partisi\u2019nin baz\u0131 \u00fcyelerinin Irak siyasetine yeniden d\u00e2hil edilmesi fikrine de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bunun ilerde \u00e7ok ciddi sorunlara sebep olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015fti.[37]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda ABD, 36 adet F-16 sava\u015f u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Irak\u2019a sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece Irak hava sahas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011finin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Mesud Barzani, bu anla\u015fmadan duydu\u011fu rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirdi ve bu sava\u015f u\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n Irak H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan K\u00fcrtleri bombalamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini savundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Do\u011fu uzmanlar\u0131ndan Michael Robin, Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtlerin ABD i\u00e7in iyi bir m\u00fcttefik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fcrtlerin g\u00fcvenilir olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Robin, K\u00fcrt liderlerinin g\u00fcvenilir olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Mesud Barzani\u2019nin otoriter ve despotik e\u011filimlerinin oldu\u011funu dile getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

TAMAMINI OKUMAK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N \u0130ND\u0130R\u0130N\u0130Z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

kurtler-Buyuk-Gucler-ve-Ortadogu-tang<\/a>\u0130ndir<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Michael M. Gunter, The Historical Dictionary of the Kurds<\/em>, s.300.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> William Colby (1920-1996), CIA Ba\u015fkan\u0131 973 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131ndan 1976 Ocak ay\u0131na kadar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> William Colby, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA,<\/em> Simon & Schuster, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19760206&id=YodPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mwUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3992<\/a>, 1514628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> Jamal Jalal Abdulla, The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood<\/em>, Author House, 2012, p.154.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Barry Lando, \u201cHenry Kissinger and Iraq-Master of Treachery\u201d, 4 \u015eubat, 2010, http:\/\/blogs.alternet.org\/barrylando\/2010\/02\/04henry-kissinger-and-iraq-master-of-treachery\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Peter Galbraith K\u00fcrtleri savunan en \u00f6nemli ABD\u2019li diplomatlardan biridir. Galbraith, H\u0131rvatistan\u2019daki ilk ABD b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Afganistan\u2019da BM temsilcisi olarak g\u00f6rev ald\u0131. 2003 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ABD y\u00f6netimine K\u00fcrt sorunu konusunda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f ve Irak\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6lgeye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi gereklili\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. Galbraith\u2019a g\u00f6re ABD\u2019nin sava\u015f sonras\u0131 Irak\u2019\u0131 yekpare bir devlet olarak devam ettirme projesi tam anlam\u0131yla bir hatad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> 41. Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131, Ocak 1989\u2019dan Ocak 1993\u2019e kadar devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f, Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti\u2019nin Aday\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Ocak 1993\u2019ten Ocak 2001 kadar Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yapan Demokrat Parti Aday\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> \u201cKucinich\u2019in ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131na \u0130ran\u2019daki \u0130syanlar hakk\u0131nda y\u00f6neltti\u011fi sorular: Ba\u015fkan Bush\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f mektup.\u201d, Apr18, 2006, http:\/\/kucinich.house.gov\/News\/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=42505<\/a>; Seymour M. Hersh, \u201cThe Next Act\u201d, The New Yorker, 20 Kas\u0131m, 2006. http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/fact\/content\/articles\/061127fa_fact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> ABD\u2019li geli\u015fmi\u015f Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi \u00fczerine notlar, 15 \u015eubat, 1991\u201d, ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n halka a\u00e7\u0131k mektubu: George Bush Y\u00f6netimi<\/em>, 1991, kitap 1, Washington: U.S. Goverment Printing Office, 1992, s.145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> Mart 2006\u2019da Irak \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Grubu\u2019nu (ISG) kurmu\u015ftur. Demokrat Parti\u2019den ve Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti\u2019den be\u015f \u00fcyenin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu grupta her bir parti \u00fcyesi birbirlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar ve ba\u015flar\u0131nda da James Barker ve Lee Hamilton bulunacakt\u0131. Sekiz ayl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma boyunca ISG, ABD\u2019nin Irak politikalar\u0131yla ilgilenmi\u015f binlerce insanla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, fikirler toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131na eski Ba\u015fkan George W. Bush, Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Chenev, Iraktaki ABD\u2019li Generali, Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulu Ba\u015fkan, CIA Ba\u015fkan\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Ve en nihayetinde bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucu Aral\u0131k 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda Barker-Hamilton raporu olarak Senato\u2019ya sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/news.sina\/com.cn\/w\/2006-12-12\/053910741730s.shtml.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> \u201cABD\u2019nin K\u00fcrt Stratejisi: Profes\u00f6r Michael Gunter ile m\u00fclakat\u201d, 5 Haziran, 2010, http:\/\/www.ekurd.net\/mismas\/articles\/…\/independentstate3404.htm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Dennis P. Chapman, \u201cIrak-K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131 hakk\u0131nda politikalar\u201d, Small Wars Journal<\/em>, 13 Haziran, 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> John Hannah, \u201cABD\u2019nin bir K\u00fcrt Politikas\u0131na \u0130htiyac\u0131 Var\u201d, 22 Mart, 2012, http:\/\/shadow.foreignpolicy.com\/posts\/2012\/03\/22america_needs_a_kurdish_policy<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> Reina Saiki, \u201cABD\u2019nin Irak ve T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri Politikas\u0131\u201d,22 Nisan,2012, http:\/\/www.rudaw.net\/english\/science\/editorial\/4662.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> Peter Woodard Galbraith,http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_W._Galbraith#cite_note-0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a>  \u201cPike Komisyonu Raporu\u201d, The Village Voice<\/em>16 \u015eubat, 1976, s.85, 87-88.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Hussein Tahiri, \u201cK\u00fcrtler: ABD\u2019nin Ulusal \u00c7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n Kurbanlar\u0131\u201d, Kurdish Media<\/em>, 27 \u015eubat, 2003, http:\/\/www.kurdmedia.com\/articles.asp?id=8940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> OSCE, G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7in 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> \u201cABD\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi Silah Antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla Tehdidi\u201d, 17 A\u011fustos, 2010, http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/europe\/2010\/08\/20108164425178581.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> Hussein Tahiri, \u201cK\u00fcrtler: ABD\u2019nin Ulusal \u00c7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n Kurbanlar\u0131\u201d, Kurdish Media<\/em>, 27 \u015eubat, 2003, http:\/\/www.kurdmedia.com\/articles.asp?id=8940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> \u201cABD Helsinki Komisyonu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkiye Se\u00e7imleri \u00fczerine A\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131\u201d, http:\/\/www.turkishcoalition.org\/in-congress\/united-states-helsinki-commission-on-turkish-elections-77.htm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> Bush PKK\u2019n\u0131n hem ABD\u2019nin hem de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ortak D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi<\/em>, Xinhua News Agency, Washington, 2 Kas\u0131m, 2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> Turkiye\u2019nin Kuzey Irak\u2019a d\u00fczenledi\u011fini iddia etti\u011fi hava sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ABD taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fruland\u0131. <\/em>China News, 17 Aral\u0131k, 2007, http:\/\/news.jinghua.cn\/352\/c\/200712\/17\/n585057.shtml.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> ABD T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi Kuzey Irak\u2019ta d\u00fczenledi\u011fi askeri sald\u0131r\u0131lar konusunda uyard\u0131<\/em>, http:\/\/news.cctv.com\/military\/20080228\/101316.shtml.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> Irak ABD\u2019li Chevron\u2019u Kara listeye ald\u0131<\/em>, Xinhua News Agency, 26Temmuz, 2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Irak ABD\u2019li Chevron\u2019u Kara listeye ald\u0131, <\/em>Xinhua News Agency, 26Temmuz, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Senato D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Komitesi duru\u015fmas\u0131, Irak\u2019taki \u201cToplu \u00d6ld\u00fcrmeler\u201d, Federal News Service, 19Mart, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> Carnegie Uluslararas\u0131 Bar\u0131\u015f Vakf\u0131, “K\u00fcrdistan \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi “,9 \u015eubat., 2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> \u201cIrak K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131, as ABD\u2019nin Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da m\u00fcttefiki ve orta\u011f\u0131\u201d 12 Nisan 2012\uff0chttp:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org\/policy-analysis\/view\/iraqi-kurdistan-as-u.s.-ally-and-partner-in-the-middle-east.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Washington\u2019da K\u00fcrdistan H\u00fck\u00fcmet Lobisi: Ba\u015far\u0131 ya da Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k?\u201d, 3 Haziran 2012, http:\/\/www.ekurd.net\/mismas\/articles\/misc2012\/6\/state6259.htm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> \u201cTemsilci Tipton K\u00fcrt-Amerikan Meclisine Kat\u0131ld\u0131\u201d, http:\/\/www.kurdishaspect.com\/doc120111KA.html.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> \u201cIrak i\u015fgali sonras\u0131 ABD-K\u00fcrt \u0130li\u015fkileri \u201d7 Aral\u0131k, 2007\uff0chttp:\/\/www.gloria-center.org\/2007\/12\/rafaat-2007-12-07\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> Irak \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Grubu Raporu\u201d, www.bakerinstitute.org\/publications\/iraqstudygroup_findings.pdf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> Irak Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Talabani Irak Politikas\u0131 Raporunu ele\u015ftirdi, http:\/\/news.sina.com.cn\/w\/2006-12-12\/041210741487s.shtml.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcrtler: B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun K\u00fcrt Sorunu: ABD, Rusya, Avrupa, \u00c7in, Araplar, Israil, T\u00fcrkiye  Nisan 2014 Prof. Tang Zhichao,\u00a0 Ortado\u011fu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Uzman\u0131\u00a0 Bu par\u00e7a yazar\u0131n \u201cA New Approach to Contemporary Kurdish Issue From the Chinese Perspective\u201d\u00a0kitab\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da eski bir deyi\u015f vard\u0131r; derler ki, K\u00fcrtlerin dostu yoktur. Bu s\u00f6z bile K\u00fcrtlerin ne kadar yaln\u0131z […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4597","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gelisen-ulkeler","category-turkiye-sosyalizmi"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4597","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4597"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4597\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4599,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4597\/revisions\/4599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}