{"id":4909,"date":"2025-01-07T23:56:19","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T23:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=4909"},"modified":"2025-01-08T00:08:54","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T00:08:54","slug":"vietnam-kambocya-savaslari-neden-cikti-ve-tarihsel-dersleri-1978-1989","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=4909","title":{"rendered":"Vietnam-Kambo\u00e7ya Sava\u015flar\u0131 Neden \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Tarihsel Dersleri (1978-1989)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vietnam-Kambo\u00e7ya Sava\u015flar\u0131 Neden \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Tarihsel Dersler (1978-1989)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Meng Chao, D\u00fcnya Tarihi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi<\/strong>, Kas\u0131m 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kambo\u00e7ya’daki Vietnam Birlikleri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tarih boyunca, on y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcren (1978-1989) Vietnam ve Kambo\u00e7ya aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f her zaman gizemle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olmu\u015ftur, her iki taraf da kendi fikrini savunmu\u015ftur ve bu da arkas\u0131ndaki do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ay\u0131rt etmeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, bu sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesinin temel nedenlerine daha derinlemesine inersek, bunun Vietnam’\u0131n bir “Hindi\u00e7in Federasyonu” (Vietnam+Laos+Kambocya\u2019y\u0131 birle\u015ftirme)<\/strong> kurma h\u0131rs\u0131ndan ve ikinci olarak da iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki hassas ve karma\u015f\u0131k toprak anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudan nedeninden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Kambo\u00e7ya, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fu andakinden \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu, do\u011fu Tayland, g\u00fcney Laos ve g\u00fcney Vietnam gibi geni\u015f alanlar\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rkemli bir Khmer \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6nemi ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti.  Ancak, Siam devletinin y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle, bat\u0131 ve kuzey Kambo\u00e7ya’daki bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lge s\u00fcrekli olarak ilhak edildi. Vietnam ayr\u0131ca 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Mekong Deltas\u0131 ve Ho Chi Minh \u015fehrinin bulundu\u011fu geni\u015f bir alan da dahil olmak \u00fczere A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Kambo\u00e7ya’n\u0131n t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kademeli olarak ilhak etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda emperyalist-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Fransa, Hindi\u00e7in’i i\u015fgal etti, G\u00fcney Vietnam ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Kambo\u00e7ya’y\u0131, toplu olarak “Ko\u00e7in\u00e7in” olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgeyi i\u015fgal etti ve buralar\u0131 Frans\u0131z Hindi\u00e7in Federasyonu’na dahil etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler, Ko\u00e7in\u00e7in’deki on binlerce kilometrekarelik “A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Ko\u00e7in\u00e7in Topraklar\u0131”n\u0131 (Kambo\u00e7yal\u0131lar alan\u0131n 68.965 kilometrekare oldu\u011funu iddia ederken, Vietnaml\u0131lar daha \u00f6nce Vietnam’a ait oldu\u011funu savunumu\u015flard\u0131r) Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir idari birime b\u00f6ld\u00fcler ve 1949’da Vietnam’\u0131n yarg\u0131 yetkisi alt\u0131nda olmak i\u00e7in bir yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7irdiler, b\u00f6ylece Kambo\u00e7ya-Vietnam toprak anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gizli tehlikesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa, 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dien Bien Phu’daki yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan, \u00c7inhindi’nden \u00e7ekilmeden \u00f6nce Kambo\u00e7ya ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki kara s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen Cenevre Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. \u0130ki \u00fclke bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 prensipte tan\u0131mas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, s\u0131n\u0131r belirlemede kesinlik eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle baz\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ya\u015fansa da, tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 kara alan\u0131 100 kilometrekareden azd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ek oda\u011f\u0131, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Fransa taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ve aralar\u0131nda Phu Quoc Adas\u0131’n\u0131n en tipik olan\u0131 olan bir\u00e7ok adan\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini i\u00e7eren bir idari yetki hatt\u0131 olan deniz s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisinde yatmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, deniz s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisinin kuzeyinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Akla ve Sa\u011fduyuya g\u00f6re, Kambo\u00e7ya’ya ait olmas\u0131 gerekirken, idari olarak Vietnam’\u0131n yarg\u0131 yetkisi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve karasular\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca 3 deniz mili olmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kambo\u00e7ya, Phu Quoc Adas\u0131’n\u0131n kendi \u00fclkesine ait olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam, Kambo\u00e7ya’n\u0131n iddialar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmekle kalm\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda 3 deniz mili karasular\u0131ndan da memnun de\u011fil ve bunlar\u0131 geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kral Sihanouk, Kambo\u00e7ya h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k politikas\u0131 izledi ve 1967’de Kuzey Vietnam ile diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurdu. O d\u00f6nemde, \u00c7in’in \u00e7abalar\u0131yla Kral Sihanouk, Vietnam’\u0131n Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ne kar\u015f\u0131 kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in Kuzey Vietnam’\u0131n Kambo\u00e7ya topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 “Ho Chi Minh Yolu” olarak kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sihanouk, Kuzey Vietnam’\u0131n mevcut s\u0131n\u0131rlara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fini umuyordu ve destek kazanmak i\u00e7in Kuzey Vietnam da “Kambo\u00e7ya’n\u0131n mevcut s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fini garanti etti\u011fini” ilan etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sihanouk, bu temelde, Kambo\u00e7ya’ya fayda sa\u011flayacak baz\u0131 yeni s\u0131n\u0131r ayarlamalar\u0131 yap\u0131labilece\u011fini umuyordu ve hatta bu y\u00f6nde bir harita yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Kuzey Vietnam o d\u00f6nemde buna a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f, hatta destek bile vermi\u015fti; ancak asl\u0131nda bu sadece ge\u00e7ici bir \u00f6nlemdi, zira s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgeler o d\u00f6nemde h\u00e2l\u00e2 ABD yanl\u0131s\u0131 G\u00fcney Vietnam rejiminin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1975’te Vietnam ulusal birle\u015fmeyi tamamlad\u0131 ve K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler ayr\u0131ca sava\u015farak Kambo\u00e7ya rejimini ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu s\u0131rada Vietnam, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Kambo\u00e7ya topraklar\u0131ndan askerlerini \u00e7ekmeyi kabul etmesine ra\u011fmen, harekete ge\u00e7mekte yava\u015f davrand\u0131 ve hala Kambo\u00e7ya topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ve ula\u015f\u0131m hatlar\u0131n\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda Vietnam, K\u0131z\u0131l Kmer Pol Pot \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Demokratik Kampu\u00e7ya rejimiyle tekrar tekrar “\u00f6zel ili\u015fki” kurmay\u0131 \u00f6nerdi ve hatta Kambo\u00e7ya’n\u0131n reddetmesine ra\u011fmen “ortak bir g\u00fc\u00e7” olu\u015fturmak istedi, bu da ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sava\u015fta birbirlerini destekleyen iki taraf ve iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin keskin bir \u015fekilde bozulmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O y\u0131l\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131nda, K\u0131z\u0131l Kmerler ordusu \u00f6nce Phu Quoc Adas\u0131’n\u0131 bombalad\u0131 ve karaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu ve ard\u0131ndan deniz s\u0131n\u0131r hatt\u0131n\u0131n Vietnam taraf\u0131ndaki Tou Chu Adas\u0131’n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Vietnam ordusu Tou Chu Adas\u0131’n\u0131 geri almak i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti ve ard\u0131ndan deniz s\u0131n\u0131r hatt\u0131n\u0131n Kambo\u00e7ya taraf\u0131ndaki We Adas\u0131’n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Kambo\u00e7ya taraf\u0131n\u0131n tekrarlanan \u0131srarlar\u0131 sonucu Vietnam ordusu iki ay sonra geri \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan sonra, iki taraf s\u0131n\u0131r sorunu hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok m\u00fczakere yapt\u0131, ancak Vietnam tavr\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve  \u00f6nceki vaad ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 reddetti.  Sihanouk’un a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na ve Kambo\u00e7ya’n\u0131n toprak ayarlamalar\u0131 talebini geri \u00e7evirdi, i\u015fgal etti\u011fi Kambo\u00e7ya topraklar\u0131ndan askerlerini \u00e7ekmeyi reddetti ve Vietnam lehine deniz s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisinde ayarlamalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda \u0131srar etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demokratik Kampu\u00e7ya lideri Pol Pot son derece hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131 ve \u00f6fkeyle m\u00fczakereleri ask\u0131ya ald\u0131. Sonu\u00e7ta, Vietnam ordusunun kendi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesine ve hala m\u00fczakere etmesine tahamm\u00fcl edemezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesine gergin bir atmosferde, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma t\u0131rmanmaya devam etti. 1977’nin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, K\u0131z\u0131l Kmer Demokratik Kampu\u00e7ya rejimi, Vietnam ordusu taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilen Kambo\u00e7ya topraklar\u0131nda devriye gezmek i\u00e7in asker g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam ordusu ate\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131 ve s\u0131k s\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fand\u0131. \u015eubat ay\u0131nda, Demokratik Kampu\u00e7ya, Vietnam’\u0131n \u00fclkesinde k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z darbeyi ezdi\u011fini ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nisan ay\u0131nda, Kambo\u00e7ya ordusu Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde 10 kilometre ilerledi ve Vietnam ordusu Kambo\u00e7ya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulundu ve kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulundu; A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda, Vietnam ordusu Kambo\u00e7ya’ya 15 kilometre ilerlemek \u00fczere bir t\u00fcmen g\u00f6nderdi ve Kambo\u00e7ya ordusu inatla direndi ve onu p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcp, d\u0131\u015far\u0131 att\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda, Vietnam ordusu tekrar Kambo\u00e7ya’ya girdi ve iki taraf \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde sava\u015ft\u0131. Ay\u0131n sonunda, Kambo\u00e7ya ordusu Vietnam’a on kilometreden fazla bir mesafede sald\u0131rd\u0131. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda, Demokratik Kampu\u00e7ya rejimi Vietnam’a kar\u015f\u0131 tam \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir sava\u015f ilan etti ve Vietnam ordusunun ko\u015fulsuz olarak geri \u00e7ekilmesini ve m\u00fczakere etmesini talep ederek Vietnam ile diplomatik ili\u015fkileri ask\u0131ya ald\u0131, ancak daha sonra Vietnam t\u00fcmeninin kuzeydo\u011fu Kambo\u00e7ya’ya \u015fiddetli bir sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. \u0130ki taraf s\u0131n\u0131rda \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde sava\u015ft\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, kendi ulusal g\u00fcvenlik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve enternasyonalist y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler nedeniyle uzun s\u00fcredir Vietnam’\u0131 ve K\u0131z\u0131l Kmer rejimini destekliyordu. Ancak, Vietnam birle\u015ftikten sonra Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne yana\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in i\u00e7in Kambo\u00e7ya’n\u0131n tarafs\u0131z kalmas\u0131 jeopolitik g\u00fcvenlikle ilgiliydi ve Laos gibi Kambo\u00e7ya’n\u0131n Vietnam taraf\u0131ndan askeri olarak i\u015fgal edilmesine izin vermek istemiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Ocak 1978’de \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Vietnam ve Kambo\u00e7ya aras\u0131nda ate\u015fkes, Vietnam birliklerinin \u00e7ekilmesi ve m\u00fczakereler talep eden bir bildiri yay\u0131nlad\u0131 ve Demokratik Kampuchea’ya destek verdi. Bu, Vietnam’\u0131n \u00c7in’in pozisyonunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Laos ve Kambo\u00e7ya’da askeri bir varl\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ve bir “Hindi\u00e7in Federasyonu” hayalini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek Vietnam’\u0131n akl\u0131ndaki temel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yd\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in onun en b\u00fcy\u00fck engeli haline geldi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 \u015eubat 1978’de Vietnam, Kambo\u00e7ya’ya ate\u015fkes m\u00fczakereleri talep ederek \u00fc\u00e7 nokta \u00f6nerdi ancak Kambo\u00e7ya reddetti \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Vietnam birliklerini \u00e7ekme ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ayarlama konusunda samimi de\u011fildi ve m\u00fczakereler yaln\u0131zca Kambo\u00e7ya’dan verilen tek tarafl\u0131 tavizler olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan sonra Vietnam, Demokratik Kampu\u00e7ya rejimini devirmeye kararl\u0131yd\u0131 ve Vietnam radyosu bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a talep etti ve ayr\u0131ca s\u0131n\u0131rdaki birlikleri art\u0131rd\u0131, gerillalar\u0131 i\u015fe ald\u0131 ve isyana te\u015fvik etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kambo\u00e7ya da geride kalmayacakt\u0131. Pol Pot bir kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 plan\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu ve hatta Kambo\u00e7ya ordusunun do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesindeki Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131 ve Vietnam’dan derinden etkilenen Khmer halk\u0131n\u0131 yakalay\u0131p \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlar bile oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

May\u0131s ortas\u0131nda Kambo\u00e7ya d\u00f6rt m\u00fczakere \u00f6nerisi sundu, ancak Vietnam bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden geldi. Temmuz ay\u0131nda, Vietnam Kom\u00fcnist Partisi D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Merkez Komitesi’nin D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Genel Oturumu, Pekin ve Kambo\u00e7ya’y\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a do\u011frudan d\u00fc\u015fman ve sava\u015f hedefleri olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131 ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bir afer kazanmak istedi. Ard\u0131ndan, Vietnam ordusu Kambo\u00e7ya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son olarak, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne tamamen yasland\u0131ktan ve \u00c7in ile sava\u015fa aktif olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131ktan sonra, 25 Aral\u0131k 1978’de Vietnam, tanklar, z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7lar, top\u00e7ular ve donanma ve hava kuvvetlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle “g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerden”  olu\u015fan 18 piyade t\u00fcmeni  g\u00f6nderdi ve Kambo\u00e7ya’ya sekiz y\u00f6nden sald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sadece iki hafta i\u00e7inde, bir d\u00fczineden fazla Kambo\u00e7ya t\u00fcmeni yenildi, \u00f6nemli kasabalar ve ula\u015f\u0131m hatlar\u0131 i\u015fgal edildi ve 7 Ocak 1979’da Phnom Penh’e girdiler ve kendilerine teslimiyet\u00e7i olan Han Samrin  sahte rejimini kurup desteklediler. Yenilen K\u0131z\u0131l Kmer Demokratik Kampu\u00e7ya liderleri, gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerine \u00e7ekilebildiler. Sava\u015f b\u00f6ylece iki \u00fclke ve hatta b\u00f6lgesel durum \u00fczerinde derin ve a\u011f\u0131r bir etkisi olan uzun ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir yeni a\u015famaya girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, Vietnam ve Kambo\u00e7ya aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f, tarihi sorunlar\u0131n, toprak anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, jeopolitik ve di\u011fer fakt\u00f6rlerin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mesinin sonucuydu. Arkas\u0131ndaki karma\u015f\u0131k nedenler ve ac\u0131 dolu dersler, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerle ili\u015fkilerin nas\u0131l d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan nas\u0131l ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda derin bir uyar\u0131 sunuyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vietnam-Kambo\u00e7ya Sava\u015flar\u0131 Neden \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Tarihsel Dersler (1978-1989) Meng Chao, D\u00fcnya Tarihi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi, Kas\u0131m 2024 Tarih boyunca, on y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcren (1978-1989) Vietnam ve Kambo\u00e7ya aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f her zaman gizemle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olmu\u015ftur, her iki taraf da kendi fikrini savunmu\u015ftur ve bu da arkas\u0131ndaki do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ay\u0131rt etmeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arsiv","category-sosyalist-ulkeler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4909"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4924,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4909\/revisions\/4924"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}