{"id":5695,"date":"2025-08-05T08:01:54","date_gmt":"2025-08-05T08:01:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5695"},"modified":"2025-11-04T21:10:34","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T21:10:34","slug":"yeni-uluslararasi-ekonomik-duzen-hareketi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5695","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00dclkelerinin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve Anti-Hegemonyac\u0131 M\u00fccadelelerinde Yeni Bir A\u015fama: Yeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik\u00a0D\u00fczen\u00a0Hareketi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00dclkelerinin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve Anti-Hegemonyac\u0131 M\u00fccadelelerinde Yeni Bir A\u015fama: Yeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczen Hareketi<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Ferdi Bekir, A\u011fustos 2025<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczen Hareketi (NIEO), geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi ve emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona erdirmek amac\u0131yla, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen \u00f6neren ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc eski uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczende bir dizi reform talep eden bir m\u00fccadele hareketidir. Bu hareketin 1950\u2019lerde olu\u015fan Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar hareketinin daha derinle\u015fmi\u015f bir devam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczen hareketinin ana kurulu\u015f ve talepler belgesi, mevcut uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczenin \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin \u00e7o\u011fu hen\u00fcz ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletler haline gelmeden \u00f6nce kuruldu\u011funu ve mevcut uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczenin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc e\u015fitsizli\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczen Hareketi \u201cYard\u0131m de\u011fil, ticaret istiyoruz\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda; daha ilk g\u00fcnlerden itibaren ticaret, sanayile\u015fme, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere finans ve teknoloji transferinde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015ftir.  Sonunda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu, 1 May\u0131s 1974 tarihinde \u201cYeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczenin Kurulmas\u0131na Dair Bildiriyi\u201d ve ona e\u015flik eden eylem program\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra, BM Genel Kurulu \u201cDevletlerin Ekonomik Hak ve \u00d6devleri Belgesi\u2019ni\u201d kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u2019in 1974 tarihli \u201cYeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczenin Kurulmas\u0131na Dair Bildirisi\u201d, o d\u00f6nemde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczenin adaletsiz ve e\u015fitliksiz oldu\u011funu, art\u0131k ne zengin \u00fclkelerin ne de geli\u015fmekte olan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur. Eski d\u00fczen, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun %70\u2019ini olu\u015fturan geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere d\u00fcnya gelirinin yaln\u0131zca %30\u2019unu tahsis etmekteydi. Bu durum, k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde dengeli bir kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale getiriyor ve zengin \u00fclkeler ile geli\u015fmekte olan d\u00fcnya aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden geliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczeni De\u011fi\u015ftirme \u00d6nerisinin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen fikri, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin tarihe g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi m\u00fccadele deneyimlerinden do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yeni kazanm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke, siyasi egemenliklerini elde etmi\u015f olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u201chukuken sona eren s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yerini fiili bir ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ald\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d hissine kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha adil bir uluslararas\u0131 sistem kurma hedefi, geli\u015fmi\u015f ve az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki k\u00fcresel milli gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda artan e\u015fitsizlikten de etkilenmi\u015ftir; bu e\u015fitsizlik 1938 ile 1966 aras\u0131nda iki kattan fazla art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. 1964\u2019teki kurulu\u015fundan itibaren, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Konferans\u0131 (UNCTAD), ona ba\u011fl\u0131 G-77+\u00c7in Grubu ve Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi, Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen m\u00fccadelesinin hedeflerinin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca forumlar olmu\u015ftur. Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen m\u00fccadelesinin ana temalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, t\u00fcm devletlerin egemen e\u015fitli\u011fi ve \u00f6zellikle do\u011fal kaynaklar \u00fczerindeki egemenlik olmak \u00fczere, kendi kaderini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce tayin hakk\u0131 ve kalk\u0131nma hakk\u0131 da yer almaktad\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer kilit \u00f6nemdeki tema, uluslararas\u0131 ticarete konu olan \u00fcr\u00fcnler (kahve, kakao, madenler) \u00fczerine anla\u015fmalar\u0131n adil olmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 ticarete konu olan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n istikrar i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131 talebidir: bu ama\u00e7la ortak bir fon kurulmal\u0131 ve yeni bir emtia  ticaret d\u00fczeni<\/strong> kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin ticaret ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme arac\u0131 olarak merkezi bir talepti. Bu yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma, sanayile\u015fme yoluyla geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomilerinin \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmesi, bu \u00fclkelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgesel serbest ticaret bloklar\u0131na entegre edilmesi, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin zay\u0131f geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin ihracat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koydu\u011fu g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifeleri ve eski d\u00fczende var olan di\u011fer serbest ticaret engellerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, genelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ticaret tercihlerinin geni\u015fletilmesi ve di\u011fer serbest ticaret engellerini azaltacak anla\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Ayr\u0131ca deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ticari mallar\u0131n nakliye sigortas\u0131 konular\u0131nda Bat\u0131l\u0131 dev gemi i\u015fletmecili\u011fi ve sigorta \u015firketlerinin fiyat tekeli kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik sistemi yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma \u00f6nerileri ayn\u0131 zamanda ABD ve Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu Bretton Woods sisteminin de reforma tabi tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu; bu sistem, onu kuran ba\u015fl\u0131ca devletlerin  —\u00f6zellikle Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin- lehine i\u015fliyordu. Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen m\u00fccadelesinin ortaya koydu\u011fu bu talepler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde <\/a>ekonomik kalk\u0131nma oran\u0131n\u0131 ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131ndaki pazar pay\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rman\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 halinde, mevcut yard\u0131m ve hay\u0131rseverlik odakl\u0131 kalk\u0131nma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na k\u0131yasla daha iyi bir sonu\u00e7 verecektir. B\u00f6ylece a\u00e7l\u0131k ve umutsuzluk gibi k\u00fcresel sorunlarla daha etkili bir \u015fekilde m\u00fccadele edilebilecektir. Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar Hareketi\u2019ne \u00fcye olan \u00fclkeler<\/strong> aras\u0131ndaki olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n olan bu talepler, ayn\u0131 zamanda o d\u00f6nemde bir\u00e7ok geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkede g\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin t\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerini ve kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fma m\u00fccadelelerinin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak da de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.  Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, elde edilen siyasi ve ekonomik e\u015fitlik, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemini a\u015f\u0131p geride b\u0131rakma s\u00fcrecinin tamamlan\u0131p tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede bir kriter olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1974 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131ndan bu yana, Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok kolektif toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Kurulu, \u201cYeni Bir Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczene Do\u011fru\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 karar\u0131 kabul ederek, \u201ct\u00fcm Devletler aras\u0131nda e\u015fitlik, egemen e\u015fitlik, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar, i\u015f birli\u011fi ve dayan\u0131\u015fma ilkelerine dayal\u0131 yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen olu\u015fturma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funu\u201d yeniden vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen Hareketinin \u0130lkeleri ve \u00d6nerdi\u011fi Reformlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen belgelerinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz ba\u015fl\u0131ca ilkeler ve talepler \u015funlard\u0131r: T\u00fcm devletlerin egemen e\u015fitli\u011fi; i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131, d\u00fcnya sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne etkin kat\u0131l\u0131m ve \u00fclkelerin kendi ekonomik ve sosyal sistemlerini belirleme hakk\u0131;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her devletin do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 ve kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in gerekli di\u011fer ekonomik faaliyetler \u00fczerindeki tam egemenli\u011fi olmal\u0131 ve \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin faaliyetlerinin kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulup d\u00fczenlenmesi;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi hammaddeler ve di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin fiyatlar\u0131 ile geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan ihra\u00e7 edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin fiyatlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda adil ve dengeli bir orant\u0131 olmal\u0131; Sanayile\u015fmeyi te\u015fvik etmek amac\u0131yla geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere yeterli mali kaynaklar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve uygun teknolojilerin transferi i\u00e7in ikili ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi.<\/strong> \u00dclkeler tek tek ve kolektif \u00e7abalarla \u00f6zerkliklerini artt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131\u2026. K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkeleri kendi aras\u0131nda i\u015f birli\u011finin te\u015fvik ederek d\u00fcnya meseleleri \u00fczerine verilecek kararlarda seslerini daha etkili bir \u015fekilde duyurmal\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel y\u00f6neti\u015fime daha geni\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6stermelidir. Bu i\u015fbirli\u011fi K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerine uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin d\u00fczenlenmesinde ve daha fazla pay alabilmesini sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.  Yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen hareketinin yeni talepleri aras\u0131nda, \u201ch\u0131zla k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen iklim krizine\u201d ortakla\u015fa yan\u0131t verilmesi gereklili\u011fi bulunmaktad\u0131r. En g\u00fcncel \u201cYeni uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen\u201d talepleri Eyl\u00fcl 2024\u2019te yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda demokratik sosyalist Varufakis ve Sanders taraf\u0131ndan kurulan \u0130lerici Enternasyonal (Progressive International) orijinal \u201cYeni uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen\u201d belgeleri ve program\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncellemek i\u00e7in iki y\u0131ll\u0131k bir kolektif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980\u2019lerin Sonunda \u201cKalk\u0131nma Hakk\u0131\u201d Talebinin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kmas\u0131
<\/strong>1980\u2019lerdeki k\u00fcresel bor\u00e7 krizi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u201cYeni uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen\u201d hareketinin ciddi bir ilerleme sa\u011flamas\u0131 zordu. Fakat 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda ABD ve Britanya neoliberal ekonomik k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeyi ve \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde te\u015fvik ettiler, bu geli\u015fmelerden rahats\u0131z olan K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkeleri bu ko\u015fullarda \u201cKalk\u0131nma Hakk\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni bir talep yaratarak, K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin \u201cKalk\u0131nma Haklar\u0131\u201d \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en \u00f6nemli insan hakk\u0131d\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00dclkelerinin Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve Anti-Hegemonyac\u0131 M\u00fccadelelerinde Yeni Bir A\u015fama: Yeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczen Hareketi Ferdi Bekir, A\u011fustos 2025 Yeni Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik D\u00fczen Hareketi (NIEO), geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi ve emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sona erdirmek amac\u0131yla, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczen \u00f6neren ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc eski uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczende bir dizi reform talep eden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel-tr"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5695","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5695"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5695\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5961,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5695\/revisions\/5961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}