{"id":5460,"date":"2025-05-02T22:27:09","date_gmt":"2025-05-02T22:27:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5460"},"modified":"2025-11-04T21:31:59","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T21:31:59","slug":"deng-xiaoping-tercumaninin-gozunden-zimbabve-baskani-ve-gorbacov-ile-gorusme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5460","title":{"rendered":"Deng Xiaoping: Terc\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6z\u00fcnden Zimbabve Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve Gorba\u00e7ov ile G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Deng Xiaoping: Terc\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6z\u00fcnden Zimbabve Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve Gorba\u00e7ov ile G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Zhang Weiwei, Deng Xiaoping ve d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u00c7in liderlerine terc\u00fcmanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f bir siyaset bilimci ve yazard\u0131r. Halen Fudan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6r olarak g\u00f6rev yapmaktad\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7eviren: Ferdi Bekir<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1980\u2019lerde Deng Xiaoping ve d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u00c7in liderlerine terc\u00fcmanl\u0131k yapma \u015fans\u0131 buldum. Bu sayede, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devlet adam\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131ma f\u0131rsat\u0131m oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping, dobra ve a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc ki\u015fili\u011fiyle tan\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. 1980\u2019de \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130talyan gazeteci Oriana Fallaci\u2019yi kabul etti\u011finde saatlerce konu\u015ftular, Fallaci son derece zor sorular sordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping\u2019i, Demokratik Kore lideri Kim \u0130l Sung, Zimbabve’den Robert Mugabe, Sovyetler\u2019den Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov ve Gana’dan Jerry Rawlings gibi liderlerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrken de g\u00f6zlemleme \u015fans\u0131m oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1982\u2019de, Demokratik Kore zor bir ekonomik d\u00f6nemden ge\u00e7erken Kim \u0130l Sung \u00c7in\u2019e geldi. Deng Xiaoping\u2019e, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in tavuk yerine b\u0131ld\u0131rc\u0131n yeti\u015ftirmeyi planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131: Pakistan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131\u2019ndan, b\u0131ld\u0131rc\u0131n\u0131n tavuktan iki kat daha verimli oldu\u011funu duymu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping bu mesele \u00fczerine fazla konu\u015fmad\u0131, laf\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Onun yerine Kim \u0130l Sung\u2019a, 1978\u2019de Kore ziyaretinden d\u00f6nerken \u00c7in\u2019in kuzeydo\u011fusundaki yoksulluk meselesini anlatt\u0131. Devrim \u00fcst\u00fcnden onlarca y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen \u00c7in\u2019de k\u0131rsal kesim h\u00e2l\u00e2 peri\u015fan haldeydi. Deng\u2019e g\u00f6re sosyalizm refah getirmeliydi, sefalet de\u011fil. Onun g\u00fcndeminde b\u0131ld\u0131rc\u0131n yumurtas\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00c7in\u2019i topyek\u00fbn kalk\u0131nma ve modernle\u015fme yoluna sokmak vard\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 teknolojilere, i\u015f y\u00f6netimi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve sermayeye a\u00e7\u0131lmak gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nem bir\u00e7ok sosyalist \u00fclke k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 teknik reformlarla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken, Deng Xiaoping k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131m, o d\u00f6nemde Deng Xiaoping\u2019in Kim \u0130l Sung ve benzeri liderlerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tart\u0131\u015fmalarla \u015fekillendi. Sosyalist \u00fclkelerin \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 reform modelinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi, Demokratik Kore ve K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n izledi\u011fi muhafazak\u00e2r model. Tamamen planl\u0131 ekonomi ve \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 piyasa d\u00fczeniyle pek bir yere var\u0131lamad\u0131, bu \u00fclkeler yoksulluktan \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi, Sovyetler ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 radikal model. Bu \u00fclkeler, Bat\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7ok partili sistemini ve piyasa ekonomisini neredeyse do\u011frudan kopyalamaya kalkt\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 ortada: Sovyetler \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Rus ekonomisi \u00c7in’den b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. \u015eimdi ise \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00f6viz rezervi (yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 trilyon dolar), Rusya ile Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n toplam ekonomisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc model, \u00c7in\u2019in izledi\u011fi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m reform yolu. Sonu\u00e7lar kendini g\u00f6steriyor. Deng\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden hen\u00fcz 20 y\u0131l bile ge\u00e7meden \u00c7in, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi oldu ve yak\u0131nda birincili\u011fe oynuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130leri At\u0131l\u0131m ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u2019nin Bedelini A\u011f\u0131r \u00d6dedik\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zimbabwe Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Robert Mugabe,<\/strong> 1985\u2019te \u00c7in\u2019e ikinci ziyaretini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Mao Zedung\u2019a b\u00fcy\u00fck hayranl\u0131k duyuyordu; Mugabe’nin kabinesinin yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de askeri e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u0131pk\u0131 1981\u2019deki ilk ziyaretinde oldu\u011fu gibi, bu kez de \u00c7in\u2019in kapitalizme kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor, Mao\u2019nun \u00e7izgisinden uzakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ho\u015flanm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng ona, asl\u0131nda Mao Zedung\u2019un \u201cdo\u011fruyu olgulardan \u00e7\u0131karmak\u201d ilkesine ba\u011fl\u0131 kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. D\u00f6rt Modernle\u015fme hedefinin (tar\u0131m, sanayi, savunma, bilim ve teknoloji) temeli sosyalizmdi. Deng i\u00e7in iki \u015fey vazge\u00e7ilmezdi: Parti’nin liderli\u011fi ve kamu m\u00fclkiyetinin egemenli\u011fi. Bunlar korundu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, yap\u0131lan hatalar d\u00fczeltilebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mugabe olduk\u00e7a sol e\u011filimli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Deng, \u00c7in\u2019in \u201csolculuktan\u201d ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dersleri uzun uzun anlatt\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck S\u0131\u00e7rama ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi konusu a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131nca, Deng a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a, bu hatalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u201ccezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131k\u201d dedi, konu\u011funu \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtarak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda Mugabe\u2019yi, \u00c7in\u2019in D\u00f6rt Temel \u0130lke\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 kalaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda da s\u00f6z verdi. \u00c7N: D\u00f6rt Temel \u0130lke: Sosyalist yolun korunmas\u0131, proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131, Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin liderli\u011finin korunmas\u0131 ve Marksizm-Leninizm ile Mao Zedung D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u2019nin korunmas\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mugabe\u2019nin 1987\u2019deki bir sonraki ziyaretinde Deng bu ilkeleri daha da detayland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng\u2019e g\u00f6re bu ilkelerin savunulmas\u0131n\u0131n tek bir amac\u0131 vard\u0131: \u00c7in\u2019de istikrar\u0131 sa\u011flamak. \u0130stikrar olmadan, \u00c7in\u2019in modernle\u015fmesi Bat\u0131 yanl\u0131s\u0131 liberalle\u015fme taraf\u0131ndan yok edilebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bu ilkeler dogma de\u011fildi, Deng \u0131srarla vurgulad\u0131. O ilkeler de \u201cdo\u011fruyu olgulardan \u00e7\u0131karmak\u201d d\u00fcsturuna g\u00f6re y\u00f6nlendirilmeliydi. Yani, kitaplar de\u011fil, sahadaki ger\u00e7eklikler \u00c7in\u2019in reform yolunu y\u00f6nlendirmeliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalara ra\u011fmen Mugabe ikna olmam\u0131\u015f gibiydi. \u201cBiz \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya\u2019daki dostlar \u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist yoldan sapmamas\u0131n\u0131 umuyoruz,\u201d dedi. Deng biraz sinirlendi, ama yine de so\u011fukkanl\u0131yd\u0131: \u201cBizde h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131 var,\u201d dedi. Ona g\u00f6re bu siyasi sistem, \u00fclkenin rotadan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na asla izin vermezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng, o zor modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde ba\u015flar\u0131na en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn gelebilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu \u2014 nitekim 1989\u2019daki siyasi krizde bu ya\u015fand\u0131. Mugabe\u2019ye s\u00f6ylediklerinden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu: Deng Xiaoping, sosyalist sisteme kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131ya asla izin vermezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng\u2019in Gorba\u00e7ov Hakk\u0131ndaki Yorumu: \u201cAk\u0131ll\u0131ym\u0131\u015f Gibi Duruyor Ama Asl\u0131nda Aptal.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1989 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda Gorba\u00e7ov \u00c7in\u2019e geldi\u011finde \u00fclkede iki farkl\u0131 siyasi e\u011filim vard\u0131. Bir yanda, reformcu duru\u015fa sahip olan Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019u idol olarak g\u00f6ren \u00f6\u011frenciler vard\u0131. Hatta onu \u201cBug\u00fcn Sovyetler, yar\u0131n \u00c7in\u201d slogan\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019deki Liberal sol ayd\u0131nlar bu slogandan \u00e7ok etkilenmi\u015fti. \u00d6te yanda Deng vard\u0131. Deng, \u00f6nce halk\u0131n ge\u00e7im derdini \u00e7\u00f6zmek gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Di\u011fer t\u00fcm reformlar \u2013 siyasal olanlar d\u00e2hil \u2013 bu hedefe hizmet etmeliydi. Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 \u00e7ok partili sistemi kopyalamaya kalkmak, Deng\u2019e g\u00f6re tam bir \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131kt\u0131. Zaten Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019la g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeden sonra \u015fu yorumu yapt\u0131: \u201cBu adam ak\u0131ll\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi duruyor ama asl\u0131nda aptal.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Deng Xiaoping: Terc\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6z\u00fcnden Zimbabve Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve Gorba\u00e7ov ile G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme Zhang Weiwei, Deng Xiaoping ve d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u00c7in liderlerine terc\u00fcmanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f bir siyaset bilimci ve yazard\u0131r. Halen Fudan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde profes\u00f6r olarak g\u00f6rev yapmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7eviren: Ferdi Bekir 1980\u2019lerde Deng Xiaoping ve d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u00c7in liderlerine terc\u00fcmanl\u0131k yapma \u015fans\u0131 buldum. Bu sayede, b\u00fcy\u00fck […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,49,5,51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arsiv","category-arsiv-tr","category-dunya-sosyalizmi","category-dunya-sosyalizmi-tr"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5460","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5460"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5460\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5968,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5460\/revisions\/5968"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5460"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5460"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5460"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}