{"id":5020,"date":"2025-01-22T09:04:10","date_gmt":"2025-01-22T09:04:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5020"},"modified":"2025-01-22T09:05:06","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T09:05:06","slug":"cinde-sosyalizmin-onder-ve-temel-gucu-olan-isci-sinifinin-yeni-durumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5020","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7in\u2019de Sosyalizmin \u00d6nder ve Temel G\u00fcc\u00fc Olan \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Yeni Durumu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00c7in\u2019de Sosyalizmin \u00d6nder ve Temel G\u00fcc\u00fc Olan \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Yeni Durumu<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Prof. Li Peilin | \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi; Dr. Wei Jianwen | Pekin Normal \u00dcniversitesi; Bu makale ilk olarak Academic Monthly, Say\u0131 9, Aral\u0131k 2021<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6 Aral\u0131k 2021 tarihinde, \u00c7KP Merkez Komitesi Siyasi B\u00fcrosu, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ekonomik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 analiz etmek ve incelemek \u00fczere bir toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek, yap\u0131sal politikalar\u0131n ulusal ekonomik d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri kald\u0131rmaya, imalat sanayinin temel rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmaya ve ekonomiyi rasyonel bir aral\u0131kta tutmaya odaklanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulad\u0131. Genel olarak, \u00c7in’in ekonomik ve sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131 son y\u0131llarda derinlemesine geli\u015fmeye devam etmi\u015f ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin durumunda bir dizi yeni sorun ve zorluk ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu makalenin ilk yazar\u0131 Li Peilin, halen Ulusal Halk Kongresi Daimi Komitesi \u00fcyesi ve \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi Akademik B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fcyesidir. Li Peilin, \u00c7KP Merkez Komitesi Siyasi B\u00fcrosu’nun bir kolektif ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma toplant\u0131s\u0131nda bu konuda bir konferans vermi\u015ftir.  Bu makalede yazarlar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7in’in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131 ve bile\u015fiminin k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir.  \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn toplam b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k 850 milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olup, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin toplam say\u0131s\u0131 300 milyona yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131, n\u00fcfusun %47’sinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn genel k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve e\u011fitim kalitesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015fmi\u015ftir. Yazarlar, ekonominin ve toplumun h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesi ve internet gibi yeni teknolojilerin yayg\u0131n olarak uygulanmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00c7in’in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale geldi\u011fine, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7indeki gruplar aras\u0131ndaki gelir u\u00e7urumunun geni\u015fledi\u011fine, mavi yakal\u0131 imalat i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam etti\u011fine ve g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i grubunun negatif b\u00fcy\u00fcme ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, internetle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yeni meslek gruplar\u0131 ve yeni i\u015f ekonomisi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkilerini giderek daha \u00e7e\u015fitli hale getirmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda yazar, imalat i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck\u00e7e, uyan\u0131k olmam\u0131z ve erken \u201csanayisizle\u015fme\u201d sorununu \u00f6nlememiz, kentlerim g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ileri absorbe etme kabiliyetine daha fazla dikkat etmemiz, lojistik ve paket servis i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131na dikkat etmemiz, gelir farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 makul bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlememiz ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn teknik becerilerini geli\u015ftirmemiz gerekti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Tarihsel Ko\u015fullar Alt\u0131nda \u00c7in \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Bile\u015fimindeki De\u011fi\u015fimler ve Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Gerekenler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in’de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n durumunun incelenmesi \u00f6zel bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. \u00dclke Anayasas\u0131nda genel ilkelerinin birinci maddesi \u201c\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen ve i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ittifak\u0131na dayanan demokratik halk diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131nda sosyalist bir devlettir. \u201d demektedir.  \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Program\u0131n\u0131n  genel ilkeler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201c\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011fu kadar \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00c7in ulusunun da \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011fu\u201d belirtilmektedir. \u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00c7in’in devrimine, in\u015fas\u0131na ve reformuna silinmez katk\u0131larda bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin kurulu\u015funun 100. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc vesilesiyle ve modern bir sosyalist \u00fclkeyi \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde in\u015fa etme yolculu\u011funda, \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimini ve de\u011fi\u015fimini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek ve \u00f6zetlemek, \u00f6zellikle de yeni tarihsel ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni durumlar\u0131 ve yeni sorunlar\u0131 analiz etmek, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc geli\u015fim ivmesini toplamam\u0131za ve modern bir sosyalist \u00fclke in\u015fa etmede ve \u00c7in ulusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck gen\u00e7le\u015fmesi r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmede ana g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc tam olarak oynamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7in’in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ana kavram\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fimleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131f meselesi her zaman Marksist sosyolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n odak noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Marksist klasik yazarlara g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n iki \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r: biri \u201cproletarya\u201d, di\u011feri ise s\u0131n\u0131f bilincidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 kapitalist b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli makinele\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcretimle ili\u015fkilidir ve b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi devriminin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu Modern i\u015f\u00e7iler proleterlerdir. Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cproletaryan\u0131n modern i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u201d belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engels 1888’de Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’nun \u0130ngilizce versiyonuna \u00f6ns\u00f6zde  \u201cproletaryan\u0131n\u201d ne anlama geldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cProletarya, kendi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmayan ve bu nedenle ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in emeklerini satmak zorunda olan modern \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder\u201d.  Marksist klasik yazarlar da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunun \u201ckendinde s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d ve \u201ckendisi i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d olmak \u00fczere iki a\u015famas\u0131 oldu\u011funa savunurlar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kapitalist \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecindeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecindeki konumunu ve rol\u00fcn\u00fc fark etti\u011finde, s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci olu\u015facak, tarihsel \u00f6zne bilinci ger\u00e7ekten uyanacak ve giderek \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc m\u00fccadeleler ve direni\u015fler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek \u201ckendinde s\u0131n\u0131ftan\u201d \u201ckendisi i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131fa\u201d ge\u00e7ecektir. Bu \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fmalar, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumuna ili\u015fkin sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in en temel ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkemizde, reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma \u00f6ncesindeki d\u00f6nemde \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini abartma\u201d hatas\u0131 nedeniyle, bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok akademisyen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f konular\u0131ndan kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar genellikle yeterince derin ve s\u00fcrekli de\u011fildir ve daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi gereken bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7in’in devrimi, in\u015fas\u0131, reformu ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel s\u00fcrecinde, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131 ve bile\u015fimi d\u00f6rt geli\u015fim ve de\u011fi\u015fim a\u015famas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1. Yeni \u00c7in’in kurulu\u015fundan \u00f6nce i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131: end\u00fcstriyel i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekim Devrimi’nden sonra Marksizm-Leninizm \u00c7in’de geni\u015f \u00e7apta yay\u0131ld\u0131. 1919 D\u00f6rt May\u0131s Hareketi’nin vaftizinden sonra, \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ileri temsilcileri Marksizmi buldular ve Marksizm ile \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin birle\u015fimini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, yabanc\u0131 kapitalizmin \u00fclkeyi istilas\u0131, Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma Hareketinin y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n modern zamanlar\u0131nda \u00f6zel sermaye i\u015fletmelerinin geli\u015fimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda olu\u015fmu\u015f bir s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Geli\u015fmi\u015f ileri \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ve \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin temsilcisidir ve en devrimci s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r.  \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00c7o\u011fu, topra\u011f\u0131 terk eden \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden ve iflas eden zanaatk\u00e2rlardan geliyordu. 1919 D\u00f6rt May\u0131s Hareketinin arifesinde \u00c7in’in sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ileri yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerine ek olarak, emek satmaya dayanan ve sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli makine sanayi \u00fcretimiyle do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 olan el sanatlar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ileri, nakliye i\u015f\u00e7ileri, tar\u0131msal kiral\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7iler, ticaret ve finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki s\u0131radan i\u015f\u00e7iler gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli sanayi d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i t\u00fcrlerini de i\u00e7erir. Mao Zedung \u201c\u00c7in Toplumundaki S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Analizi\u201d adl\u0131 makalesinde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in’in yeni \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin temsilcisi, modern \u00c7in’in en ilerici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve devrimci hareketin \u00f6nc\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulu\u015fundan \u00f6nce, \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli toplumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00fcretimle yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin  Genellikle \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yoktu ve emeklerini satarak ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flayan \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu \u00f6zellikler kapitalist sanayinin ilk g\u00fcnlerindeki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na \u00e7ok benziyordu ve Marksist klasik yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan proletaryan\u0131n temel \u00f6zelliklerini sunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.\u00a0 \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulu\u015fundan reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmaya kadar olan d\u00f6nemdeki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (1949-1978)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni \u00c7in’in kurulu\u015fundan sonra, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen ve ezilen bir s\u0131n\u0131f olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00fclkenin \u00f6nder s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fimler ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sosyalist modernle\u015fmenin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n saflar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ve geni\u015flemeye devam etmi\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015f ve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 giderek zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni \u00c7in’in kurulu\u015funun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 esas olarak imalat, in\u015faat, ula\u015f\u0131m ve di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerdeki i\u015f\u00e7iler gibi sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerini ifade ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 O d\u00f6nemde, siyaset ve ekonomi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ikili de\u011ferlendirme standartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00c7in’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar kesimleri \u201cd\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131fq ve bir tabakaya\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi, ulusal burjuvazi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan ancak \u00f6zel sosyal i\u015flevleri nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan y\u00f6neticiler tabakas\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde i\u015f istatistikleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 \u201cpersonel ve i\u015f\u00e7iler\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor ve devlet kurumlar\u0131nda, kurulu\u015flarda ve ticari birimlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar personel olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00c7in\u2019in ulusal bayra\u011f\u0131ndaki be\u015f k\u00f6\u015feli y\u0131ld\u0131z ve \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck be\u015f k\u00f6\u015feli y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen d\u00f6rt k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck be\u015f k\u00f6\u015feli y\u0131ld\u0131z s\u0131ras\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziyi ve ulusal burjuvaziyi temsil etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Mao Zedung \u201cDemokratik Halk Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00dczerine\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde Yeni Demokrasi’den Sosyalizme ge\u00e7i\u015fin esas olarak iki s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci olarak, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetinin sosyalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc 1956’da tamamland\u0131ktan sonra \u00c7in sosyalist bir topluma girdi ve m\u00fclkiyet yap\u0131s\u0131 giderek tek tip olma e\u011filimine girdi, art\u0131k 1956\u2019dan sonra sadece t\u00fcm halk\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinde olan ekonomi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve kolektif ekonomi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece  Sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi ve ulusal burjuvazi yava\u015f yava\u015f ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f ve sosyal yap\u0131 basitle\u015fme e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7in’de sadece iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile ayd\u0131nlar tabakas\u0131, \u201ciki s\u0131n\u0131f ve bir tabaka\u201d olan bir sosyal yap\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi daha da geni\u015flemi\u015f ve i\u00e7 bile\u015fimi giderek zenginle\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Y\u00f6neticiler tabakas\u0131 art\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fildir ve bu personel de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte personel ve i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki kimlik bariyerleri k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 devlet kurumlar\u0131ndaki, devlet i\u015fletmeleri ve di\u011fer kurumlardaki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kitlesel bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci olarak, ayd\u0131nlar i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Mart 1949 gibi erken bir tarihte, Partinin Yedinci Merkez Komitesinin \u0130kinci Genel Oturumunda Mao Zedung, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da devrimci ayd\u0131n\u0131n halk\u0131n demokratik diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cdevrimci g\u00fc\u00e7leri ve temel kuvvetleri\u201d oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Daha sonra, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Liu Shao\u015fi, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin, gazetecilerin, akt\u00f6rlerin ve di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n, m\u00fchendislerin, teknisyenlerin ve di\u011fer personelin \u201czihinsel emek\u201d sarf eden \u201cistihdam edilmi\u015f emek\u00e7iler\u201d oldu\u011funu ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu daha spesifik olarak belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ocak 1956’da, Merkez Komite ad\u0131na Zhou Enlai, ayd\u0131nlar ile ilgili \u00f6nemli bir toplant\u0131da \u201cayd\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u015fimdiden sosyalizme hizmet etti\u011fini ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi\u011fini\u201d \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda Deng Xiaoping, Ulusal Bilim Konferans\u0131’nda, \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u201d d\u00f6neminde \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin \u00f6znel bir bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fletilmesi\u201d hatas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, \u00c7in’in ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan halk\u0131n ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu, bu nedenle onlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6ylenebilece\u011fini\u201d vurgulad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (1978-)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmadan sonra, \u00c7in’in sanayile\u015fmesi ve kentle\u015fmesinin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131yla birlikte, \u00c7in’in sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131nda yeni de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getiren \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda, T\u00fcm \u00c7in Sendikalar Federasyonu 14. Ulusal Kongresi ilk olarak \u201c\u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yeni \u00fcyeleri haline geldi\u011fini\u201d \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Merkezi Belge No. 1 genelgesi \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u015fehre gelen g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00c7in’in sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi\u011fini\u201d vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Zaman\u0131n y\u00fckselen bir sosyal grubu olarak, \u00c7in’deki \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler\u201d hane halk\u0131 kayd\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hala \u00e7ift\u00e7i olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, onlar\u0131n mevcut meslekleri modern b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcretimle yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n temel niteliklerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Gelir, bilgi yap\u0131s\u0131, end\u00fcstri ve emek s\u00fcreci perspektifinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu ve geli\u015fiminin genel tarihsel yasalar\u0131na uymakta, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm temel \u00f6zelliklerine sahip olmakta, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelmekte ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n saflar\u0131n\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in’in sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki derin de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle birlikte, \u00c7in toplumunda baz\u0131 \u201cyeni toplumsal tabakalar\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni bir sosyal tabaka olarak, bu tabakalar \u00c7ine \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm davas\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fac\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131rlar, ortakla\u015fa refah\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesinde, sosyalist uyumlu bir toplum in\u015fa edilmesinde ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde refah i\u00e7inde bir toplum in\u015fa edilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynarlar ve Parti’nin g\u00fcvenebilece\u011fi kitle taban\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bkz. \u00c7in’de Yeni Toplumsal Tabakalar\u0131n Mensuplar\u0131 Kim?<\/a><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7in Bilgi toplumuna girerken, internet ve b\u00fcy\u00fck veri gibi teknolojilerin geli\u015fmesi piyasan\u0131n canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok say\u0131da yeni end\u00fcstri ve yeni \u00fcretim format ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da yeni esnek istihdam durumu yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Yeni geli\u015fim a\u015famas\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011fi \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fma (2020-)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. \u00c7KP Ulusal Kongresi’nden bu yana, Genel Sekreter Xi Jinping’in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, Parti’nin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 teorisini zenginle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler yeni d\u00f6nemde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ve geni\u015flemesi i\u00e7in teorik rehberlik ve eylem k\u0131lavuzu niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda ulusal d\u00fczeyde \u00f6rnek i\u015f\u00e7i temsilcileriyle bir araya gelerek \u00f6nemli bir konu\u015fma yapan Xi Jinping \u015funlar\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201c\u00c7ine \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizmi korumak ve geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na t\u00fcm kalbimizle g\u00fcvenmeli, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nder s\u0131n\u0131f stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirmeli ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131nda temel g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak rol\u00fcn\u00fc tam anlam\u0131yla oynamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z. \u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi Jinping 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201c1 May\u0131s\u201d Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Bayram\u0131 kutlamalar\u0131nda ve ulusal d\u00fczeyde \u00f6rnek i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve ileri i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6d\u00fcllendirme konferans\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi \u201cZaman nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015firse de\u011fi\u015fsin, toplum nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015firse de\u011fi\u015fsin, partimizin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na t\u00fcm kalbiyle g\u00fcvenme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki temel politikas\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131 ya da suland\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc ve rol\u00fc sars\u0131lmamal\u0131 ya da g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. \u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2020 Ulusal D\u00fczeydeki \u0130ki Meclis Oturumlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Genel Sekreter Xi Jinping \u00c7in Halk\u0131n\u0131n Politik Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisi’nin (Birle\u015fik Cephe meclisi) ortak grup toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u015funa dikkat \u00e7ekti: \u201cKovit Salg\u0131n\u0131 aniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve ‘yeni istihdam bi\u00e7imlerii’ de aniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda, trendi takip etmeli ve kendi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na b\u0131rakmadan \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131y\u0131z. \u201d Yeni meslek gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesine yeni bir canl\u0131l\u0131k katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmadan bu yana \u00c7in’in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fimi ve de\u011fi\u015fimindeki trendler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmadan bu yana, ekonomik sistem reformunun derinle\u015fmesi ve sosyal yap\u0131daki b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle birlikte, \u00c7in’in sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131 da k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir devam eden geli\u015fim ve de\u011fi\u015fimin ard\u0131ndan \u00c7in’in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131lardan b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimler ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulu\u015funun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda, \u00fclkedeki toplam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 8. 09 milyon civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. 1956 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, sosyalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm temel olarak tamamland\u0131ktan sonra, sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artarak 46. 51 milyona ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ikincil ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcl sanayilerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 180 milyona ula\u015farak toplam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %29’unu olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sanayile\u015fme, kentle\u015fme ve modernle\u015fmenin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131yla birlikte y\u00fcz milyonlarca g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2019 itibariyle, ikincil sekt\u00f6rdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 210 milyona ula\u015farak toplam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %27.5’sini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcl sekt\u00f6rdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 370 milyona ula\u015farak ula\u015farak toplam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %47.4’sini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1978’den 2019’a kadar ge\u00e7en 40 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcrede, \u00c7in’in toplam i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 180 milyondan 580 milyona, \u00fclkedeki toplam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 da %29’dan %74.9’e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a02. \u0130\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmadan bu yana, \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u0131rsal i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc fazlas\u0131 topra\u011fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131ktan \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve ikincil ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcl end\u00fcstrilere ve kentsel istihdama aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 1980’lerde \u00fclkedeki toplam g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 120 milyondu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Takip eden 30 y\u0131lda g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 artmaya devam etmi\u015f ve 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 298 milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Parti ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet kadrolar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, kamu kurumlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, sosyal kurulu\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 vb. d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131 i\u00e7inde g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler yakla\u015f\u0131k %60’l\u0131k bir paya sahiptir ve \u00c7in’in sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ana bile\u015feni haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler in\u015faat, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k, tar\u0131msal ticaret, hizmetler ve sanayi alanlar\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00c7in’in altyap\u0131 in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fcretim hatlar\u0131n\u0131n, genel in\u015faat end\u00fcstrisinin ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck hizmet end\u00fcstrisinin bel kemi\u011fi haline gelmi\u015f, \u00c7in’in ekonomik seviyesinin geli\u015fmesine, kentsel ya\u015fam ve \u00e7evredeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ve kentsel kamu altyap\u0131s\u0131ndaki iyile\u015ftirmelere g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kay\u0131tl\u0131 daimi ikametgah belgelerinde hala \u00e7ift\u00e7i yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyleri ile gelir d\u00fczeyleri de i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ortalama d\u00fczeyinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kat\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i \u00c7in’deki kentle\u015fme s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin say\u0131s\u0131 sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son y\u0131llarda \u00c7in’in tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri sanayi ve hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne kayarken, imalattan hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne akan yeni bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ak\u0131\u015f e\u011filimi de ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131lda, \u00fc\u00e7 ana meslek grubunun bile\u015fim oran\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Tar\u0131m, sanayi ve hizmet istihdam gruplar\u0131n\u0131n oransal yap\u0131s\u0131 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda  % 36’7’den 28.7’ye evrilmi\u015ftir. 2019’da ise %25.1’e; 27. 5: ve % 47. 4\u2019 e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu d\u00f6nemde, tar\u0131msal meslek grubu 80 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi azalm\u0131\u015f, sanayi meslek grubu da 5 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi azalm\u0131\u015f ve hizmet meslek grubu 100 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 da ikincil sanayiden hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne do\u011fru bir kayma e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir, yani imalat ve in\u015faat gibi ikincil sanayide \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin oran\u0131 azalmaya devam ederken, hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin oran\u0131 artmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bu e\u011filim, genellikle sanayi sonras\u0131 toplumun geli\u015finin habercisi olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 4.  \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn genel k\u00fclt\u00fcr kalitesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015fmi\u015ftir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk olarak, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u011fitim seviyesi daha da iyile\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcksek e\u011fitimli yeni i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn oran\u0131 %50.9’a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yeni i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyi, ortalama 13,7 y\u0131ll\u0131k e\u011fitim s\u00fcresiyle y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim a\u015famas\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130kinci olarak, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n teknik becerileri, esas olarak mesleki ve teknik unvanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin s\u00fcrekli geni\u015flemesi ve oran\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrekli art\u0131\u015fa yans\u0131yacak \u015fekilde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u0130statistiklere g\u00f6re, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibariyle \u00fclke genelinde \u00e7e\u015fitli mesleki ve teknik yeterlilik belgelerine sahip olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 32.5 milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131na k\u0131yasla 16.5 milyon artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin e\u011fitim seviyesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015fmi\u015f, bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda \u00fcniversite ve \u00fczeri e\u011fitim oran\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2020 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, t\u00fcm g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda lise e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 %16.7’ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcniversite ve \u00fczeri e\u011fitime sahip olanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 ise %12.2’ye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in memleketinden d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya giden g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler daha y\u00fcksek bir e\u011fitim seviyesine sahiptir ve \u00fcniversite ve \u00fczeri e\u011fitim alanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 %16.5’ya ula\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn mevcut geli\u015fiminin yeni \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son y\u0131llarda, ekonominin ve toplumun h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesi ve internet gibi yeni teknolojilerin yayg\u0131n olarak uygulanmas\u0131yla birlikte, \u00c7in’in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc de i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131nda, istihdam modellerinde ve ilgi alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yeni de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok yeni \u00f6zellik ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.  \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bile\u015fimi daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale geliyor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eu anda, \u00c7in’in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bile\u015fimi giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale gelmekte, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n istihdam bi\u00e7imleri giderek \u00e7e\u015fitlenmekte, gelir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemleri ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 giderek \u00e7e\u015fitlenmekte ve yap\u0131sal karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Farkl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet bile\u015fenleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, devlete ait i\u015fletmelerde, \u00f6zel i\u015fletmelerde, \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 yat\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131\u201d i\u015fletmelerde ve \u00e7e\u015fitli karma\u015f\u0131k anonim \u015firket i\u015fletmelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00dcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin ana girdi t\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc teknoloji yo\u011fun ve sermaye yo\u011fun i\u015fletmelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra emek yo\u011fun i\u015fletmelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kentsel ve k\u0131rsal hane halk\u0131 kayd\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kentsel hane halk\u0131 kayd\u0131 olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ve k\u0131rsal hane halk\u0131 kayd\u0131 olan g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130stihdam y\u00f6ntemleri ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7iler hem i\u015fverenlerle resmi i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri imzalayan (veya resmi i\u015f ili\u015fkileri kuran) kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 hem de ge\u00e7ici i\u015f\u00e7iler, sevk edilen i\u015f\u00e7iler ve esnek istihdam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 gibi kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131 gruplar aras\u0131ndaki gelir farklar\u0131 geni\u015flemektedir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n mesleki farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki gelir d\u00fczeyi de farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0B\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re u\u00e7urum, end\u00fcstri u\u00e7urumu ve birimler aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urum \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir ve hatta b\u00f6lgeler, end\u00fcstriler ve birimler i\u00e7indeki u\u00e7urum \u00e7ok belirgindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

59% between 2010 and 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stihdam birimleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kentsel kamu i\u015fletmelerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fccreti, \u00f6zel birimlerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan daha y\u00fcksek olmaya devam etmektedir.  Son on y\u0131lda, kentsel kamu birimler ile \u00f6zel birimlerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fccretleri aras\u0131ndaki fark 22,409 yuan artarak %129’luk bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ikisi aras\u0131ndaki fark ilk kez 30.000 yuan’\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve 2020’de ikisi aras\u0131ndaki fark 39.652 yuan’a y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130stihdam sekt\u00f6r\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bilgi iletimi\/yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve bilgi teknolojisi hizmetleri, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve teknik hizmetler ve finans gibi sekt\u00f6rlerdeki ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fccret nispeten y\u00fcksekken, tar\u0131m, ormanc\u0131l\u0131k, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, konaklama ve yiyecek-i\u00e7ecek hizmetleri gibi sekt\u00f6rlerdeki ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fccret nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130stihdam pozisyonlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, profesyonel ve teknik i\u015fler ile y\u00f6netim i\u015flerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan beyaz yakal\u0131lar\u0131n geliri, basit i\u015f\u00e7ilik ve beden i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi yapan mavi yakal\u0131lardan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 verileri, i\u015fletmelerde orta ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netim pozisyonlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n en y\u00fcksek ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k maa\u015fa sahip oldu\u011funu ve bunun toplam ortalama \u00fccretin 2.1  kat\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal \u00fcretim hizmetleri\/ya\u015fam hizmetleri pozisyonlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ise ortalama \u00fccret seviyenin %77,56’s\u0131n\u0131 kazanarak en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k maa\u015fa sahiptir. Her bir meslekte en y\u00fcksek ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k maa\u015f alan\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k maa\u015fa oran\u0131 2.6 katt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u0130malat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam etmi\u015ftir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son on y\u0131lda, \u00c7in’de imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kentsel kamu i\u015fletmelerinde, \u00f6zel i\u015fletmelerde ve serbest meslek sahibi bireylerde imalat i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin oran\u0131 dalgalanm\u0131\u015f ve azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2010’dan 2019’a kadar, kentsel kamu birimlerindeki imalat i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin oran\u0131 perspektifinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131 dalgalanm\u0131\u015f ve 2010-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda %29,04 ile zirveye y\u00fckselmi\u015f daha sonra d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek minimum %22.3’e gerilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2010 ve 2016\u00a0 aras\u0131nda \u00d6zel te\u015febb\u00fcs ve kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bireylerdeki imalat i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin oran\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131 en az rakam olan 13.59% d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “2021 Y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u0130lk \u00c7eyre\u011finde \u0130\u015f Arayanlardan Daha Fazla \u0130\u015f  Sahibi Olan 100 Mesle\u011fin S\u0131ralamas\u0131”, imalat sanayinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en fazla oldu\u011fu 100 meslek aras\u0131nda mesleklerin 42’si imalat ve ilgili personeldir; zaten yeni say\u0131lan 29 yeni meslekten 20’si do\u011frudan imalat sanayiyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130malat sanayiindeki i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, \u00c7in ekonomisinin istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde toparlanmaya devam etti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki mevcut e\u011filimi do\u011fruluyor ve \u00c7in’in end\u00fcstriyel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesini ve yenilenmesini yans\u0131t\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Uzun vadede ise bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lan n\u00fcfusun kat\u0131lamayanlara g\u00f6re azalmas\u0131n\u0131n da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130malat sanayiindeki \u201ci\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u201d hafifletilmesi i\u015fletmelerin, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131n koordineli \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerde azalma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2020 de ba\u015flayan Yeni kalk\u0131nma a\u015famas\u0131nda, k\u0131rsalda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfusun toplam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve oran\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli azalmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde konut fiyatlar\u0131 ve kiralar\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131, \u015fehirlerde artan ya\u015fam maliyeti ve verimlilik art\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle Yerel istihdam politikas\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kendi memleketleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma iste\u011fi azald\u0131 ve \u00c7in’deki g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i arz\u0131 azald\u0131, art\u0131k g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i arz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine de son be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131n verileri, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 2016’dan 2019’a her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l artarak 281.7 milyondan 290.7 milyona artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 2020’de ilk kez %5.2 azal\u0131\u015fla negatif b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “2020 G\u00f6\u00e7men \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri \u0130zleme Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 Raporu” verileri de g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerdeki negatif b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin yerel g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re daha belirgin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2020’de memleketlerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 169.5 milyon ki\u015fi vard\u0131 ve Bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 4.66 milyon bir azalma olmu\u015ftu. \u00d6te yandan Yerel g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131 116.1 milyon idi ve \u00d6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re 510.000 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 B\u00f6ylece G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilere ili\u015fkin istatistiklerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 2008 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana toplam g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 ilk kez azalma olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131ndaki bu ani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, \u00c7in ekonomisinde ve toplumunda, \u015fehirlerin ve end\u00fcstrilerin geli\u015fimini yava\u015flatabilecek ve i\u015fletmelerdeki mevcut “i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131” durumunu daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirebilecek bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi beraberinde getiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u0130nternetle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yeni meslek gruplar\u0131 h\u0131zla geli\u015fiyor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nternetin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi, \u00e7ok say\u0131da yeni esnek istihdam bi\u00e7imi yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130nternet platformlar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yeni esnek istihdam meslek gruplar\u0131 h\u0131zla geli\u015fti ve \u00c7in’in mevcut ve gelecekteki i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek bir istihdam grubu haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00d6rne\u011fin, bireysel ve \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i canl\u0131 yay\u0131nlar, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ma\u011fazalar, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i sat\u0131n alma acenteleri, k\u0131sa video prod\u00fcksiyonu, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i taksi ve ara\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i teslimat ve di\u011fer APP uygulamalar\u0131 son derece h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir ve bu, geleneksel istihdam y\u00f6ntemlerini geriletmektedir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi’nin \u00c7in\u2019in Sosyal Ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00dczerine Kapsaml\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131’ndan elde edilen verilere g\u00f6re, mesleki s\u0131n\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki “serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n” oran\u0131 2008-2019 aras\u0131nda binde 1 den % 5 e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir bu da serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan freelance grubunun art\u0131k 39 milyona ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130nsan Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 2019’dan bu yana, “\u00e7evrimi\u00e7i teslimat personeli”, “\u0130nternet pazarlama uzmanlar\u0131” ve “e-spor oyuncular\u0131” dahil olmak \u00fczere 38 yeni meslekten olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 grubu art arda duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ekim 2020’de yap\u0131lan ilgili bir ankete g\u00f6re, yeni meslek gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i teslimat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n (kuryeler ve paket servis s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri) % 53.9’\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor; \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i sunucular (ses ve video yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 dahil) % 12.8’yi olu\u015fturuyor; sosyal medya hesaplar\u0131\/mikrobloglar ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm medya operat\u00f6rleri % 7’yi olu\u015fturuyor;\u00e7evrimi\u00e7i edebiyat yazarlar\u0131 ise % 6.8 i ; e-spor oyuncular\u0131, % 4.8\u2019\u00fc; yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130nternet teknolojisi uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131  %4.3’\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130nternetin h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu yeni \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i i\u015flerin \u00e7o\u011fu, “yeni tuhaf i\u015fler” olarak esnek bir istihdam y\u00f6ntemi sunuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu istihdam y\u00f6ntemi \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve \u00c7in’in gelecekteki istihdam y\u00f6ntemlerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Yeni esnek ekonomide \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri daha karma\u015f\u0131k hale geliyor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Payla\u015f\u0131m ekonomisi ve platform ekonomisinin do\u011furdu\u011fu yeni i\u015fler, yava\u015f yava\u015f toplumun her alan\u0131na n\u00fcfuz etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u0130stihdam bi\u00e7imleri de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, geleneksel i\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda esnek ve karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fma \u015feklinde bir e\u011filim g\u00f6stermi\u015f, zaman zaman yeni t\u00fcrden i\u015f uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 ve emek-sermaye uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn durumuna ili\u015fkin sekizinci ulusal ara\u015ft\u0131rmana g\u00f6re, payla\u015f\u0131m ekonomisi ve platform ekonomisinin geli\u015fmesiyle yarat\u0131lan yeni istihdam bi\u00e7imlerinde, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin art\u0131k do\u011frudan i\u015fverenler taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmedi\u011fini, de\u011fer al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde bulunmak i\u00e7in platform arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla pazarla do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131 kuruldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130nternet platformlar\u0131 yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015feylerdir ve yeni istihdam formlar\u0131 ve platformlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki nispeten karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Mevcut yasalarda ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 y\u00f6netim yoklu\u011fu gibi bir sorun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ayn\u0131 zamanda platformlar \u00fczerinden istihdam bi\u00e7imi nispeten esnektir ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00f6ntemleri ve y\u00f6netim y\u00f6ntemleri geleneksel sanayi toplumundakilerden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu yeni olgular, geleneksel emek-sermaye ili\u015fkileri ve sosyal g\u00fcvenlik politikas\u0131 sistemleri \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015f ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in gelir istikrar\u0131, istihdam g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 gibi bir dizi konuda b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcncel geli\u015fiminde dikkat edilmesi gereken konular<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in’in ekonomik geli\u015fimi yeni normal d\u00f6neme girdikten sonra ekonomik ve sosyal yap\u0131 derin de\u011fi\u015fimler ge\u00e7irmeye devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fiminde yeni durumlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve baz\u0131 yeni sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bunlara \u00e7ok dikkat etmeli ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme y\u00f6nelik tedbirleri almal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Erken sanayisizle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 uyan\u0131k olmal\u0131 ve bunu \u00f6nlemeliyiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son y\u0131llarda, \u00e7e\u015fitli fakt\u00f6rler \u00fclkemizde “sanayisizle\u015fme” s\u00fcrecini desteklemi\u015ftir: Birincisi, emek yo\u011fun sanayi i\u015fletmelerinin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyeti h\u0131zla artm\u0131\u015f, kar marjlar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve emek yo\u011fun sanayilerden b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda sermaye \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi, \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kapsaml\u0131 operasyonlara sahip ve standartlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda \u00e7evre korumas\u0131na sahip \u00f6nemli say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sanayi kurulu\u015fu piyasadan geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, 1990’lar sonras\u0131 gen\u00e7li\u011fin istihdam kavramlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u015eu anda, her y\u0131l \u00c7in’de sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131na giren 8 milyondan fazla y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenim mezununun oran\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu durum, sosyal modernle\u015fmenin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir e\u011filimi ve sanayile\u015fmenin ge\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir sonu\u00e7tur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Ancak imalat sanayi \u00c7in’in geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6zel ve \u00f6nemli bir konuma sahiptir ve erken “sanayisizle\u015fme” \u00c7in i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdit olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu “sanayisizle\u015fmeye” ba\u011fl\u0131 olan mesleki yap\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, t\u00fcm emek \u00fcretkenli\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f e\u011filimine yol a\u00e7t\u0131; oysa reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmadan bu yana \u00c7in’in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, esas olarak emek \u00fcretkenli\u011finin ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli iyile\u015ftirilmesine dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc verimlili\u011finin artmas\u0131 elbette b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde teknolojik yenile\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 ancak teknolojik yenile\u015fme uzun vadeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te erken “sanayisizle\u015fme” pek \u00e7ok olumsuz sonuca yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.Kentle\u015fmenin \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ileri \u00f6z\u00fcmseme yetene\u011fini azaltmas\u0131\u201d sorununa b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vermeliyiz.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentle\u015fme, \u00c7in’in modernle\u015fme hamlesinin tarihi bir g\u00f6revidir ve ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7 talebi art\u0131rman\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck potansiyelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7in’in kentle\u015fme oran\u0131 orta seviyeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olsa da geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hala belli bir gerilik var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kentle\u015fme d\u00fczeyinin iyile\u015ftirilmesine kal\u0131c\u0131 bir ivme kazand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ift\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak ve g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kentle\u015fmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rarak i\u015fe ba\u015flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ancak \u00c7in’in kentle\u015fmesi, k\u0131rsal tar\u0131mda h\u00e2l\u00e2 yetersiz \u00e7ekim g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip ve k\u0131rsal eme\u011fin emiliminin yetersiz olmas\u0131na neden oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bir yandan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlerde ikametgah kayd\u0131n\u0131n “\u00e7ekicili\u011fi” d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve zay\u0131f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlerde ya\u015faman\u0131n maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve i\u015f yerleri eve yak\u0131n olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklar \u00e7o\u011funlukla eyalet ba\u015fkentleri ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kentler \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlerde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 istihdam olanaklar\u0131 var, \u00fccretler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve e\u011fitim, t\u0131bbi-sa\u011fl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131 ve ula\u015f\u0131m gibi kaynaklar nispeten k\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sonu\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler, memleketlerine yak\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yerine, memleketlerinden do\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019deki k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine binlerce kilometre uza\u011fa yolculuk yapmay\u0131 tercih ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00d6te yandan g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlere yerle\u015fmek istemiyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Hanehalk\u0131 ikametgah muhtarl\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n yumu\u015fat\u0131l\u0131p kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlere entegre olma f\u0131rsat ve olanaklar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirilecektir, ancak ikametgah muhtarl\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n gev\u015fetilmesi, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kentle\u015fme sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bnoktas\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlerde, \u00f6zellikle de \u00fclkemizin orta ve bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerdeki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 istihdam olanaklar\u0131 ve yetersiz kamu kaynaklar\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u015fehirlere yerle\u015fmesini k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0Bu durumlar, kentsel ve k\u0131rsal y\u00f6netim sistemi, hane halk\u0131 ikamet kay\u0131t sistemi, arazi sistemi, konut sistemi ve kamu hizmeti tedarik sistemindeki bir dizi reformun derinle\u015ftirilmesi, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kentle\u015fmesinin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00c7in’in kentle\u015fme d\u00fczeyinin daha da iyile\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in daha fazla \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmesini gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 (3) \u0130nternet ile di\u011fer lojistik ve g\u0131da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n hak ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na \u00f6zel \u00f6nem vermeliyiz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nternetle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 yeni i\u015flerin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi, \u00c7in’in eski yerle\u015fik t\u00fcketimini, lojistik end\u00fcstrisini geli\u015ftirmeyi ve ekonomik toparlanmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etmede \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ancak lojistik i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin, \u00f6zellikle de kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rlerinin ve yemek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yapan gen\u00e7lerin haklar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 konusunda bir koruma eksikli\u011fi mevcut ve bu durum \u00f6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131dan ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor: Birincisi, teknolojik de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve platform ekonomisi kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rleri ve yiyecek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n “istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” daha da art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130nternet ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefonlar lojistik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn organizasyon ve i\u015fleyi\u015f bi\u00e7imini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yeniden \u015fekillendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rleri, yemek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapan gen\u00e7ler ile onlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131  internet platformu kurulu\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki karma\u015f\u0131k ili\u015fkiyi mevcut hukuki d\u00fczenle tan\u0131mlamak zor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130kincisi, kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rlerinin ve yemek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapan gen\u00e7lerin mesleki ortamlar\u0131 bozulmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Yo\u011funla\u015fan rekabetin, s\u0131k\u0131 kontrol\u00fcn ve d\u00fc\u015fen navlun fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n arka plan\u0131nda, kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rlerinin ve yiyecek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapan gen\u00e7lerin emek s\u00fcreci ve i\u015f organizasyonu giderek daha rasyonel ve verimli olma e\u011filimindedir.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Ta\u015f\u0131ma robotlar\u0131” ve “yiyecek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m robotlar\u0131” genellikle kamyon s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerinin ve yiyecek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n “acele oyununu” tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, internet platformlar\u0131n\u0131n yasal denetimi zay\u0131f kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Yeni i\u015f ili\u015fkisine” ili\u015fkin ilgili kanun ve y\u00f6netmeliklerin hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 ve destekleme sisteminin m\u00fckemmel olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle internet platformlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuki denetimi zay\u0131f kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Teknolojik tekel konumundaki platformlar, yasal bir denetim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rlerinin ve yemek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almakta zay\u0131f kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ayn\u0131 zamanda kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rleri ve yemek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapan gen\u00e7ler, geleneksel istihdam modeli kapsam\u0131ndaki i\u015f\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re daha zay\u0131f ve daha da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k durumdalar; bu da onlar\u0131n kendi hak ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumalar\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.Farkl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sosyal sigorta alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck e\u015fitsizliklere dikkat etmeliyiz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inde sosyal g\u00fcvenlik stat\u00fcleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar var ve bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar temel olarak iki y\u00f6nde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor: Birincisi, kentsel ve k\u0131rsal i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda sosyal sigorta g\u00fcvencesine kat\u0131l\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kentsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara y\u00f6nelik temel emeklilik ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131na kat\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin oran\u0131 nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr ve bu haklar\u0131n eyaletler aras\u0131nda transfer edilmesi ve devam ettirilmesinde zorluklar var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Kentsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n emeklilik sigortas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 ve i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130kincisi, farkl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyete sahip birimlerde (\u00f6zel\/kamu) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sosyal sigortaya kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn durumuna ili\u015fkin sekizinci b\u00fcy\u00fck anket, kamuya ait birimlerde temel emeklilik ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 kapsama oran\u0131n\u0131n nispeten y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ve y\u00fczde 90.1’a ve 91.7 ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi; kamuya ait olmayan \u00f6zel birimlerin kapsama oran\u0131 ise % 73.3 ve 74. ile \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr; iki kesim aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir fark var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Ayn\u0131 zamanda baz\u0131 i\u015fletmelerde sosyal sigorta primi \u00f6dememe, eksik prim \u00f6deme, primleri zaman\u0131nda \u00f6dememe olgusu da ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar sistem kapsam\u0131na dahil de\u011fildir ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n % 24.8\u2019 inin i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde sosyal sigortaya ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmler bulunmamaktad\u0131r (belirsiz h\u00fck\u00fcmlere sahip olanlar dahil); \u0130\u015fsizlik ve i\u015fle ilgili yaralanma sigortas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131rmayan (bilmeyenler dahil) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 31’e ve y\u00fczde 23.6′ ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn teknik becerilerindeki eksikliklerin ve zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin teknik becerileri, imalat sanayinin kaliteli geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir destektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Y\u00fcksek kaliteli geli\u015fme, imalat sanayini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n, g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmenin ve iyile\u015ftirmenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ya\u015fam \u00e7izgisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u015eu anda, \u00c7in’in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn teknik becerilerinde \u00fc\u00e7 eksiklik var:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi, imalat sanayindeki uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n genel e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyi h\u00e2l\u00e2 nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, bu da bir imalat g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kalk\u0131nma stratejisinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yor yani  teknik becerilerde hala geli\u015fme i\u00e7in \u00e7ok yer var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130kincisi, kaliteli ve nitelikli teknik i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yetersiz, oran d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir talep a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 var ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 ekipmanlar\u0131 kullananalar i\u00e7in ciddi teknik i\u015f\u00e7i bulma s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, teknik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n geliri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve onlar\u0131n teknik becerilerin geli\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik te\u015fvikler yetersiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u015eu anda, i\u015fletmelerdeki \u00fcst d\u00fczey teknik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n gelirinin genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerin gelirine g\u00f6re k\u0131yasla hi\u00e7bir avantaj\u0131 yoktur ve i\u015f e\u011fitimi ve becerilerin geli\u015ftirilmesinin, teknik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n geliri ve terfisi \u00fczerinde belirgin bir etkisi yoktur; bu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n teknik becerilerini geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik \u015fevklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olumsuz etkilemektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7in\u2019de Sosyalizmin \u00d6nder ve Temel G\u00fcc\u00fc Olan \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Yeni Durumu Prof. Li Peilin | \u00c7in Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi; Dr. Wei Jianwen | Pekin Normal \u00dcniversitesi; Bu makale ilk olarak Academic Monthly, Say\u0131 9, Aral\u0131k 2021. 6 Aral\u0131k 2021 tarihinde, \u00c7KP Merkez Komitesi Siyasi B\u00fcrosu, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ekonomik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 analiz etmek ve incelemek \u00fczere bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,20,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5020","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arsiv-tr","category-arsiv","category-sosyalist-ulkeler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5020","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5020"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5020\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5024,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5020\/revisions\/5024"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5020"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5020"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5020"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}