{"id":5892,"date":"2025-10-30T18:50:56","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T18:50:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5892"},"modified":"2025-10-30T18:50:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T18:50:57","slug":"marksizmde-calisanlarin-yabancilasmasi-uzerine-koleler-bagimli-koyluler-ve-ucretli-isciler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5892","title":{"rendered":"Marksizmde \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n Yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u00dczerine: K\u00f6leler, Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 K\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve \u00dccretli \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Marksizmde \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n Yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u00dczerine: K\u00f6leler, Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 K\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve \u00dccretli \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6leci Toplum, Feodal Toplum ve Kapitalist Toplum\u2019da Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma Hangi Farkl\u0131 Nitelikler G\u00f6steriyor<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Kaan Sungur, Ekim 2025<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlarda d\u00f6rt t\u00fcr yabanc\u0131la\u015fma belirlemi\u015ftir<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022    \u00dcretti\u011fi \u00dcr\u00fcne Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma: \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fi, \u00fcretti\u011fi \u015feye sahip de\u011fildir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7iye kar\u015f\u0131 duran, genellikle ba\u015fkas\u0131na k\u00e2r sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lan \u201cyabanc\u0131 bir nesne\u201d haline gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022    \u00dcretim S\u00fcrecinden (\u0130\u015fin Kendisine) Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma: \u0130\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fi i\u00e7in yarat\u0131c\u0131 olma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan bir \u015fey de\u011fil, d\u0131\u015fsal bir \u015feydir. Hayatta ayakta kalmak i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r (\u00fccret). \u0130\u015f, monoton, anlams\u0131z ve yorucu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022    \u0130nsan Do\u011fas\u0131ndan Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma: \u0130nsanlar, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve bilin\u00e7li faaliyetlerle d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u015fekillendiren yarat\u0131c\u0131 varl\u0131klard\u0131r. Kapitalizmde i\u015f, \u00f6zg\u00fcr veya yarat\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir, zorla yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve i\u015f\u00e7inin temel insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inkar eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2022    Di\u011fer \u0130nsanlardan Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma: Emek bir meta haline gelir ve bireyler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler rekabet\u00e7i, ticari al\u0131\u015fveri\u015flere indirgenir. \u00d6rne\u011fin: \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler daha iyi i\u015fler i\u00e7in birbirleriyle rekabet ederler ve i\u015f\u00e7i ile kapitalist aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6leci d\u00f6nemden feodalizme, feodalizmden kapitalizme s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 olan toplumsal d\u00fczenlerde ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde bulunduran \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f alt s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sahip oldu\u011fu ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7le olabildi\u011fince s\u00f6m\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fakat bu \u00fc\u00e7 toplumda s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve yabanc\u0131la\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6leci toplumdan ba\u015flayal\u0131m: Bu toplumun alt s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olan k\u00f6lelerin yaln\u0131zca emekleri de\u011fil tamamen kendileri bir mal konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6le, kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi herhangi bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde sahibi olamaz. \u00dcretti\u011fi \u015fey do\u011frudan ve ko\u015fulsuz olarak efendisine gider, kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi zenginli\u011fi efendisinin zenginli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6rmek durumundad\u0131r. Yani kendi eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f olur. K\u00f6le, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin nas\u0131l, ne zaman, nerede olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n bilgisine ve kontrol\u00fcne sahip de\u011fildir yani yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcretkenli\u011fini etkisizle\u015ftirilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine de yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. En son ve mutlak olan yabanc\u0131la\u015fma ise k\u00f6lenin kendi insan do\u011fas\u0131na yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O bir insan de\u011fildir, bir mald\u0131r: al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilen bir mal. Bir iradesi yoktur, efendisinin iradesi onun kar\u015f\u0131 koyamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir tabudur ve o ne denilirse onu yapmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feodal toplum<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer bir toplum d\u00fczeni olan feodal toplumda da bu t\u00fcr yabanc\u0131la\u015fmalar elbette hakimdir. Bu d\u00fczenin alt s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ise serflerdir. Serf k\u00f6yl\u00fcler k\u00f6lelerin aksine bir mal de\u011fildirler ancak feodal beyler olan feodal toprak sahiplerinin topraklar\u0131na zorunlu olarak ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Serf k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fcn eme\u011fi ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1-) Zorunlu Emek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu emek t\u00fcr\u00fcnde serf k\u00f6yl\u00fc, haftan\u0131n belirli g\u00fcnlerinde feodal toprak sahibinin m\u00fclk\u00fcnde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ve zorunlu olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak durumundad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada serf, eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne tamamen yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-) Feodal Toplumda K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin Tar\u0131msal Emek Faaliyeti (\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serfler, feodal Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131’nda, miras yoluyla kendisine tahsis edilen arazide toprak a\u011fas\u0131 ad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerdir. Serfin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 miras yoluyla topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleme hakk\u0131n\u0131, engel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde – toprak sahibinden elde edebiliyorlard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Topra\u011f\u0131n ve \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fclkiyeti toprak sahibinden ait olmakla birlikte, serfler yiyecek ve giyecek ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak kadar \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kendilerine ay\u0131rabiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serf k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn, emek s\u00fcrecinde ise serf k\u00f6yl\u00fc kendini ve ailesini ge\u00e7indirebilmek i\u00e7in ona toprak sahibi taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flemek verilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir m\u00fclk\u00fc i\u015fler fakat bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topraktan elde etti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sahip olamaz. Kiliseye veya efendisine, i\u015fledi\u011fi topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc vergi olarak vermek zorundad\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcn rant\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen bu durum ise serfin, eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne sonradan yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serf k\u00f6yl\u00fc, toprak sahibinin topra\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde ayn\u0131 k\u00f6lelerde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine tamamen yabanc\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kontrol tamamen feodal toprak sahibinin veya onun g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi kahyan\u0131n elindedir. Serf k\u00f6yl\u00fc, yaln\u0131zca denileni yapmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kendi topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde ise s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00fczerinde birtak\u0131m kontrollere sahiptir: topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ne zaman ekece\u011fini, nas\u0131l sulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve benzeri \u015feyleri kendi iradesiyle belirleyebilir. Bu durumda eme\u011fine daha az yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serf k\u00f6yl\u00fc bir k\u00f6le gibi mal konumunda de\u011fildir; kendi ailesi, evi ve bir derecede de olsa bir hukuk\u00ee bir kimli\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak serf k\u00f6yl\u00fc bu t\u00fcr haklara feodal toprak sahibinin izni olmadan sahip olamaz yani kendi tercihine g\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fcrce sevdi\u011fi biriyle evlenemez, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 terk edip kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7 edemez veya ba\u015fka bir yere gidemez, hangi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ekece\u011fine bile kendisi karar veremez. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez iplerle toprak sahibine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, burada gene tam bir \u00f6z iradeden ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten bahsedilemez. Feodal toplumdaki alt s\u0131n\u0131f olan serfler de kendi insani do\u011falar\u0131na k\u00f6leler kadar olmasalar da yabanc\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelelim g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yani hakim, genel toplumsal d\u00fczen olan kapitalizme. Kapitalizmdeki alt s\u0131n\u0131f ise proletarya yani i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. Tarihteki ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz toplumsal ve ekonomik geli\u015fmelere dayal\u0131 olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 tabii ki k\u00f6le ve serf k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndan daha iyi ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nicel birikimler s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi keskinle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bunun sonucundaki nitel s\u0131\u00e7ramalar ise insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gittik\u00e7e geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu tarihin nesnel yasalar\u0131ndan birisidir. Kapitalist d\u00fczendeki emek yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6leci ve feodal toplumdan temel fark\u0131 yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n do\u011frudan \u015fiddet veya hukuk\u00ee ba\u011f ile olmay\u0131p \u00fccretli emek denilen ekonomik zorunluluk yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i bir fabrikada \u00fcr\u00fcn veya da modern bir b\u00fcroda hizmet \u00fcretir fakat bu \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7inin de\u011fil fabrika sahibinin ya da ofis sahibinindir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi o \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sat\u0131n alabilmek i\u00e7in sermayedar\u0131n ona verdi\u011fi \u00fccreti kullanmak durumundad\u0131r. Yani kendi eme\u011finin somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015f halini alabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferinden daha az olan kendi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcvreti kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ne kadar \u00e7ok \u00fcretirse sermaye o kadar zenginle\u015fir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sermayenin i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc de bir o kadar artar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak i\u015f\u00e7iler kapitalizmde \u00fcrettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnlere yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin nas\u0131l i\u015fleyece\u011fine karar veremez. Ka\u00e7 saat ve nerede \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rler i\u015fverenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na -i\u015fverenin sahip oldu\u011fu \u00fcretim arac\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na- ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin eme\u011fi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullanmak zorunda oldu\u011fu yeg\u00e2ne \u015feydir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde de kendine yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r: yarat\u0131c\u0131 olamaz, potansiyelini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremez aksine onu k\u00f6reltir ve sadece denileni yapmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc bir robota d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan ve Hayvan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re insan\u0131 hayvandan ay\u0131ran temel farkl\u0131l\u0131k onun do\u011fay\u0131 iradeli ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilmesidir. Kapitalist toplumdaki emek s\u00fcreci ise bu yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 eyleme d\u00f6kmek i\u00e7in bir ama\u00e7 de\u011fil para kazanmak i\u00e7in bir araca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As\u0131l, eme\u011fini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakitlerde insan gibi hissetmesi gereken insan kapitalist toplumda eme\u011fini kullan\u0131rken \u00f6z do\u011fas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015f\u0131p tekd\u00fczele\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in insan gibi hissedemez ancak eme\u011fini kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakitlerde -uyumak, yemek yemek vs.- insan gibi hissedebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum insan i\u00e7in geriye do\u011fru bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc emek kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda insan\u0131 kendisini insan gibi hissetmesi daha \u00e7ok hayvan\u00ee bir \u00f6zelliktir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere kapitalizm insan\u0131 bu denli kendi do\u011fas\u0131na yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kapitalist d\u00fczende bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fmalara sebep olan \u015fey \u00fccretli emektir. Kapitalizmde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz t\u00fcm sorunlar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir di\u011fer yabanc\u0131la\u015fma t\u00fcr\u00fc ise insanlar\u0131n birbirlerine yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7oktur, fakat iyi i\u015flerin say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r i\u015f\u00e7iler iyi i\u015flere girebilmek i\u00e7in birbirleriyle rekabet ederler. Bu durum i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensup olan bireylerin aralar\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 \u00e7ok\u00e7a zay\u0131flat\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insanlar birbirlerini ara\u00e7 olarak kullanmaya ba\u015flar ve insan\u00eelikten uzakla\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak insanlar\u0131n k\u00f6leci, feodal ve kapitalist toplum d\u00fczenlerindeki yabanc\u0131la\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels, kapitalist toplum i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirdikleri bir kavram olan i\u015f\u00e7i yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> perspektifinden \u201ck\u00f6le toplumu\u201dnu ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde analiz etmemi\u015f olsalar da, daha geni\u015f tarihsel materyalist \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri, onlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada anahtar nokta, Marx ve Engels i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n belirli bir dizi toplumsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinde k\u00f6k sald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamakt\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n bi\u00e7imi, \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Kapitalizmde i\u015f\u00e7i bi\u00e7imsel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr, ancak ekonomik olarak emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satmaya mecburdur. K\u00f6le toplumunda ise s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve yabanc\u0131la\u015fma kapitalizme k\u0131yasla daha do\u011frudan, daha kapsaml\u0131 ve daha ac\u0131mas\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels, teorilerine dayanarak k\u00f6le toplumunda i\u015f\u00e7inin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klarlard\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n Kendi \u00dcretti\u011fi <\/strong>\u00dcr\u00fcnden Yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmde: \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, kapitalistin sahip oldu\u011fu ve satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir meta \u00fcretir. \u00dcr\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7iye kar\u015f\u0131 duran yabanc\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6leci Toplumda: Bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fma mutlak d\u00fczeydedir. K\u00f6le hi\u00e7bir \u015feye sahip de\u011fildir \u2014 ne aletlere, ne hammaddelere, ne de elbette \u00fcr\u00fcne. K\u00f6lenin eme\u011finin t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u2014 mahsuller, binalar, el sanatlar\u0131 \u2014 k\u00f6le sahibi taraf\u0131ndan derhal ve \u015fiddet arac\u0131yla kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcn sadece k\u00f6leye \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 durmakla\u201d kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131 ezenlerin m\u00fclkiyeti alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve \u00fcr\u00fcn onlar\u0131 boyunduruk alt\u0131na alan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirmek ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma S\u00fcrecinden Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma (Emek S\u00fcreci)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmde: Emek (i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131) bir i\u015fkence, sadece hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, nas\u0131l, ne zaman ve ne \u00fcretecekleri \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7bir kontrole sahip de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6leci Toplumda: Bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fma son raddededir ve do\u011frudan \u015fiddetle uygulan\u0131r. Emek bir se\u00e7im de\u011fil, k\u0131rba\u00e7, i\u015fkence veya \u00f6l\u00fcm tehdidi alt\u0131nda var olman\u0131n bir ko\u015fuludur. K\u00f6le, emek s\u00fcrecinde hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zerkli\u011fe sahip de\u011fildir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlere kadar her ayr\u0131nt\u0131da y\u00f6nlendirilir, tamamen zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu durum yarat\u0131c\u0131, kendi kendini y\u00f6neten insan faaliyetinin tam tersidir. Bu, insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir cezad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u0130nsan\u0131n Kendi <\/strong>Do\u011fas\u0131ndan<\/strong> Yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmde<\/strong>: \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin yarat\u0131c\u0131 ve toplumsal potansiyeli bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, insan \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi de\u011fil, hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in mekanik bir faaliyete indirgenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6leci Toplumda: Bu belki de en derin yabanc\u0131la\u015fma d\u00fczeyidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, insanlar\u0131 hayvanlardan ay\u0131ran \u015feyin bilin\u00e7li, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve evrensel \u00fcretken faaliyetimiz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u00f6le, sistematik olarak y\u00fck hayvan\u0131 veya alet stat\u00fcs\u00fcne indirgenir. \u0130nsanl\u0131klar\u0131, egemen ideoloji taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a reddedilir. Sosyal veya politik varl\u0131klar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmezler. Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, topluluk ve planlama kapasiteleri ezilir ve yaln\u0131zca efendinin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6nlendirilir. \u0130nsan olarak kendi temel do\u011falar\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Di\u011fer \u0130nsanlara Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmde:<\/strong> Sosyal ili\u015fkiler piyasa ve mallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler birbirleriyle rekabet ederler ve kapitalist ile i\u015f\u00e7i aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, \u201cserbest\u201d bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle maskelenmi\u015f bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkisidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6l<\/strong>eci <\/strong>Toplumda:<\/strong> Bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fma belirgindir ve yasal olarak da g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birincil sosyal ili\u015fki, efendi ile k\u00f6le aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkidir \u2014 mutlak egemenlik ve boyun e\u011fdirme ili\u015fkisi. K\u00f6le, do\u011frudan d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olan efendisinden yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, k\u00f6le genellikle di\u011fer k\u00f6lelerden de yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; sosyal ba\u011flar\u0131 (aile, akrabal\u0131k) k\u00f6le ticareti yoluyla kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yasal olarak tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu da kapitalist proletaryan\u0131n yapabildi\u011fi gibi istikrarl\u0131, devrimci bir s\u0131n\u0131f bilincinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemi\u015ftir. Onlar izole \u00fcretim birimleri olarak muamele g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel Fark: S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Bi\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels, Alman \u0130deolojisi ve Kapital gibi eserlerinde farkl\u0131 \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerini \u00f6zetlemi\u015flerdir. K\u00f6le \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin \u00f6z\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7inin kendisinin bir m\u00fclk olarak sahiplenilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmde: S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, \u201c\u00fccret\u201d yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, emek g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccret al\u0131r, ancak bu \u00fccretin \u00f6tesinde bir de\u011fer (art\u0131 de\u011fer) yarat\u0131r ve bu de\u011fer kapitalist taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6le Toplumunda: S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc do\u011frudan ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. K\u00f6le sahibi, t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131r. K\u00f6lenin \u201cbak\u0131m\u0131\u201d (yiyecek, bar\u0131nma) \u00fccret de\u011fildir; bir makineye yak\u0131t vermek veya bir ata yem vermek gibidir \u2014 m\u00fclk\u00fcn i\u015flevsel kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken \u00fcretim maliyetidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu<\/strong>\u00e7: K\u00f6leci Toplumda Daha Kapsaml\u0131, ancak Daha Az \u201cGizemli\u201d Bir Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels i\u00e7in, k\u00f6lenin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 kapitalist \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7inin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131ndan daha kapsaml\u0131 ve korkun\u00e7tu. \u00dccretli i\u015f\u00e7i, eme\u011fini satma \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne\u201d sahipken yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r; k\u00f6le ise m\u00fclk oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, k\u00f6leci toplumdaki bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n daha az gizemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmde s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cadil\u201d bir \u00fccret \u00f6denmesiyle gizlenir.<\/strong> K\u00f6le toplumunda ise s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc apa\u00e7\u0131k ve barizdir; bir insan\u0131n ba\u015fka bir insan\u0131 do\u011frudan ve \u015fiddetle egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na almas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerinin ac\u0131mas\u0131z ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini gizleyecek \u2018\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u2019 ve \u201ce\u015fitlik\u201d gibi ideolojik bir perde yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle, Marx kapitalizmin belirli toplumsal ili\u015fkilerini ele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131la\u015fma teorisini geli\u015ftirirken, tarihsel materyalist y\u00f6ntemi, yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc olan ki\u015finin eme\u011fi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve toplumsal ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmesinin, bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n eme\u011fini s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her s\u0131n\u0131f temelli toplumda var oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. K\u00f6le toplumunda bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fma en ham ve mutlak bi\u00e7imini al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels’e g\u00f6re feodal ve kapitalist toplumlarda yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n fark\u0131 nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Marx ve Engels\u2019e g\u00f6re  yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 feodal ve kapitalist toplumlarda temelden farkl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her bir sistemin \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki sistemde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131r, ancak bunun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7im farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6<\/strong>zet Tablosu<\/strong>: <\/strong>Feodal ve Kapitalist Yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n Farklar\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/td>Fe<\/strong>odal Toplum<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Kapitalist Toplum<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
S<\/strong>\u00f6<\/strong>m<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>r<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>n<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>n<\/strong><\/strong> Temeli<\/strong><\/td>Ekonomi d\u0131\u015f\u0131 zor: <\/strong>Yasal, siyasi ve askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 (efendinin emek talep etme hakk\u0131).<\/td>Ekonomik zorlama: <\/strong>\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmakta \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr\u201d olan i\u015f\u00e7i, hayatta kalmak i\u00e7in emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
S<\/strong>\u00f6<\/strong>m<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>r<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>n<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>n<\/strong><\/strong> Bi<\/strong>\u00e7<\/strong>imi<\/strong><\/td> Emek zaman\u0131n\u0131n veya \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin do\u011frudan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi (\u00f6rne\u011fin, angarya eme\u011fi, kira).   <\/td>\u00dccret sistemi perdesi arkas\u0131nda. i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcretti\u011fi art\u0131-de\u011ferin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi<\/td><\/tr>
Y<\/strong>abanc\u0131la\u015f-man\u0131n Do\u011fas\u0131<\/strong><\/td>D<\/strong>o\u011frudan, ki\u015fisel ve g<\/strong>\u00f6<\/strong>r<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>n<\/strong>\u00fc<\/strong>r. <\/strong>Serf kendisini kimin ve nas\u0131l s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bilir.<\/td>Dolayl\u0131, ki\u015fisel olmayan ve gizlenmi\u015f.<\/strong> S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc “adil” \u00fccret s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle gizlenir.<\/td><\/tr>
Sosyal \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/strong><\/td>Ki\u015fisel ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri <\/strong>(Lord-Serf, Usta-\u00c7\u0131rak). Hiyerar\u015fik bir zincir var.   <\/strong>.<\/td>Pazar ve sermayeye nesnel ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri. <\/strong>Bi\u00e7imsel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve e\u015fit bireyler.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u0130deolojik Maske<\/strong><\/td>Din ve gelenek <\/strong>(\u00f6rne\u011fin, \u201c\u0130lahi Hak\u201d, \u201cVarl\u0131klar\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Zinciri\u201d) sosyal hiyerar\u015fiyi me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/td>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik ve liyakat <\/strong>ideolojisi. Piyasa tarafs\u0131z ve adil olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/td><\/tr>
Yabanc\u0131la\u015f<\/strong>-ma<\/strong>m\u0131\u015f Ya\u015fam Alan\u0131 <\/strong><\/td>Serf k\u00f6yl\u00fcler kendi arazilerinde ve ev i\u00e7i \u00fcretimlerinde bir dereceye kadar \u00f6zerkli\u011fe sahiptiler.<\/td> \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 (bo\u015f zaman, t\u00fcketim) kendini ifade edebilece\u011fi tek alan haline gelir, ancak bu alan da ticarile\u015ftirilir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sonu<\/strong>\u00e7: Toplumsal \u201c\u0130lerlemenin\u201d \u0130lgin\u00e7 \u0130ronisi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels  i\u00e7in, feodalizmden kapitalizme ge\u00e7i\u015f bir anlamda ilericiydi: eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kat\u0131, ki\u015fisel hiyerar\u015filerini y\u0131karak daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir insani geli\u015fme potansiyeli yaratt\u0131.  Ancak, kapitalizm feodalizmin a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u015feffaf s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc daha incelikli, gizemli ve evrensel bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve yabanc\u0131la\u015fma bi\u00e7imiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Feodalizmdeki serf k\u00f6yl\u00fcler yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist i\u015f\u00e7iler ise, piyasan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na sistematik olarak g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde<\/strong> yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, bu da onlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla m\u00fccadele etmeyi potansiyel olarak zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marksizmde \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n Yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u00dczerine: K\u00f6leler, Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 K\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve \u00dccretli \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler K\u00f6leci Toplum, Feodal Toplum ve Kapitalist Toplum\u2019da Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma Hangi Farkl\u0131 Nitelikler G\u00f6steriyor Kaan Sungur, Ekim 2025 Marx, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlarda d\u00f6rt t\u00fcr yabanc\u0131la\u015fma belirlemi\u015ftir: \u2022    \u00dcretti\u011fi \u00dcr\u00fcne Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma: \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fi, \u00fcretti\u011fi \u015feye sahip de\u011fildir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcn, i\u015f\u00e7iye kar\u015f\u0131 duran, genellikle ba\u015fkas\u0131na k\u00e2r sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ara\u00e7 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-klasikler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5892","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5892"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5892\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5893,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5892\/revisions\/5893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5892"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5892"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5892"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}