{"id":5502,"date":"2025-05-13T12:30:16","date_gmt":"2025-05-13T12:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5502"},"modified":"2025-05-13T12:30:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-13T12:30:17","slug":"sovyetler-birliginde-cokuse-giden-surecin-dort-boyutu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5502","title":{"rendered":"Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe Giden S\u00fcrecin D\u00f6rt Boyutu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe Giden S\u00fcrecin D\u00f6rt Boyutu<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Bir Zamanlar G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Neden \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fc?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Chen Diaou<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

May\u0131s 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1991 y\u0131l\u0131, 25 Aral\u0131k ak\u015fam\u0131\u2026 Kremlin\u2019in \u00fczerinde neredeyse 70 y\u0131l boyunca dalgalanan k\u0131z\u0131l Sovyet bayra\u011f\u0131 yava\u015f\u00e7a indirildi. Bu, bir devrin kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00fcnya tarihinin en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenlerinden biri olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, kurulu\u015fundan \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kadar d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde devasa bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk sosyalist devleti olan bu \u00fclke, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin \u015fekillenmesinde derin izler b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette her olay, i\u00e7sel ve d\u0131\u015fsal nedenlerin ortak etkisiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Tarihsel materyalist bir bak\u0131\u015fla, biz burada a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde i\u00e7 nedenlerine odaklanaca\u011f\u0131z. Ancak i\u00e7 nedenlerin de \u00e7ok boyutlu ve katmanl\u0131 oldu\u011funu unutmamak gerek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yo\u011fun kaynak taramalar\u0131 sonucunda bu nedenleri d\u00f6rt temel ba\u015fl\u0131kta \u00f6zetledim.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Siyasal Nedenler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan liderli\u011fi devralan Stalin, iktidar\u0131n istikrar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na kendisi etraf\u0131nda ki\u015fisel g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezile\u015ftirmesini esas ald\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nde her \u015fey Stalin\u2019in \u015fahsi iradesine ba\u011fland\u0131; bu durum, zamanla \u201cStalin modeli\u201d olarak an\u0131lan siyasal yap\u0131y\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Kru\u015f\u00e7ev, bu yap\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek istese de, bu yerle\u015fik d\u00fczeni bozacak g\u00fcc\u00fc kendinde bulamad\u0131. \u00c7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131 birle\u015ferek onu devirme yolunu se\u00e7ti. Sonras\u0131nda gelen Brejnev ise Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in reformlar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen tersine \u00e7evirerek Stalin d\u00f6neminin sistemine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Sovyetler\u2019in kaderine boyun e\u011fen, Brejnev liderlerin \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu g\u00f6revde kalma sistemini benimsedi ve nepotizmin ve adam kay\u0131rmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131, liyakat sistemi iyice zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Bir Siyasi S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stalin d\u00f6neminden itibaren Sovyet toplumunda ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f yava\u015f yava\u015f olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu s\u0131n\u0131f, Brejnev d\u00f6neminde h\u0131zla geni\u015fledi. \u00dcst d\u00fczey askeri ve sivil g\u00f6revlilerin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ad\u0131na \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu g\u00f6revde kalma sistemi uygulan\u0131yordu. \u00d6nceleri bir g\u00f6revde \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt y\u0131l kalan yetkililer, art\u0131k yirmi y\u0131la kadar ayn\u0131 pozisyonda kalabiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1956\u2019daki 20. Parti Kongresi’nde, Merkez Komite \u00fcyelerinin yeniden se\u00e7ilme oran\u0131 inan\u0131lmaz bir \u015fekilde %91’e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Erken \u00f6len birka\u00e7 \u00fcye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fc yerini korumaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu sistem, daha fazla insan\u0131 devlet memuriyeti hayat\u0131na y\u00f6neltti; \u201cimparatorluk makarnas\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klardan yararlanma iste\u011fi, bu y\u00f6nelimin ana motivasyonuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu devlet ve parti g\u00f6revlileri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc; boyutu be\u015f kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sanayi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile bir bakan\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 18 yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131yla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1980\u2019e gelindi\u011finde, 220 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nde yakla\u015f\u0131k 18 milyon devlet ve parti g\u00f6revlileri bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin y\u00f6netim kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 tekeline alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f, siyaset ve ekonomi alanda can damarlar\u0131, kamuoyu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, propaganda ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ellerinde tutuyor; parti, h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ordu, i\u015fletmeler ve sosyal kurulu\u015flarda kadro tayinlerinde belirleyici rol oynuyorlard\u0131. Bunlar Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un reformlar\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilerek devlet m\u00fclklerini hoyrat\u00e7a i\u00e7 ettiler, kamu mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirdiler, ki\u015fisel servetlerini h\u0131zla art\u0131rd\u0131lar. Hatta yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme reformlar\u0131n\u0131n en ate\u015fli savunucular\u0131 haline geldiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc Sovyet Tarih\u00e7isi Prof. Chen Zhihua,<\/strong> Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f Tarihi adl\u0131 eserinde Sovyetler\u2019in \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne giden en k\u00f6k nedenleri derinlemesine analiz eder. Sovyetler\u2019in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri d\u00fczeyde merkez\u00eeyet\u00e7i y\u00f6netim modeli, yerel \u00f6rg\u00fctleri uzun s\u00fcre pasif k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; bi\u00e7imcilik ve dogmatizm al\u0131p ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gitmi\u015fti. Y\u00fcksek memurlar\u0131n atama sisteminde kay\u0131rmac\u0131l\u0131k ve yolsuzluk yap\u0131sal h\u00e2le gelmi\u015fti. Gorbacev d\u00f6neminde Sovyetler ekonomik reformdan siyasal sistem reformuna ge\u00e7erken, ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00fczene y\u00f6nelik kapsaml\u0131 bir sorgulama ve ink\u00e2r s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131. Parti taban \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve halk kitle \u00f6rg\u00fctleri iyice zay\u0131flad\u0131, felce u\u011frad\u0131. Artan \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve i\u00e7 m\u00fccadeleler, sonunda 19 A\u011fustos 1991 darbesiyle doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan daha sonra Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ilan edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Ekonomik Nedenler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha 1925\u2019te, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin 14. Kongresi sanayile\u015fmenin partinin merkezi g\u00f6revi oldu\u011funu ilan etmi\u015f, bu hedefi genel \u00e7izgi olarak benimsemi\u015fti. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi ve bu da tar\u0131m ile hafif sanayi ekonomisinin ciddi bi\u00e7imde geri kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Sovyetler, meta-para ili\u015fkilerini d\u0131\u015flayan bir planl\u0131 ekonomi uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dcretim, merkez\u00ee kurumlardan gelen direktiflere ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131; Pazar mekanizmas\u0131na ba\u015fvurma neredeyse t\u00fcmden devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu yap\u0131 kaynak israf\u0131na, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fcretim verimlili\u011fine ve halk\u0131n temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanamamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet ekonomisinin yap\u0131s\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r sanayine \u00f6ncelik vermeye dayan\u0131yordu; halk\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131yla do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili olan hafif sanayi ve tar\u0131m ise gereken \u00f6nem verilmedi. Bu dengesizlik, Sovyet ekonomisinin ilerleyen y\u0131llarda ciddi sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldu. Devlet Planlama Komisyonu, be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k kalk\u0131nma planlar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlar ve uygular, \u00fcretim ve ekonomik kaynak tahsis s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini merkez\u00ee olarak denetlerdi. T\u00fcm \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve kaynaklar devlete aitti. Ancak bu sistem, Pazar ekonomisinin temel yasalar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131; rekabeti ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yordu. Pazar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ve ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fcreticilerin inisiyatifini k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yordu ve bu da sonunda planl\u0131 ekonominin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc beraberinde getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet Tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Gerileyi\u015fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, k\u00f6kleri 1920\u2019ler ve 1930\u2019lara kadar uzan\u0131r. Stalin modeli, tar\u0131mda bireysel k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile ekonomisini tamamen tasfiye ederek tar\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kolektif \u00fcretimle geli\u015ftirmeyi hedefliyordu. Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00fcreticilerin maddi \u00e7\u0131kar duygular\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6reltti, onlar\u0131n \u00fcretim iste\u011fini k\u0131rd\u0131 ve tar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaza soktu. Tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminde pazar odakl\u0131 reformlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, 1990-1991 aras\u0131nda tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri t\u00fcketim piyasas\u0131n\u0131n tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kmesine neden oldu. Bu da Sovyetler\u2019in da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131nda belirleyici bir fakt\u00f6r h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n olu\u015fumu,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) merkez\u00eele\u015fmi\u015f y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131 ve<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) dengesiz ekonomik kalk\u0131nma modeli,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc haz\u0131rlayan ba\u015fl\u0131ca fakt\u00f6rlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarihsel ders bize \u015funu g\u00f6steriyor: Bir \u00fclkenin ve toplumun geli\u015fimi, ancak adalet, e\u015fitlik ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik temelinde, Pazar ekonomisinin geli\u015fme yasalar\u0131na sayg\u0131l\u0131, halk\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan bir anlay\u0131\u015fla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Prof. Chen Zhihua\u2019n\u0131n belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin son d\u00f6nemlerinde ekonomik \u00fcretkenlik h\u0131zla gerilemi\u015f, pazarlarda mal s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 derinle\u015fmi\u015f, enflasyon artm\u0131\u015f, mali yap\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, devlet hazinesi adeta bo\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ekonomik reform ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale gelmi\u015fti, ama art\u0131k d\u00fczleme i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet ekonomisi 1980\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1983\u2019te yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 trilyon dolar olan milli gelir, 1991\u2019de 750 milyar dolara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1950\u2019lerde ortalama %10,3 olan ulusal gelir art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131, 1960\u2019larda %6,8\u2019e, 1970\u2019lerde %4,9\u2019a d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1980\u2019lerde b\u00fcy\u00fcme h\u0131z\u0131 daha da azald\u0131 ve 1990\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde eksiye d\u00f6nd\u00fc<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Asker\u00ee Nedenler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n 1950\u2019lerde ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte, ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na giri\u015fti. Sadece askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil, bilim, ekonomi, ideoloji ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr gibi pek \u00e7ok alanda da sert bir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flad\u0131. Her iki taraf da uluslararas\u0131 alanda m\u00fcttefikler bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak kar\u015f\u0131t d\u00fc\u015fman bloklar olu\u015fturdu. Sovyetler, n\u00fcfuz alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f askeri \u00fcsler kurdu ve hatta Afganistan\u2019a asker g\u00f6nderdi. Bu sava\u015f, Sovyet ekonomisinin zaten sallant\u0131da olan yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daha da zora soktu. Afgan Sava\u015f\u0131 hem Sovyetler\u2019i bata\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fckledi, hem de uluslararas\u0131 arenada ahlaki itibar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131pratt\u0131. Afgan halk\u0131n\u0131n kararl\u0131 direni\u015fi sava\u015f\u0131n uzamas\u0131na neden oldu ve Sovyet maliyesini t\u00fcketerek \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131, devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn savunma harcamalar\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu durum ulusal ekonomide b\u00fcy\u00fck dengesizlik yaratt\u0131. Sovyetler Bat\u0131 ile giri\u015fti\u011fi m\u00fccadeleye 700 milyar dolar, \u00c7in\u2019le olan kar\u015f\u0131tla\u015fmaya 200 milyar dolar, di\u011fer askeri harcamalara ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 milyar dolar harcad\u0131. Bu devasa harcamalar, Sovyet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e kemirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Toplumsal Nedenler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 y\u00f6netim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Sovyet y\u00f6netimi halk nezdinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kamuoyu deste\u011fi kuramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu bo\u015fluk, Bat\u0131 liberalizminin yava\u015f yava\u015f sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131d\u0131. Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un sosyal reformlara fazla h\u0131zl\u0131 giri\u015fmesi ters tepti. Planl\u0131 ekonomiyi 500 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde Pazar ekonomisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek istemesi sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131. \u0130deolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel cephedeki yenilgi, Sovyet ideolojisinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc beraberinde getirdi. Sovyet toplumu art\u0131k kom\u00fcnizme inanm\u0131yordu; halk\u0131n reformlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sars\u0131lan inanc\u0131 tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milliyetler, Milliyet\u00e7ilik ve Ba\u011fl\u0131 Cumhuriyetlerle Rusya \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f Tarihi adl\u0131 eserde ( Prof. Chen Zhihua) belirtildi\u011fi gibi, merkez\u00eele\u015fmi\u015f sistem alt\u0131nda kurulan federal devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 ciddi bi\u00e7imde bozulmu\u015f, B\u00fcy\u00fck Rus milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi az\u0131tm\u0131\u015f, uluslar ve ba\u011fl\u0131 cumhuriyetler aras\u0131nda e\u015fitsizlik derinle\u015fmi\u015fti. Rus olmayan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n haklar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7i\u011fneniyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Stalin, Tatarlar da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere onlarca etnik grubu zorla yerlerinden s\u00fcrerek Sibirya\u2019ya, Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019ya ve Orta Asya\u2019ya yerle\u015ftirdi. Gorba\u00e7ov, Kazaklar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Rus liderler atad\u0131. Kafkasya, Orta Asya ve Moldova\u2019daki etnik-milli sorun ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemedi. 1990\u2019da Balt\u0131k \u00fclkeleri ilk olarak Sovyetler\u2019den koparak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiler; bu da di\u011fer cumhuriyetler i\u00e7in bir dalga ve domino etkisi yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel nedeni, k\u00f6klerinden koparak, ters y\u00f6nde ilerlemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r: Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta proletaryan\u0131n iktidar\u0131 olarak kurulan bu yap\u0131, halktan koptuk\u00e7a bir iktidar ve b\u00fcrokrasi soylulu\u011funa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Sovyetler\u2019in y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, insanl\u0131k tarihine nadir rastlanan bir \u00f6rnek b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe Giden S\u00fcrecin D\u00f6rt Boyutu Bir Zamanlar G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Neden \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fc? Chen Diaou May\u0131s 2024 1991 y\u0131l\u0131, 25 Aral\u0131k ak\u015fam\u0131\u2026 Kremlin\u2019in \u00fczerinde neredeyse 70 y\u0131l boyunca dalgalanan k\u0131z\u0131l Sovyet bayra\u011f\u0131 yava\u015f\u00e7a indirildi. Bu, bir devrin kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l d\u00fcnya tarihinin en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenlerinden biri olan Sovyetler […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,20,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arsiv-tr","category-arsiv","category-sosyalist-ulkeler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5502"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5502\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5504,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5502\/revisions\/5504"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5502"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}