{"id":5914,"date":"2025-11-02T12:17:19","date_gmt":"2025-11-02T12:17:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5914"},"modified":"2025-11-04T19:23:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T19:23:02","slug":"baris-ve-kalkinma-ile-kazan-kazan-is-birligi-arasindaki-iliski-sorunu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5914","title":{"rendered":"“Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki Sorunu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

“Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki Sorunu<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

 Emperyalizme, Hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve Sava\u015flara Kar\u015f\u0131 M\u00fccadele<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Ferdi Bekir, Ekim 2025<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131da D\u00fcnya Sosyalizmi Ansiklopedisi\u2019nden (Pekin 2020) yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi \u00c7in\u2019in 1980\u2019lerden bu yana savundu\u011fu ve pratikte uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131  en temel d\u0131\u015f politika teorisidir. Bu teori \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin<\/strong> d\u00fcnyada i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemi ve bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan trendleri analiz ederek vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yarg\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7KP art\u0131k “sosyalizmin bitti\u011finin” iddia edildi\u011fi 1980’lerde \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: “\u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015ftir, Marx ve Lenin’in savundu\u011fu gibi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc hala kapitalizmden sosyalizme ge\u00e7i\u015ftir. Bu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nem “Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” stratejik hedefi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmeyi gerektiriyor; bu m\u00fccadele d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sosyalizme, kom\u00fcnizme daha fazla yakla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r”.  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki<\/strong> sorunu bug\u00fcn\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkileri ve bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnya ekonomisi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ve merkezi bir sorundur. \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan “Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” <\/strong>ile “kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi”<\/strong> aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, bir di\u011ferini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7eren bir ili\u015fkidir. Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma hem zengin K\u00fcresel Kuzey \u00fclkelerinin <\/strong>ve halklar\u0131n\u0131n talebidir, hem de geli\u015fmekte olan K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin<\/strong> ve halklar\u0131n\u0131n talebidir, fakat bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma ba\u015fta a\u00e7l\u0131k susuzluk ve hastal\u0131klarla bo\u011fu\u015fan Afrika olmak \u00fczere Meksika dahil Latin Amerika ve Asya \u00fclkelerinin ve halklar\u0131n\u0131n kolektif talebidir,<\/strong> d\u00fcnya kom\u00fcnist ve sosyalistleri bu taleplerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleyi enternasyonalist bir hedef olarak d\u0131\u015f politika programlar\u0131na almal\u0131d\u0131rlar.  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma,<\/strong> ula\u015fmak istedi\u011fimiz nihai hedefi veya arzulanan durumu temsil eder, bunun sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda emperyalizm ve hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131k inine sokulacakt\u0131r. Kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi ise bu hedefe ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in gerekli olan strateji veya s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma hedefi kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011finin temelidir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncelikle, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir i\u015f birli\u011finin ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in istikrarl\u0131 ve m\u00fcreffeh bir uluslararas\u0131 ortam gereklidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyada kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in gerekli olan istikrar\u0131 sa\u011flar: \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma, ekonomik ve siyasi yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar veya sava\u015f durumunda \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 g\u00fcven yoktur. Ticaret yollar\u0131 kapan\u0131r, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00e7ok risklidir ve diplomatik kanallar \u00e7\u00f6ker. Bir taraf\u0131n kazanc\u0131n\u0131n di\u011ferinin kayb\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131f\u0131r toplaml\u0131 bir ortamda kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi yapamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Bar\u0131\u015f, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 uzun vadeli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, ortak giri\u015fimler ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fler i\u00e7in gereken \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fi ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalk\u0131nma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalk\u0131nma,<\/strong> \u00fclkelerde ekonomik kapasite ve talep yarat\u0131r, bir \u00fclke geli\u015firken altyap\u0131lar in\u015fa etmeli, \u00fclkedeki i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc e\u011fitmeli ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak durumundad\u0131r. Bu da \u00fcretilen mallar i\u00e7in yeni pazarlar, yeni yat\u0131r\u0131m f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 ve teknolojik ve bilimsel i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 yeni ortakla\u015fmalar yarat\u0131r. Geli\u015fmi\u015f veya geli\u015fmekte olan bir ekonomi di\u011fer \u00fclkeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha fazla tercih bir ortakt\u0131r. K\u0131saca s\u00f6ylersek bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma<\/strong> temeli olmadan, “kazan-kazan” fikrinin kendisi uygulanamaz hale gelir. Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma i\u015f birli\u011finin \u00fczerinde geli\u015febilece\u011fi ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i ve verimli bir zemindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkeler Aras\u0131 Kazan-Kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Bar\u0131\u015f ve Kalk\u0131nman\u0131n itici G\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 rekabet yerine, aktif bir bi\u00e7imde kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek, bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 yaratman\u0131n ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenin en etkili yollar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi \u00dclkeler Aras\u0131 Ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik eder:<\/strong> \u00dclkeler ticaret ve tedarik zincirleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birbirleriyle derinlemesine entegre olduklar\u0131nda–\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir \u00fclke hammadde, di\u011feri teknoloji, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00fclke de \u00fcretim montaj i\u015fini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda–, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n maliyeti \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artar. Bir \u00fclkenin \u00f6nemli bir ekonomik i\u015fbirli\u011fi orta\u011f\u0131yla sava\u015fa girmesi, kendi tedarik zincirinizi sabote etmek anlam\u0131na gelir olur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ekonomik i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00fczerinden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir te\u015fvik yarat\u0131r. Bu, ilerici uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler teorisinin de temel ilkelerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi \u00dclkeler Aras\u0131 Ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve g\u00fcveni te\u015fvik eder:<\/strong> \u00d6rne\u011fin temiz enerji alan\u0131nda ortak ara\u015ft\u0131rma, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i altyap\u0131 projeleri veya s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi \u00e7evre koruma gibi kazan-kazan projeleri, uluslar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 uyumlu hale getirir. Birinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, di\u011ferinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu, \u00fclkeler Aras\u0131 <\/strong>g\u00fcven olu\u015fturur ve \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 <\/strong>ili\u015fkileri potansiyel bir rekabetten ortakl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi <\/strong>kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r: Hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu t\u00fcm sermayeye, teknolojiye ve kaynaklara sahip de\u011fildir. Kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi sayesinde \u00fclkeler \u015funlar\u0131 yapabilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • \u00dcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in yeni pazarlara eri\u015fim sa\u011flayabilirler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Sanayilerini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ekebilirler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \u00dclkelerine \u0130leri teknoloji ve bilgi transferi sa\u011flayabilirler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 Hastal\u0131klar, felaketler, yoksulluk ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi gibi ortak sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde i\u015f birli\u011fi yapabilirler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Ortakla\u015fa payla\u015f\u0131lan refah, genellikle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7an e\u015fitsizlikleri ve kaynak k\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi,<\/strong> \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ftan daha kazan\u00e7l\u0131 ve \u00fclkelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ortakla\u015fa payla\u015f\u0131lan kaynaklar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla daha ula\u015f\u0131labilir k\u0131lar ve \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 fayda sa\u011flayan bir a\u011f \u00f6rer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131: S\u0131f\u0131r Toplaml\u0131 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 Zihniyet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi <\/strong>ili\u015fkisini tam olarak anlamak i\u00e7in, Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011finin <\/strong>kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan s\u0131f\u0131r toplaml\u0131 veya “kazan-kaybet” zihniyetiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik, Emperyalizm ve hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131k:<\/strong> Bu, asl\u0131nda “kazan-kaybet” modelidir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan \u00fclkenin bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n pahas\u0131na kendi kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kaynak ve zenginlik elde etti ve o \u00fclkeyi ya\u011fmalad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ticari ve Ekonomik Korumac\u0131l\u0131k ve Ticaret Sava\u015flar\u0131:<\/strong> Bir \u00fclke, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik kazanc\u0131n\u0131n kendi kayb\u0131 oldu\u011funa inand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, rakip \u00fclkeye kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck ve ticaret engelleri diker. Bu durum genellikle misillemelere yol a\u00e7arak k\u00fcresel ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ve \u00fclkelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller ve \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 baltalar ve diplomatik s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmelere neden olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    So\u011fuk Sava\u015f ve Blokla\u015fma Siyaseti d\u00f6nemi geride kalmal\u0131:<\/strong> O d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnya b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etki alanlar\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; i\u015f birli\u011fi her blokun kendi i\u00e7iyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131 ve genellikle bir blok di\u011ferinin jeopolitik yenilgisini hedefliyordu. “Kazan-kazan” i\u015fbirli\u011fi modeli, bu modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f so\u011fuk sava\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7evesini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a reddetmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    “Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki <\/strong>\u0130li\u015fki simbiyotik ve nedenseldir: Bar\u0131\u015f ve Kalk\u0131nma bu dava i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edilmeden otomatik elde edilemez. Bar\u0131\u015f ve Kalk\u0131nma ortam\u0131 aktif olarak in\u015fa edilmeli ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir. Kazan-Kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi, birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131, k\u00fcreselle\u015fmi\u015f olan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Bar\u0131\u015f ve Kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 in\u015fa etmenin ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenin temel mekanizmas\u0131d\u0131r. Biri olmadan di\u011feri s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde var olamaz. Kazan-kaybet yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek k\u0131sa vadeli baz\u0131 kazan\u0131mlar sa\u011flayabilir, ancak uzun vadede istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tersine, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 fayda sa\u011flayan i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i ba\u011flar kurmadan bar\u0131\u015fa eri\u015filebilece\u011fini beklemek k\u0131r\u0131lgan ve mevcut duruma boyun e\u011fen pasif bir stratejidir. Bu nedenle, kazan-kazan i\u015f birli\u011fi, \u00fclkelerin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc acil \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 nihai olarak ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z evrensel bar\u0131\u015f ve ortakla\u015fa kalk\u0131nma hedeflerine ba\u011flayan\u2014ve emperyalizmi ve hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 inine sokmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan–<\/strong> pratik bir yoldur.  Avrupa’daki \u00fclkelerin Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ni kurmas\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgesinde kazan-kazan i\u015fbirli\u011fini belirli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f ortam\u0131na ve \u00fclkelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Fakat her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n Avrupa Birli\u011fi i\u00e7indeki baz\u0131 b\u00fc\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 konumundaki \u00fclkeler hem bu b\u00f6lgede hem d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131k tutumundan vaz ge\u00e7memei\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    “Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki Sorunu  Emperyalizme, Hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve Sava\u015flara Kar\u015f\u0131 M\u00fccadele Ferdi Bekir, Ekim 2025 Bu yaz\u0131da D\u00fcnya Sosyalizmi Ansiklopedisi\u2019nden (Pekin 2020) yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma” ile Kazan-kazan \u0130\u015f Birli\u011fi \u00c7in\u2019in 1980\u2019lerden bu yana savundu\u011fu ve pratikte uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131  en temel d\u0131\u015f politika teorisidir. Bu teori \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin d\u00fcnyada i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,51,53,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dunya-sosyalizmi","category-dunya-sosyalizmi-tr","category-turkiye-sosyalizmi-tr","category-turkiye-sosyalizmi"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5914"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5945,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5914\/revisions\/5945"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5914"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}