\u00c7eviren<\/strong>: Kamuran K\u0131zlak
Yaz\u0131 Teori ve Politika<\/strong> web sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsanl\u0131k, 500 y\u0131ld\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bir k\u00fcresel alt \u00fcst olu\u015fun ortas\u0131nda bulunuyor: Yani, Avrupa ve ABD\u2019nin g\u00f6receli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, \u00c7in ve K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019in y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve bunun sonucunda uluslararas\u0131 manzaran\u0131n devrimci d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc. Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fcresel egemenlik d\u00f6neminin be\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131kl\u0131kla s\u00f6ylense de, asl\u0131nda bu bir abart\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte, Avrupa ve ABD, sanayile\u015fmenin ilk a\u015famalar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 y\u0131ld\u0131r hegemon g\u00fc\u00e7 konumunu i\u015fgal ediyorlar. \u0130lk sanayi devrimi, d\u00fcnya tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiledi. Bug\u00fcn, Bat\u0131 hegemonyas\u0131 d\u00f6nemi sona ererken yeni bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve \u00c7in bu geli\u015fmede \u00f6nemli bir rol oynuyor. Bu makale, \u00c7in ile Bat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek mevcut k\u00fcresel konjonkt\u00fcre nas\u0131l ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 incelemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n I. A\u015fama: \u00c7in ve Bat\u0131 Aras\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fen Denge<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7in ve Avrupa aras\u0131ndaki ilk kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma, \u00c7inli denizci ve diplomat Zheng He\u2019nin (1371\u20131433) bat\u0131 denizlerinde yolculuklar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1405\u20131433) ve bunu Portekiz ve \u0130spanyollar\u0131n Asya\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deniz seferlerinin takip etti\u011fi on be\u015finci ve on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki deniz ke\u015fifleri d\u00f6nemine dayan\u0131r.(1) O zamandan beri \u00c7in, okyanuslarda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahatlerle Avrupa ile do\u011frudan temas kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in, \u201ctianxia\u201d (g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131ndaki her\u015fey) kavram\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc benimseyen Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1388-1644) taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu.(2) Bu inan\u00e7 sistemi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel olarak iki b\u00fcy\u00fck uygarl\u0131k kategorisine ay\u0131r\u0131yordu: G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne (Cennete) tapan \u00c7inliler ve genel olarak tek tanr\u0131l\u0131-tek tanr\u0131ya tapan Bat\u0131.(3) Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00c7inliler Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir anlay\u0131\u015fa sahiptiler: Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Mezopotamya\u2019dan Akdeniz\u2019e ve oradan da Atlas Okyanusu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na kadar kuzeybat\u0131ya do\u011fru geni\u015fleyen t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeleri kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Oysa, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bat\u0131 kavram\u0131 genellikle ABD, Kanada, Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda ve Avrupa ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, \u00c7in uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sar\u0131 Nehir k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan Yangtze Nehri Havzas\u0131\u2019na kadar olan g\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgesine yay\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ki uygarl\u0131k, Hint ve Pasifik Okyanusunun birle\u015fti\u011fi noktada bulu\u015ftu ve bu noktadan itibaren s\u00f6z\u00fc edilebilecek eksiksiz bir d\u00fcnya tarihi olu\u015ftu. Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u201ctianxia\u201d, \u200b\u200b\u00c7in ve Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u201cd\u00fcnya adas\u0131n\u0131\u201d payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neren evrenselci bir d\u00fcnya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ortaya koydu. \u201cSo\u011fan Da\u011flar\u0131\u201d (Orta Asya\u2019daki Pamir Da\u011flar\u0131) ile birbirinden ayr\u0131lan her uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendine ait bir tarihe sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Ancak hen\u00fcz birle\u015fik bir d\u00fcnya tarihi yoktu ve her biri kendi bilgisine dayanarak d\u00fcnya adas\u0131n\u0131n kendi taraf\u0131ndaki ucunda \u201ctianxia\u201d d\u00fczenini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ming hanedan\u0131, Zheng He\u2019nin 1433\u2019teki yedinci seyahatinden sonra deniz seferlerini durdurmu\u015f olsa da, G\u00fcney Denizlerindeki baz\u0131 adalar (nanyang, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kabaca G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir) \u00c7in imparatorlu\u011funun vergi sistemine (choogong- yani, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fa \u00f6denen hara\u00e7. K. K\u0131zlak) dahil edildi. Sisteme yeni kat\u0131lan adalardan al\u0131nan vergi \u201ctianxia\u201d d\u00fczeninde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olu\u015fturdu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6nceki Han (M\u00d6 202-MS 9, MS 25-220) ve Tang (MS 618-907) hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde bu vergi \u00e7o\u011funlukla bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri\u2019ndeki devletlerden (xiyu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kabaca Orta Asya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir) al\u0131n\u0131yordu. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, g\u00fcneydo\u011fuya do\u011fru bu geni\u015fleme \u00c7inlilerin G\u00fcney Denizi k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece \u00c7in i\u00e7in denize uzanan bir yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bunun sonucu olarak ipek, porselen ve \u00e7ay gibi mallar deniz ticaret sistemine girdi. Refah i\u00e7indeki Tang ve Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemleriyle (960-1279) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ticaret geni\u015fledi. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ihracata dayal\u0131 olan Jiangnan (Yangtze Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcneyi) ekonomisi \u00f6zellikle dinamikti. Bunun sonucunda sanayile\u015fme h\u0131zland\u0131 ve \u00c7in, tarihinde \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n fabrikas\u0131\u201d haline ilk kez bu d\u00f6nemde geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa \u00fclkeleri \u00c7in ile ticaretlerinde \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayamasa da, yeni fethedilen Amerika\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle bu a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatt\u0131lar. Bu g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00c7in\u2019e b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda akt\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli bir ticaret para birimi haline gelerek g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu arada, Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda yeti\u015fen m\u0131s\u0131r ve tatl\u0131 patates tohumlar\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e getirildi ve zorlu ko\u015fullarda yeti\u015ftirilmeye uygun olan bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun h\u0131zla artmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak \u00c7in\u2019in deniz ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenini \u015fekillendirmedeki rol\u00fc, \u00fclke i\u00e7in beklenmedik sorunlar\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi. Yani, deniz sistemine n\u00fcfuz eden ekonomisi ile karasal kalan siyasi ve askeri kurumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir dengesizlik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kara ile deniz aras\u0131ndaki bu \u00e7eli\u015fki, \u00c7in i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli gerginlikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve sonunda Ming hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Kuzey ve kuzeydo\u011fudaki s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nemli finansal kaynak gerektiriyordu; ancak o d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in\u2019in zenginli\u011finin \u00e7o\u011fu deniz ticaretinden geliyordu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, e\u011fitim bu k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde geli\u015fti ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fudan gelen bilge-memurlar\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019in siyasi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine hakim olmalar\u0131 ve serveti daha iyi da\u011f\u0131tmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan vergi reformlar\u0131n\u0131 engellemeleriyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131 -bunun yerine, geleneksel vergi sistemi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe daha b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fckler getirildi.(4) Bu gerginlikler sonunda doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7ift\u00e7ilikle ge\u00e7inen kuzeyli k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00fczerinde a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u00fck olu\u015fturan vergilendirme, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin yerlerinden ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131na ve sonunda Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deviren g\u00f6\u00e7menler haline gelmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, kuzeydeki askeri kaynaklar yetersizdi. Bu durum kuzeydo\u011fudaki Qing isyanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin etkisinin artmas\u0131na ve g\u00fcneye do\u011fru ilerlemelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Sonunda, bu ilerleyi\u015f t\u00fcm \u00fclkede Qing Hanedal\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin (1636-1912) kurulmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kuzeydo\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019de tar\u0131msal ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebe k\u00fclt\u00fcrel k\u00f6kene sahip Man\u00e7u halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Qing kuvvetleri g\u00fcneye do\u011fru ilerleyip imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131 kurarken, \u00c7in\u2019i bat\u0131dan ve kuzeyden \u00e7evreleyen b\u00f6lgeler \u00fczerinde, Mo\u011fol Platosu\u2019ndan Tian\u015fan Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na ve Qinghai-Tibet Platosu\u2019na uzanan bir yay \u00fczerinde kontrol kurmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf ettiler. Bu kuzeybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri, binlerce y\u0131l boyunca kurulup y\u0131k\u0131lan hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00c7in\u2019i birle\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fratan bir siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu b\u00f6lgeleri \u00c7in devletine katarak bu tarihi siyasi birle\u015fme amac\u0131na ula\u015fabildi. Bu i\u00e7 entegrasyon, \u00c7in\u2019in uluslararas\u0131 konumunu da etkiledi: \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun Mo\u011fol bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden kuzeye do\u011fru -Rusya \u00fczerinden kuzey Avrupa\u2019ya- y\u00f6nlendirilmesiyle Rusya, art\u0131k \u00fclkenin en \u00f6nemli kom\u015fusu haline geldi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n On sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, kara ve deniz olarak bu iki geli\u015fme \u201cyay\u0131\u201d \u00c7in i\u00e7in e\u015fit a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa fakat farkl\u0131 \u00f6neme sahipti: Kara g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flarken, denizler canl\u0131l\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak hem kara hem de denizdeki geli\u015fmeler \u00e7eli\u015fkili dinamikler i\u00e7eriyordu: Kom\u015fu Rusya ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla ili\u015fkiler istikrarl\u0131yken kuzeybat\u0131 bozk\u0131r b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7eride \u00e7ok istikrarl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Di\u011fer yandan, g\u00fcneydo\u011fu denizleri i\u00e7eride istikrarl\u0131yd\u0131 ancak \u00c7in i\u00e7in Avrupa ve Amerika ile ili\u015fkiler \u015feklinde yeni zorluklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu kara-deniz dinamikleri tarihsel olarak \u00c7in\u2019e benzersiz uzla\u015fmalar sundu ve bug\u00fcn de temel bir stratejik konu olmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Avrupa \u00fclkeleri \u00c7in ile do\u011frudan ticaretten daha fazla yarar sa\u011flad\u0131 ve yeni k\u00fcresel d\u00fczende bask\u0131n konuma y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n On alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda, giderek yozla\u015fan Roma Katolik Kilisesinin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019da etnik milliyet\u00e7ilik ye\u015fermeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Martin Luther\u2019in Almanya\u2019daki Reform hareketiyle doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonra Avrupa, erken modern d\u00f6nem olarak bilinen bir ulus-devlet in\u015fa d\u00f6nemine girdi. Bu d\u00f6nem, Roma Katolik Kilisesi\u2019nin otoritesinin da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, feodal beylerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hiyerar\u015fi ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcm tebaan\u0131n kraliyet yasalar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fit kabul edildi\u011fi laik monar\u015filerin kurulmas\u0131yla karakterize edilir. Bunu ba\u015faran ilk \u00fclke \u0130ngiltere oldu. Kral VIII. Henry, 1533 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere Kilisesi\u2019nin Papal\u0131k\u2019a y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi (hara\u00e7) \u00f6demesini yasaklad\u0131. Ertesi y\u0131l, kral\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Kilisesi\u2019nin en y\u00fcksek ba\u015f\u0131 olarak belirleyen ve kiliseyi devlet dini haline getiren \u00dcst\u00fcnl\u00fck Yasas\u0131 kabul edildi. Bu nedenle \u0130ngiltere ilk modern ulus olarak tan\u0131n\u0131rken, anayasal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ikincil olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir y\u00f6netim kriziyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan Roma Katolik Kilisesi, yeni pastoral yollar a\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u201cke\u015fif\u201d yolculuklar\u0131yla Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda vaaz vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Hristiyanl\u0131k giderek bir d\u00fcnya dini haline geldi ve son be\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden biri oldu. Misyonerler, bir\u00e7ok viraj ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ften sonra, on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda nihayet \u00c7in\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hristiyan misyonerler, \u201cbarbarlar\u201d olmalar\u0131n\u0131 bekledikleri \u00c7inlilere hakikat mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 yaymaya haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak, \u00c7in\u2019in geli\u015fmi\u015f bir y\u00f6netim sistemi ve dini gelenekleri olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir uygarl\u0131k oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffedince \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131lar. Misyonerlerin inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131ya inanmasalar da, \u00c7in halk\u0131 ahlaki ilkelerden olu\u015fan bir sisteme, olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015f bir ekonomiye ve yerle\u015fik bir d\u00fczene sahipti. Bu, baz\u0131 misyonerleri \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi bir takdir duygusu geli\u015ftirmeye sevk etti. \u00c7in klasiklerini terc\u00fcme edip Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdiler ve bu metinler Paris\u2019te Ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etki yaratt\u0131.(5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 boyunca Bat\u0131l\u0131 filozoflar, insanlar\u0131n \u00f6zne oldu\u011fu ve bir \u201cyarat\u0131c\u0131\u201dn\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; insanlar\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00fckselmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yerine kendi mutluluklar\u0131n\u0131 aramalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi; insanlar\u0131n dine inanmadan sa\u011flam ahlaki inan\u00e7lara ve ili\u015fkilere sahip olabilecekleri; devletin dine dayanmadan d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi; kral\u0131n t\u00fcm tebaa \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan y\u00f6netiminin en iyi siyasi sistem oldu\u011fu vb. gibi kavramlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere h\u00fcmanizm ve rasyonalizm fikirlerini geli\u015ftirdiler. Ancak, Bat\u0131 modernli\u011finin temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen bu Ayd\u0131nlanma ideallerinin \u00c7in\u2019de binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r yayg\u0131n olarak bilindi\u011fini belirtmek \u00f6nemlidir. Bu nedenle, \u00c7in fikirlerinin ve \u00f6\u011fretilerinin Hristiyan misyonerler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Bat\u0131\u2019ya ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 Bat\u0131 modernle\u015fmesinin geli\u015fiminde (tek de\u011filse bile) \u00f6nemli bir etki olarak kabul edilebilir. Elbette, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler son iki y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00fcresel modernle\u015fmenin ana itici g\u00fc\u00e7leri olmu\u015ftur; ancak savundu\u011fu modernlik uzun zamand\u0131r \u00c7in de dahil olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin yerle\u015fik bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n evrimini anlamak i\u00e7in bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi kabul etmek ve onaylamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u0131sacas\u0131, on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan ortalar\u0131na ve on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan sonlar\u0131na kadar 300 y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcren d\u00fcnya tarihinin ilk a\u015famas\u0131nda, etkile\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde hem \u00c7in\u2019in hem de Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uyum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi ve fayda elde etti\u011fi entegre bir d\u00fcnya sistemi olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7in a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde adil bir d\u00fczendi<\/p>\n\n\n\n II. A\u015fama: \u00c7in ile Bat\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Yer De\u011fi\u015ftiren Kader<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler, y\u00fcksek sanayile\u015fme seviyelerini belirleyici g\u00fc\u00e7 olan askeri \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131lar. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, neredeyse t\u00fcm K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019i fethetmek ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fcye kulland\u0131lar. Bu, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 her zamankinden daha fazla birbirine yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131; ancak adaletsiz ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir birlik olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere, ileri bir sanayile\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131na ula\u015fan ilk \u00fclkeydi ve bunun \u00f6zel bir nedeni vard\u0131: S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Britanya imparatorlu\u011fu, \u0130ngiltere haricindeki imalat\u00e7\u0131lara giri\u015f engelleri olan piyasa\/tutsak piyasa olarak hizmet eden kolonilerinden \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda servet elde etti. Bu zenginlik ve pazar talebi, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck n\u00fcfusuyla birlikte, bilimsel ve teknolojik geli\u015fmeyi ve nihayetinde fosil yak\u0131t (yani k\u00f6m\u00fcr) madencili\u011fi ve \u00e7elik ve makine \u00fcretimine dayal\u0131 sanayile\u015fmeyi y\u00f6nlendirdi. On sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere, elde etti\u011fi servet ile Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya ve Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131 ve Avustralya gibi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yerle\u015fimlerine yay\u0131larak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin ve en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00fclkesi olacakt\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Geli\u015fen Avrupa g\u00fc\u00e7leri, askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kullanarak kendi d\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda kalan Afrika, Asya ve Amerika gibi b\u00f6lgelerin \u00e7o\u011funu fethetti ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirdi. Sonunda, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ortalar\u0131na kadar \u00c7in\u2019in kap\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7in ile bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ticaret yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 biriktirdi ve bunu afyon ticaretiyle dengelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Ancak, bu uyu\u015fturucu ticaretinin ciddi sosyal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00c7in, 1800 y\u0131l\u0131nda afyon ithalat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler, \u00fclkenin pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 zorla a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 iki sava\u015f ba\u015flatt\u0131 \u2013 Birinci Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131 (1839-1842) ve \u0130kinci Afyon Sava\u015f\u0131 (1856-1860). \u00c7in yenildikten sonra, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Almanya ve ABD\u2019nin de dahil oldu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler, \u00c7in\u2019i bu devletlere Hong Kong da dahil olmak \u00fczere toprak vermeye ve ticaret imtiyazlar\u0131 sa\u011fmalaya mecbur eden e\u015fitsiz anla\u015fmalar imzalamaya zorlad\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u201ctianxia\u201d d\u00fczeni par\u00e7alanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve \u00c7in, \u201ca\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanma y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan bir d\u00f6neme girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7in\u2019in gerilemesinin k\u00f6keninde, deniz odakl\u0131 ekonomisi ile karasal askeri-politik sistemi aras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden dengesizlik yat\u0131yordu. \u0130lk olarak, \u00c7in\u2019in pazar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u0131\u015f ticarete dayan\u0131yordu. Ancak Qing y\u00f6netimi egemen bir para politikas\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015faramad\u0131 ve bunun sonucunda ticaret ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak yabanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edildi. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00c7in\u2019in fiili para birimi haline geldi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet etkili bir denetim uygulayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclke parasal egemenli\u011fini kaybetti ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f arz\u0131ndaki dalgalanmalara kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131z hale geldi. Bu da ekonomiyi istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130kinci olarak, \u00c7in\u2019in do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda ihra\u00e7 mal\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bunun sonucunda \u00fclkenin ekolojik ortam\u0131 ciddi \u015fekilde zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Hem pazar hem de kaynak k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlanan \u00c7in\u2019in i\u00e7sel b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, \u00fcretkenli\u011fin duraklamas\u0131, istihdam\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ve fazla n\u00fcfusun yerinden edilmesiyle bir t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131. Bu da on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ortalar\u0131na kadar bir dizi b\u00fcy\u00fck isyana yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019in kap\u0131s\u0131na dayanmas\u0131 bu ba\u011flamda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hem i\u00e7 sorunlar\u0131n hem de d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00c7in, son y\u00fczy\u0131lda tarihinin temel temas\u0131 olan \u201cyabanc\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelere kar\u015f\u0131 savunma i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan \u00f6\u011frenme\u201d yoluna girdi. Bu form\u00fclasyon, \u00c7in\u2019in ekonomik reformlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1980\u2019lerden bu yana bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan alay konusu olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00fclkenin stratejisini \u00f6zetlemektedir. \u00c7in bir taraftan, Bat\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretimi, teknolojik geli\u015fme, ekonomik organizasyon, askeri yetenek ve ulus-devlete dayal\u0131 toplumsal seferberlik y\u00f6ntemleri gibi temel fakt\u00f6rlerini yak\u0131ndan incelemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan, kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ilerletmek, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak ve kendi miras\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etmek amac\u0131yla di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden \u00f6\u011frenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar bu yol \u00c7in i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getirmedi. Yetersiz devlet kapasitesi nedeniyle, 1911\u2019de Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesinden sonra daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda, Qing d\u00f6neminin sonlar\u0131nda devleti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimler yeni sorunlar yaratt\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00c7in ordusunu modernize etme amac\u0131yla on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda kurulan \u201cYeni Ordu\u201d ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 bir g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti. Bu arada, bu d\u00f6nemde akademisyen-memurlar taraf\u0131ndan savunulan \u201csanayile\u015fme yoluyla ulusal kurtulu\u015f\u201d gibi kalk\u0131nma teorilerinin devletin kurumsal destek sa\u011flayamamas\u0131 nedeniyle uygulanmas\u0131 imkans\u0131zd\u0131. Bu nedenle, ticaret \u00c7in\u2019in en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ekonomik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olmaya devam etti. K\u0131sa vadeli ekonomik faydalar sa\u011flamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, sonu\u00e7ta \u00c7in\u2019in Bat\u0131\u2019ya daha da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda (1937-1945 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7in, Japon Sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Direni\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc), \u00fclkenin uluslararas\u0131 konumu iyile\u015fmeye ba\u015flarken, Bat\u0131 g\u00f6receli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve ulusal kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in verilen s\u00f6m\u00fcrge kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fccadeleler eski emperyalist d\u00fczene ezici bir darbe indirdi. Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler geri \u00e7ekilmeye zorland\u0131 ve art\u0131k s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikten elde ettikleri geliri toplayamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir gerileme ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7in de dahil olmak \u00fczere Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika\u2019daki \u00fclkeler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131. Bu arada, Avrasya\u2019ya uzanan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Bat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir rakip olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu k\u00fcresel \u00e7alkant\u0131lar ortas\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in uluslararas\u0131 sahnedeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bariz bi\u00e7imde artt\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu k\u00fcresel ba\u011flamda, \u00c7in ulusal y\u00fckseli\u015f yolculu\u011funa iki ana \u00f6ncelik ile ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk \u00f6ncelik politikti; Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni model alan \u00c7in Milliyet\u00e7i ve Kom\u00fcnist partileri, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik geli\u015fiminin temel ta\u015f\u0131 olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devleti kurdular. Devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve seferberlik kapasitesinin eksikli\u011fi Qing hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130kinci \u00f6ncelik, \u00fc\u00e7 safhada ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerleyen sanayile\u015fmeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130lk sanayile\u015fme at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 1949\u2019daki \u00c7in Devrimi\u2019nden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve \u00c7in\u2019e eksiksiz bir temel sanayi sistemi ihra\u00e7 eden Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. Ciddi k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 olan bu sistem 1970\u2019li ve 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen, sanayinin sistematik do\u011fas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle sanayile\u015fmenin temel yap\u0131s\u0131 yani a\u011f\u0131r sanayi konusunda kapsaml\u0131 bir anlay\u0131\u015f geli\u015fmesine olanak sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci sanayile\u015fme at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in 1970\u2019lerde ABD ile diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurmas\u0131 ve ABD ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerinden teknoloji ithal etmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bu a\u015famada \u00c7in, uzun s\u00fcredir k\u0131rsal ticaret ve sanayi ge\u00e7mi\u015fine sahip olan g\u00fcneydo\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimine odakland\u0131. Makinele\u015fme ve end\u00fcstrile\u015fmenin ilk turunda kazan\u0131lan bilginin deste\u011fiyle, g\u00fcneydo\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fc (h\u00fck\u00fcmetin en fazla esnekli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu) kasaba d\u00fczeyinde h\u0131zla geli\u015febildi. Emek yo\u011fun end\u00fcstriyel sistem \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7iye i\u015f sa\u011flayarak insanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7imini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015flayan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sanayile\u015fme at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlete y\u00f6nelik geleneksel vurgu ve devrimi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme arzusuyla ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet kapasitesini altyap\u0131 in\u015fa etmeye ve end\u00fcstriyel geli\u015fimi y\u00f6nlendirmeye sevk etti. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00c7in, sanayi \u00fcretiminde s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcme ya\u015fad\u0131, end\u00fcstriyel zincir boyunca yukar\u0131 do\u011fru hareket etmeye devam etti ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en kapsaml\u0131 \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc yaratt\u0131. B\u00f6ylece k\u00fcresel ekonomik manzara \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in, bilgi teknolojisinin sanayiye uygulanmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc end\u00fcstrile\u015fme at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mevcut d\u00f6nemde, ABD, \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan geride b\u0131rak\u0131lmaktan endi\u015fe duymaktad\u0131r. ikili ili\u015fkilerde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe yol a\u00e7an ve k\u00fcresel de\u011fi\u015fim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatan fakt\u00f6r ABD\u2019nin bu endi\u015fesidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u0131sacas\u0131, d\u00fcnya tarihinin ikinci a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n kalbinde \u00c7in ile Bat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fen dinamikler vard\u0131. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan bu yana, 100 y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcredir, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler y\u00fckselirken \u00c7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fad\u0131. Ancak \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra bu e\u011filimler tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fc: \u00c7in y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7erken Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015flad\u0131. \u015eimdi bu ili\u015fkideki kritik noktan\u0131n yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor, iki taraf\u0131n da eski d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcketerek e\u015fit pozisyonlara ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n III. A\u015fama: ABD \u00d6nderli\u011findeki D\u00fczenin \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7in\u2019in y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle birlikte Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu eski d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni alt\u00fcst oldu. Ancak \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek tetikleyicisi, ABD\u2019nin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tek kutuplu k\u00fcresel egemenli\u011fini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alamamas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan istikrars\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tarihsel olarak, Roma imparatorlu\u011fu Hindistan\u2019a ula\u015famad\u0131, So\u011fan Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meyi hi\u00e7 ba\u015faramad\u0131. Di\u011fer taraftan, Han ve Tang hanedanlar\u0131 bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015farsalar bile g\u00fc\u00e7lerini koruyabilmeleri pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. D\u00fcnya i\u00e7in yap\u0131sal denge, uluslar\u0131n tek bir merkez taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekten ziyade dengede kalmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ula\u015f\u0131m ve sava\u015ftaki b\u00fcy\u00fck teknolojik ilerlemeler bile bu demir yasay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremedi. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hemen hemen her k\u00f6\u015fesine n\u00fcfuz etmi\u015fti. Rekabet halindeki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na (\u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7eli\u015fkileri) ve kolonilerini korumak i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 g\u00fcce ra\u011fmen, bu y\u00f6netim sistemi g\u00fcc\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda daha geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bir bak\u0131ma, mevcut d\u00fczene g\u00f6re daha istikrarl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu arada, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t So\u011fuk Sava\u015f bloklar\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Her blok kendi etki alan\u0131na sahipti ve bir dereceye kadar di\u011fer kamp ile dengeleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan, ABD t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya hakim olan tek s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 haline geldi. En son kurulan Bat\u0131 \u00fclkesi, Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u201cke\u015ffedilen\u201d son \u201cYeni D\u00fcnya\u201d ve bu g\u00fc\u00e7lerin en kalabal\u0131k n\u00fcfusa sahip olan\u0131 ABD, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnyaya hakim olma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olmaya mahk\u00fbmdu. ABD, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131klar\u0131 zaferin \u201ctarihin sonu\u201dnu i\u015faret etti\u011fini g\u00fcvenle ilan etti. Ancak, ihtiras ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin kat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famaz. ABD\u2019nin tek hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni \u00e7ok k\u0131sa zamanda istikrars\u0131z ve par\u00e7al\u0131 hale geldi. S\u00f6zde Pax Americana (Amerikan Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131, K. K\u0131zlak), tarih sayfalar\u0131nda yer almayacak kadar k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc oldu. Clinton ve Bush y\u00f6netimleri d\u00f6nemindeki k\u0131sa \u201ctarihin sonu\u201d co\u015fkusundan sonra, Obama d\u00f6neminde ABD, k\u00fcresel y\u00f6netim y\u00fcklerini birbiri ard\u0131na bo\u015faltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak bir \u201cstratejik daralma\u201d ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Washington\u2019un k\u00fcresel hegemonya pe\u015finde ko\u015fmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015fsal maliyetlere ek olarak i\u00e7 gerginliklere de yol a\u00e7t\u0131. ABD, sermayenin k\u00fcresel olarak tahsis edilebilece\u011fi bir finansal sistem geli\u015ftirerek emperyal y\u00f6netiminden bir\u00e7ok temett\u00fc elde etmi\u015f olsa da bunun bir maliyeti vard\u0131: Bir \u00c7in atas\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn dedi\u011fi gibi, \u201cBir nimet, k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f bir talihsizlik olabilir\u201d. ABD finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn patlamas\u0131 ve bundan beslenen de\u011fi\u015fken spek\u00fclasyon \u00fclkenin sanayisizle\u015fmesine neden oldu ve i\u015f\u00e7i ve orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 bu y\u00fckten a\u011f\u0131r bir bi\u00e7imde etkilendi. \u00c7in gibi geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin kendini koruma \u00f6nlemleri nedeniyle, bu finansal sistemin halk s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n sanayisizle\u015fme nedeniyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7 kay\u0131plar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak kadar yeterli d\u0131\u015f kazan\u0131m elde etmesi imkans\u0131zd\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak ABD\u2019de a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczeyde gelir adaletsizli\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar ve sosyal gruplar aras\u0131nda artan b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klarla keskin bir kutupla\u015fma ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ABD krizinin k\u00f6keninde sanayisizle\u015fme vard\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7ler 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u00c7in\u2019in de dahil oldu\u011fu d\u00fcnyaya zorbal\u0131k etmeyi-tiranl\u0131k yapmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7leri esas olarak en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc gemileri ve toplar\u0131 \u00fcretmeyi olanakli k\u0131lan end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinden geliyordu; sanayisizle\u015fme ise bu \u201cgemi ve top\u201d tedarikinin yetersiz kalmas\u0131na neden oldu. Yan sanayinin azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle ABD askeri-end\u00fcstriyel sistemi bile par\u00e7al\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 maliyetli hale geldi. ABD se\u00e7kinleri bu sorunun ciddiyetini fark etti. Ancak birbirini izleyen y\u00f6netimler sorunu ele almakta zorland\u0131. Obama yeniden sanayile\u015fme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131; fakat Cumhuriyet\u00e7iler ve Demokratlar aras\u0131ndaki derin a\u00e7maz nedeniyle ilerleme kaydedemedi. Bu a\u00e7maz Francis Fukuyama\u2019n\u0131n \u201cvetokrasi\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmet eylemlerini engelleyen bir dinamikten kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bunu Trump\u2019\u0131n \u201cAmerika\u2019y\u0131 Yeniden B\u00fcy\u00fck Yap\u201d slogan\u0131 takip etti ve ABD\u2019yi bir kez daha d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc end\u00fcstriyel g\u00fcc\u00fc yapma s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi. Bu niyet, mevcut Biden y\u00f6netiminin CHIPS ve Bilim Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi ve yerel end\u00fcstriyel geli\u015fimi desteklemeyi ama\u00e7layan di\u011fer giri\u015fimlerde de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ancak, ABD finans sermayesi k\u00fcresel sistemden yararlanarak yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u00fcksek karlar elde etmeye devam edebildi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, ABD\u2019nin yerel sanayi ve altyap\u0131s\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. ABD, sanayisini canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in finans devlerinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmak zorunda kalacakt\u0131r. Ancak bu nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n ABD\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen sanayisizle\u015fmenin aksine, \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc sanayile\u015fme at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ilerliyor ve eksiksiz bir end\u00fcstriyel zincirin sa\u011flam temeline dayanarak k\u00fcresel \u00fcretimde zirveye do\u011fru y\u00fckseliyor. \u201cSert g\u00fc\u00e7\u201d a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geride b\u0131rak\u0131laca\u011f\u0131ndan korkan ABD eliti \u00c7in\u2019i \u201crakip\u201d ilan etti ve iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin do\u011fas\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ABD se\u00e7kinleri uzun zamand\u0131r \u00fclkelerinden \u201cTepedeki \u015eehir\u201d olarak bahsediyorlar. Bu, ABD\u2019nin d\u00fcnyada istisnai bir stat\u00fcye sahip oldu\u011fu ve di\u011fer uluslar\u0131n takip etmesi gereken bir \u201ci\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fi\u201d oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelen bir Hristiyan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir. Bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck inanc\u0131, Washington\u2019\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r kendi yolunu izleyen \u00c7in gibi di\u011fer uluslar\u0131n veya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fini kabul edemeyece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7in\u2019in ekonomik y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ABD liderli\u011findeki k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeni yeniden \u015fekillendirmedeki artan etkisi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n daha dengeli bir duruma d\u00f6nmesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Ancak bu, Washington\u2019a (yani kutsala kar\u015f\u0131) sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r ve t\u0131pk\u0131 yerli hak\u0131n misyonerlerin din de\u011fi\u015ftirme talebini reddetmelerine benzer. ABD elitinin \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 iyi niyetini t\u00fcketti\u011fi ve d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir strateji izleme konusunda birle\u015fti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in geli\u015fimini ve d\u00fcnya sahnesindeki etkisini engellemek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yolu kullanacaklard\u0131r. Washington\u2019\u0131n sald\u0131rgan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in ABD liderli\u011findeki k\u00fcresel sistemin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan kurtulma kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. Pax Americana, \u00c7in\u2019in yaln\u0131zca ABD egemenli\u011fine tabi bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmesine izin verecektir. Bu nedenle, \u00c7in\u2019in yeni bir yol izlemekten ve yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen kurmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ba\u015fka bir se\u00e7ene\u011fi yoktur. ABD ile \u00c7in aras\u0131ndaki bu m\u00fccadele, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir gelecekte d\u00fcnya man\u015fetlerine hakim olmaya devam edecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bununla birlikte, m\u00fccadelenin felaketle sonu\u00e7lanacak \u015fekilde geli\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltan birka\u00e7 fakt\u00f6r vard\u0131r. Birincisi, iki \u00fclke co\u011frafi olarak Pasifik Okyanusu ile ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, ABD a\u00e7\u0131k deniz dengelemede usta bir denizcilik \u00fclkesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck stratejik derinli\u011fe sahip birle\u015fik bir kara-deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc olan \u00c7in gibi bir \u00fclkeye kar\u015f\u0131 karasal sald\u0131r\u0131lar ba\u015flatma konusunda \u00e7ok daha az yeteneklidir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ABD\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 tam \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir sava\u015f ba\u015flatma \u00e7abalar\u0131 uygulanabilir de\u011fildir. Washington, Bat\u0131 Pasifik\u2019te bir deniz sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatsa bile, olas\u0131l\u0131klar onun lehine olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu iki hususa g\u00f6re daha \u00f6nemli olan nokta, ABD\u2019nin \u00f6z\u00fcnde bir \u201cticari cumhuriyet\u201d (\u00fclkenin Kurucu Babalar\u0131ndan biri olan Alexander Hamilton taraf\u0131ndan \u00fclkeye verilen ilk tan\u0131m) olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da eylemlerinin temelde maliyet-fayda hesaplamalar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7in ise sald\u0131rgan d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kma konusunda olduk\u00e7a deneyimlidir.(6) T\u00fcm bu etkenler bir araya geldi\u011finde, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda tam cepheden bir sava\u015f\u0131n tamamen \u00f6nlenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ba\u011flamda, \u00c7in ve ABD\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fen konumlar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki benzer dinamiklerden -\u00f6rne\u011fin, son y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda geli\u015fen hegemonya- b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130kinci ba\u011flamda, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n dar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 birden fazla b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcce izin veremezken, u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z Pasifik Okyanusu kesinlikle izin verebilir. Bu durum, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle, \u00c7in ve ABD her cephede rekabete devam ederken, \u00c7in ekonomik ve askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmaya devam etti\u011fi ve bu g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanma iste\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, ABD eski h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi rasyonel bir \u015fekilde geri \u00e7ekilecektir. ABD, Do\u011fu Asya ve Bat\u0131 Pasifik\u2019ten \u00e7ekildi\u011finde yeni bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r, \u00c7in\u2019in bu konudaki \u00e7abalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verdi ve ABD\u2019de baz\u0131 \u00e7evrelerin \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmesine ve stratejilerini buna g\u00f6re ayarlamas\u0131na, m\u00fcttefik \u00fclkelere Bat\u0131 liderli\u011findeki d\u00fczeni s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in daha fazla maliyet \u00fcstlenmeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bask\u0131 yapmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinin tutumuna ra\u011fmen, asl\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir \u201cdemokrasiler ittifak\u0131\u201d yoktur. ABD, ittifak sistemini her zaman ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar \u00fczerine kurmu\u015ftur. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi de birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakt\u0131r; fakat bu, y\u00fcce bir ideali ilerletmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin kan\u0131n\u0131 emmek i\u00e7in birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakt\u0131r. Bu \u00fclkelerin birlikte d\u0131\u015f k\u00e2r elde etmeleri zorla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya imkans\u0131z hale geldi\u011finde, birbirleriyle rekabet etmek zorunda kalacaklar ve ittifak sistemleri da\u011f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir durumda, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme benzer bir duruma geri d\u00f6necek ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kolonilere b\u00f6lmek yerine hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in birbirleriyle sava\u015facaklard\u0131r. Bu uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fccadele s\u0131cak sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmese bile, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin erken modern d\u00f6nemlerine geri d\u00f6nmelerine yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ABD\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kar-k\u00e2r u\u011fruna her \u015feyi yapmaya istekli olmas\u0131, de\u011fer sisteminin h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6kmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Eski Ba\u015fkan Woodrow Wilson \u00fclkeyi d\u00fcnya sisteminin lideri konumuna getirdi\u011finden beri de\u011ferler ABD cazibesinin merkezinde yer ald\u0131. O zamanlar Wilson bir\u00e7ok \u00c7inli entelekt\u00fceli etkilemi\u015fti; ancak k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Bu arada, \u201cAmerikan r\u00fcyas\u0131\u201d miti ve ABD\u2019nin evrensel de\u011ferleri \u00c7in elitlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn de karizmatik olmaya devam ediyor. Ancak Trump\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131k deneyimini ya\u015famak bu s\u00f6zde de\u011ferlerin maskesini y\u0131rtt\u0131. ABD a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci fetih ve bat\u0131ya do\u011fru geni\u015fleme baya\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve vah\u015fetine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayr\u0131ca, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz bat\u0131l\u0131 se\u00e7kinlerinin stratejik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme kapasitelerinde ciddi bir eksiklik s\u00f6z konusudur. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen stratejist ve taktik\u00e7ilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu art\u0131k hayatta de\u011fil. Yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k \u201ctarihin sonu\u201d d\u00f6neminin kibri ve hakimiyeti s\u00fcresince, ABD ve Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ger\u00e7ekten keskin entelekt\u00fcel fig\u00fcrlerden olu\u015fan yeni bir nesil \u00fcretemedi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 mevcut ikilemler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bu se\u00e7kin neslin sunabilece\u011fi en iyi \u015fey eski \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri yeniden kullanmaktan ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminin kabal\u0131\u011f\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu t\u00fcr kabal\u0131k-baya\u011f\u0131l\u0131k baz\u0131lar\u0131na \u015fok edici gelebilir. Ancak ABD tarihinde derin k\u00f6kleri vard\u0131r: P\u00fcriten kolonicilerin yerli halklara kar\u015f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m yaparak s\u00f6zde \u201cTepe \u00dcst\u00fcndeki \u015eehir\u201dlerini in\u015fa etmelerinden; kurucu babalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun k\u00f6le sahibi olmas\u0131ndan ve k\u00f6leli\u011fe Anayasa\u2019da yer vermelerinden; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc teminat alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7ler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k bir sistem tasarlayan ancak \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f ve ticareti so\u011fukkanl\u0131l\u0131kla tart\u0131\u015fan Federal Belgeler\u2019e; silah ta\u015f\u0131ma hakk\u0131 tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ad\u0131na her insana \u00f6ld\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131mas\u0131na kadar\u2026 Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Trump\u2019\u0131n ABD\u2019ye baya\u011f\u0131l\u0131k getirmedi\u011fini, yaln\u0131zca \u201cticari cumhuriyet\u201din gizli gelene\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz (Bat\u0131 gelene\u011finde t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n da ya\u011fmac\u0131 ve korsan olma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funu belirtmekte fayda var). <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn, ABD, de\u011ferler cumhuriyetinden ticaret cumhuriyetine ge\u00e7i\u015f yolundaki bu kimlik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc neredeyse tamamlad\u0131. \u201c\u00d6nce Amerika\u201d s\u00f6yleminin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve devam eden etkisinin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, ABD\u2019nin bu versiyonu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin liderli\u011fi konumunu yeniden kazanmak i\u00e7in birle\u015fik iradeye sahip de\u011fil. Amerikan n\u00fcfusunun belirli kesimlerinin bu t\u00fcr siyasi baya\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u011fa verdi\u011fi destek, daha fazla politikac\u0131y\u0131 bu \u00f6rne\u011fi izlemeye te\u015fvik edecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninde hala bir dizi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet s\u00f6z sahibidir. Ancak Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ni g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n gerilemeye devam etmesi, \u00c7in\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, Japonya ve G\u00fcney Kore\u2019nin ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zerkli\u011fe sahip olmamas\u0131 ve ABD\u2019nin mali bask\u0131lar nedeniyle sava\u015f sonras\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 kurumlar ve ittifaklar a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 destekleme sorumluluklar\u0131ndan h\u0131zla vazge\u00e7mesi ve bunun yerine kendi \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in ikili sistemler kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Basit\u00e7e s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, bu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni da\u011f\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sorular, bu \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi, alternatif yeni d\u00fczenin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve bu yeni d\u00fczenin yayg\u0131n ve ciddi k\u00fcresel istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek \u015fekilde zaman\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p etkili olup olamayaca\u011f\u0131 ile ilgilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnya D\u00fczenini Yeniden \u015eekillendirmede \u00c7in\u2019in Rol\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Eski sistemin par\u00e7alanma s\u00fcrecinin ortas\u0131nda yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu dinami\u011fin ana \u00fcretici g\u00fcc\u00fc, halihaz\u0131rda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi olan ve Bat\u0131\u2019dan farkl\u0131 bir uygarl\u0131k olan \u00c7in\u2019dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7in, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fclkelerinden biridir ve uzun tarihi k\u00fcresel y\u00f6netim sorunlar\u0131yla ilgili zengin deneyimler bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fiyle \u00c7in, kendi i\u00e7inde bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Orta Asya\u2019dan G\u00fcney Denizlerine kadar uzanan kara ve denizi kapsayan bir \u201ctianxia\u201d sisteminin kurulmas\u0131nda tarihsel olarak \u00f6nc\u00fc rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zengin tarihinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deneyimlerinden ve kendi modernlik gelene\u011finden ders \u00e7\u0131kararak son y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendini modern bir \u00fclkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7in, kadim tarihinin bilgeli\u011fini ve modern geli\u015fiminden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan dersleri payla\u015farak, d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenindeki dengesizlikleri giderme ve yeni bir sistem in\u015fa etme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki k\u00fcresel \u00e7abalarda \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli yoldan yap\u0131c\u0131 bir rol oynayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Dengeli k\u00fcresel kalk\u0131nman\u0131n yeniden sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Klasik \u201cD\u00fcnya Adas\u0131\u201d (kabaca Avrasya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir) d\u00fczeni k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerine do\u011fru e\u011filim g\u00f6sterirken, modern d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Bat\u0131l\u0131 deniz g\u00fc\u00e7leri hakimiyetinde olmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131 par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f ve eski uygarl\u0131k merkezi kaos ve bitmeyen sava\u015flar\u0131n mekan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. ABD bu k\u0131tadan aradaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir deniz ile ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bat\u0131l\u0131 olmayan \u00fclkelerle yap\u0131c\u0131 ili\u015fkiler kuramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Pax Americana, D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131 \u00fczerinde istikrarl\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi kuramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, ABD, bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni yerine yaln\u0131zca bir deniz d\u00fczeni s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezine ac\u0131mas\u0131z askeri m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunmu\u015f, tahribat yaratt\u0131ktan sonra aceleyle geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6lgeyi s\u00fcrekli bir kopu\u015f halinde b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u00c7in\u2019in yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen in\u015fas\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u201cher iki taraf\u0131 da dinlemek ve orta yolu se\u00e7mek\u201dtir. Tarihsel olarak, \u00c7in kara ve denizi ba\u015far\u0131yla dengeledi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Han (M\u00d6 202\u2013MS 9, MS 25\u2013220) ve Tang (MS 618\u2013907) hanedanlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, kara temelli uygarl\u0131klarla etkile\u015fimde bulunma konusunda deneyim kazanm\u0131\u015fken, Song (MS 960-1279) ve Ming (MS 1368-1644)hanedanlar\u0131ndan bu yana deniz ticaret sistemine derinlemesine dahil olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7in, bu tarihsel deneyime dayanarak, en \u00f6nemli boyutu D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131 ve okyanuslar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmek olan ve hem antik hem de modern d\u00fczenleri bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi\u2019ni (KYG) \u00f6nermi\u015ftir. KYG, entegre ve dengeli bir d\u00fcnya sistemi geli\u015ftirme \u00f6nerisi sunuyor. Burada \u201cKu\u015fak\u201d D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131\u2019nda d\u00fczeni yeniden sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedeflerken, \u201cYol\u201d denizlerdeki d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamay\u0131 \u00f6neriyor. \u00c7in, bu giri\u015fimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015eanghay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (\u015e\u0130\u00d6) gibi buna uygun kurumlar da in\u015fa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Kapitalizmin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mek ve insan merkezli kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve refah\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine in\u015fa edildi\u011fi sistem kapitalizmdir. Bu sistem, parasal k\u00e2r pe\u015finde ko\u015fmaya, sermayeyi korkun\u00e7 derecede geli\u015fmi\u015f bir finansal sistemle y\u00f6netmeye ve ticarete dayal\u0131 olan t\u00fcccar-ya\u011fmac\u0131 ikilisine ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci fetihlerin Avrupa miras\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Kapitalist bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerini \u201c\u00f6tekiler\u201d olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcler ve onlar\u0131 ucuz kaynaklar veya pazarlar i\u00e7in avlanma alan\u0131 olarak kabul ettiler. Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fgal edip kapitalizmi yayabilmi\u015f olsalar da, refah\u0131 yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde geli\u015ftiremediler ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6neldiler. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikten fayda sa\u011flamayan, tam aksine, onun ac\u0131mas\u0131z bask\u0131s\u0131ndan zarar g\u00f6ren \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in bu sistem uygun de\u011fildir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinden itibaren, bat\u0131l\u0131 olmayan \u00fclkelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu end\u00fcstriyel veya modern kalk\u0131nmaya ula\u015famad\u0131. Bu da kapitalizmin s\u00f6zde evrensellik iddias\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcten bir sicil kayd\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n Eski \u00c7in bilgeleri, Dr. Sun Yat-sen\u2019in (Qing hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deviren 1911 devriminin lideri ve \u00c7in Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk ba\u015fkan\u0131) \u201cHalk\u0131n Ge\u00e7im (Kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n) \u0130lkeleri\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u201chalk\u0131n yarar\u0131na olma felsefesi\u201d olarak ifade edilebilecek bir sosyoekonomik modeli savundular. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n daha iyi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in malzemenin \u00fcretimi, kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemseyen bu felsefe 2000 y\u0131ldan daha \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131r ve eski bir Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs metni olan Belgeler Kitab\u0131\u2019nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu felsefenin rehberli\u011finde, antik \u00c7in\u2019de ticari ve finansal faaliyetleri \u00fcretime ve insanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7imine y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in \u201ctemel olan\u0131 te\u015fvik etme ve \u00f6nemsiz\/tali olan\u0131 durdurma\u201d politikas\u0131 benimsendi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7in, bu modeli yeniden canland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve KYG arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle payla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu giri\u015fim, altyap\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve sanayile\u015fmenin ilerlemesine vurgu yaparak, ba\u015fkalar\u0131na \u201cbal\u0131k tutmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretme\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n fabrikas\u0131 olan ve sanayi alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye devam eden \u00c7in, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyada i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da y\u00f6nlendiriyor: \u00dcretim\/tedarik s\u00fcrecinde, Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerindeki son teknoloji \u00fcretim taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen bile\u015fenleri kabul ediyor; \u00fcretim sonras\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Afrika\u2019daki az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere \u00fcretim ve \u00fcretim kapasitesini aktar\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcketici pazar\u0131 olarak \u00c7in, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki enerjiye adil ve e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde eri\u015fmeli ve \u00fcretimi vurgulayan (\u201ctemel\u201d) ve finansal spek\u00fclasyonu (\u201c\u00f6nemsiz\/tali\u201d) en aza indiren k\u00fcresel politikalar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Birlik ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilik d\u00fcnyas\u0131na do\u011fru <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Avrupa g\u00fc\u00e7leri mevcut d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenini kurduklar\u0131nda, genellikle \u201chomojenle\u015ftirme\u201d pe\u015finde ko\u015ftular. Sistemlerini di\u011fer \u00fclkelere dayatmak i\u00e7in \u015fiddet kullanmaya ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak d\u00fc\u015fman yaratmaya e\u011filimliydiler. Hristiyan P\u00fcritanizminden etkilenen ABD, de\u011ferlerin tekd\u00fczeli\u011fine inanmaya, s\u00f6zde \u201cevrensel de\u011ferlerini\u201d d\u00fcnyaya dayatmaya ve kendi kavramlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olan her ulusu \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc\u201d ve d\u00fc\u015fman olarak nitelendirmeye e\u011filimlidir. \u201cTarihin sonu\u201d d\u00f6neminde bu e\u011filim, Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da i\u015fgal ve f\u00fcze sald\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flatan s\u00f6zde Ter\u00f6re Kar\u015f\u0131 Sava\u015f ile kendini g\u00f6sterdi. Bu homojenle\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ABD \u00f6nderli\u011findeki d\u00fczen yayg\u0131n kutupla\u015fmayla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcyor, yo\u011funla\u015fan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve politik b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerle par\u00e7alan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u011fer yandan \u00c7in, farkl\u0131 bir hik\u00e2ye anlat\u0131yor. Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r, \u201cbir g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde (cennette) birle\u015fmi\u015f birden fazla tanr\u0131\u201d veya \u201cbir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve birden fazla deizm\u201d ilkesine dayanarak \u00e7e\u015fitli dinsel ve etnik gruplar -g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne veya k\u00fclt\u00fcre tap\u0131nma yoluyla- \u00c7in i\u00e7inde b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece ulus ve birlik ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe dayal\u0131 \u201ctianxia\u201d sistemi geli\u015fti. Evrensel d\u00fczen veya ahenk (harmoni), ne \u015fiddetin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 fetih yoluyla ne de \u201c\u00f6tekini\u201d \u201cben\u201de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in de\u011ferler vaaz edilmesi ve dayat\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilebilir. Bu ancak \u201c\u00f6tekinin\u201d \u00f6zerkli\u011fini kabul ederek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn Analekt\u2019inde (Konu\u015fmalar) vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201c\u2026 Onlar\u0131 kendinize \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve erdemi geli\u015ftirin ve size geldiklerinde onlar\u0131 memnun edin ve sakinle\u015ftirin\u201d. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7in, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7e\u015fitlilik i\u00e7inde ahenk ilkesiyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7in, yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 \u201ctianxia\u201d d\u00fczenini canland\u0131rma perspektifinden anlamal\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak bilgelerin \u201ct\u00fcm uluslar\u0131 ahenkli hale getirme\u201d yolu izlenmelidir. Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen veya canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir \u201ctianxia\u201d d\u00fczeni in\u015fa etme s\u00fcrecinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hususlar g\u00f6zetilmelidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Bir \u201ctianxia\u201d d\u00fczeni bir anda de\u011fil, a\u015famal\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilecektir <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7in liderli\u011finde yeni bir k\u00fcresel sistem olu\u015fturma s\u00fcrecini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in bir \u00c7in deyimi kullan\u0131labilir: \u201cZhou eski bir \u00fclke olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kaderi s\u00fcrekli yenileniyor\u201d. Zhou, ahlaki \u00f6\u011fretiyle y\u00f6netilen eski bir krall\u0131kt\u0131. Etkisi \u00f6nce kom\u015fu devletlere ve sonra da \u00f6tesine do\u011fru a\u015famal\u0131 olarak geni\u015fledi, ta ki \u201ctianxia\u201dn\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi krall\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterene ve mevcut Yin hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (M\u00d6 1600-1045) yerini Zhou hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 1045-256) alana kadar. Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin in\u015fas\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131rken ve \u201ctianxia\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 canland\u0131r\u0131rken \u00c7in, mevcut hegemonik sistemle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in bu ilerici yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 izlemelidir. \u201cTianxia\u201d kavram\u0131 sonu olmayan tarihi bir s\u00fcreci ifade eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Geli\u015fmekte olan \u201ctianxia\u201d sistemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmede erdem ve do\u011fruluk ilk \u00f6nceliktir <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir \u201ctianxia\u201d sistemi, kapal\u0131 ittifaklar kurmay\u0131 veya homojenlik talep etmeyi de\u011fil \u201ct\u00fcm uluslar\u0131 ahenkli hale getirmeyi\u201d ama\u00e7lar. \u00c7in, uluslar ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde ahlak\u0131, anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olmay\u0131 ve payla\u015f\u0131lan ekonomik refah\u0131 te\u015fvik etmelidir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 mevcut uluslararas\u0131 hukuk sisteminden ay\u0131ran \u015fey, her bir taraf\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, uluslar aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sevgi ve uyum in\u015fa etmeyi de vurgulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. \u201cTianxia\u201d d\u00fczeni t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tekeline almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayacakt\u0131r <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnya, tek ba\u015f\u0131na herhangi bir \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilemeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bilgeler bunu anlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden onlar\u0131n ve sonraki nesillerin \u201ctianxia\u201d d\u00fczenleri o zamanlar bilinen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerine yay\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Zheng He, Bat\u0131 Denizlerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolculuklar s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok ulusla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131; ancak Ming hanedan\u0131 onlar\u0131 kolonile\u015ftirmedi ve fethetmedi, hepsini vergi (hara\u00e7) sistemine dahil etmedi. Bunun yerine, kendi se\u00e7imlerini yapmalar\u0131na izin verdi. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in, di\u011fer \u00fclkelere herhangi bir sistem dayatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, b\u00f6yle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir tutumla hegemonya m\u00fccadelesinden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, birka\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesel sistemden olu\u015facakt\u0131r <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tek bir bask\u0131n \u00fclke veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 grubu taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bir d\u00fcnya sistemi yerine, yeni bir k\u00fcresel d\u00fczen muhtemelen birka\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesel sistemden olu\u015facakt\u0131r. Afrika, Asya, Latin Amerika, Orta Do\u011fu ve Atlantik devletleri gibi ortak co\u011frafyalara, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere, inan\u00e7 sistemlerine ve \u00e7\u0131karlara sahip \u00fclkeler halihaz\u0131rda kendi b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00c7in, Bat\u0131 Pasifik ve Avrasya\u2019ya odaklanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00f6lgesel sistemler kavram\u0131 Samuel Huntington\u2019\u0131n uygarl\u0131klar ayr\u0131m\u0131 ile baz\u0131 benzerlikler payla\u015f\u0131yor; ancak bu sistem kavram\u0131n aralar\u0131nda herhangi bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma \u00f6nermedi\u011fini unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fclke ve kara-deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc olan \u00c7in\u2019in deniz ve kara tabanl\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel sistemler de dahil olmak \u00fczere birden fazla b\u00f6lgesel sistemle \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Kelime anlam\u0131 \u201cortadaki \u00fclke\u201d olan \u00c7in, farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel sistemler aras\u0131nda uyumla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 rol oynamal\u0131, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131 azalt\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6nde hareket etmelidir. Bu \u015fekilde hem birlik hem de \u00e7e\u015fitlilik i\u00e7eren yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u00fcresel y\u00f6netimin yeni mimarisi, katmanlar\u0131n i\u00e7ten d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mesiyle a\u015famal\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilecektir. Bu ama\u00e7la, \u00c7in\u2019in \u00e7abalar\u0131 kendisinin ait oldu\u011fu en i\u00e7 katman olan Do\u011fu Asya\u2019dan ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Geleneksel olarak, \u00c7in, Kore yar\u0131madas\u0131, Vietnam, Japonya ve bu b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer \u00fclkeler bir Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alan\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Ancak, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bask\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenini yeniden organize etme \u00e7abalar\u0131 buradan ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu hedef, ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131n\u0131 canland\u0131rarak, \u201cHalk\u0131n Ge\u00e7im (Kayna\u011f\u0131) \u0130lkeleri\u201dne dayal\u0131 koordineli b\u00f6lgesel politikalar geli\u015ftirerek ve d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in geli\u015fmi\u015f refah ve uygarl\u0131k standartlar\u0131 g\u00f6stererek ba\u015far\u0131labilir. Bu t\u00fcr b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7abalar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fc artt\u0131k\u00e7a, ABD\u2019nin ve onun liderli\u011findeki d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin g\u00fcc\u00fc ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak azalacak ve k\u00fcresel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci h\u0131zla h\u0131zlanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 katman\u0131ndan sonra, \u00c7in\u2019in odaklanmas\u0131 gereken bir sonraki en i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f katman veya orta katman D\u00fcnya Adas\u0131n\u0131n kalbi olan Avrasya\u2019d\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7abalar\u0131n merkezinde, \u00fcye devletler olarak halihaz\u0131rda \u00c7in, Rusya, Hindistan ve Pakistan\u2019\u0131n bulundu\u011fu, \u0130ran ve Afganistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6zlemci devletler oldu\u011fu ve T\u00fcrkiye ile Almanya\u2019n\u0131n davet edilebilece\u011fi \u015eanghay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (\u015e\u0130\u00d6) yer almaktad\u0131r. Ekonomik gerileme ve zay\u0131flayan k\u00fcresel n\u00fcfuzu nedeniyle, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle Orta Asya gibi kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgelere daha fazla odaklanmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. B\u00f6lgede uyumlu ili\u015fkilerin ve kalk\u0131nman\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesi ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n en aza indirilmesi \u00e7abalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak da dahil olmak \u00fczere \u015e\u0130\u00d6\u2019ye daha aktif bir \u015fekilde kat\u0131labilir. Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n istikrar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u00c7in\u2019in ve \u00f6zellikle bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve refah\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda genel k\u00fcresel bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Son olarak, \u00c7in i\u00e7in en d\u0131\u015f katman, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda uluslar\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgeleri birbirine ba\u011flayan kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f KYG\u2019dir. Ba\u015fkan Xi Jinping taraf\u0131ndan 2013\u2019te \u00f6nerilmesinden bug\u00fcne kadar \u00c7in, 149 \u00fclke ve 32 uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015fla 200\u2019den fazla KYG i\u015fbirli\u011fi anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin evrimi ve gelecekteki y\u00f6n\u00fc, \u00c7in ile Bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda son be\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fen ili\u015fkiyi incelemeden anla\u015f\u0131lamaz. Erken modern d\u00f6nemde, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler modernle\u015fme aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019den ilham ald\u0131lar; ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise \u00c7in Bat\u0131\u2019dan ders ald\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, Bat\u0131 egemenli\u011findeki eski d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin temellerini sarst\u0131 ve yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 sistemin olu\u015fumunda itici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline geldi. K\u00fcresel manzaradaki \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ortas\u0131nda, Bat\u0131 modernli\u011finin, ideolojilerinin ve kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zay\u0131f y\u00f6nlerini tan\u0131mak ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in modernlik gelene\u011fini ve mevcut d\u00f6nemdeki geli\u015fmelerini takdir etmek gerekiyor. \u00c7in a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu, klasik \u00c7in bilgeli\u011finden ilham alan yeni bir vizyonun rehberli\u011finde bilgi sisteminin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyor: \u201cTemel olarak \u00c7ince \u00f6\u011frenimi, uygulama i\u00e7in Bat\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenimi\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Notlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Ming hanedan\u0131 (1388\u20131644), \u00c7inli denizci ve diplomat Zheng He (1371\u20131433) liderli\u011findeki bir dizi (yedi) okyanus seferini destekledi. Otuz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre boyunca, bu deniz misyonu \u00c7in\u2019den G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya, Hindistan, Afrika Boynuzu ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019ya seyahat etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Tianxia, \u200b\u200bd\u00f6rt bin y\u0131ldan daha eski bir tarihe sahip ve kabaca \u201cg\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131ndaki her \u015fey\u201d veya \u201cD\u00fcnya ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131ndaki canl\u0131lar\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen eski bir \u00c7in d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ahlaki, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, politik ve co\u011frafi unsurlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u201ctianxia\u201d, \u200b\u200b\u00c7in felsefesi, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00f6netiminde merkezi bir kavram olmu\u015ftur. Bu inan\u00e7 sistemine g\u00f6re, t\u00fcm halklar\u0131n ve devletlerin D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 ortakla\u015fa payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ctianxia\u201d i\u00e7in ahenk ve evrensel bar\u0131\u015fa ula\u015fmak en y\u00fcksek idealdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Yao Zhongqiu, The Way of Yao and Shun: The Birth of Chinese Civilisation [\u5c27\u821c\u4e4b\u9053\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8bde\u751f] (Hainan Publishing House, 2016), 64\u201374.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Bilge-memurlar, \u00c7in imparatoru taraf\u0131ndan siyasi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00f6revlerine atanan entelekt\u00fcellerdi. Bu y\u00fcksek e\u011fitimli grup, imparatorluk \u00c7in\u2019inde h\u00fck\u00fcmet y\u00f6netimine hakim olan belirgin bir sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Zhu Qianzhi, The Influence of Chinese Philosophy on Europe [\u4e2d\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5f71\u54cd] (Hebei People\u2019s Publishing House, 1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist Papers [\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6], trans. Cheng Fengru, Han Zai, and Xun Shu (The Commercial Press, 1995).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaynak: <\/strong>Wenhua Zongheng; Mart 2023, Vol. 1, No. 1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" K\u00fcresel D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn Be\u015f Y\u00fcz Y\u0131l\u0131: Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u0130\u00e7in Bir \u00c7in Perspektifi Yazar: Prof. Dr. Yao Zhongqiu, Renmin \u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler Okulu\u2019nda profes\u00f6r ve Tarihsel Politik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi\u2019nin dekan\u0131\u00c7eviren: Kamuran K\u0131zlakYaz\u0131 Teori ve Politika web sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u00a0 Giri\u015f \u0130nsanl\u0131k, 500 y\u0131ld\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bir k\u00fcresel alt \u00fcst olu\u015fun ortas\u0131nda bulunuyor: Yani, Avrupa ve ABD\u2019nin g\u00f6receli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel-tr"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5110"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5110\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5112,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5110\/revisions\/5112"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}