{"id":6069,"date":"2026-01-02T15:08:17","date_gmt":"2026-01-02T15:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6069"},"modified":"2026-01-08T00:24:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T00:24:47","slug":"the-original-contribution-of-new-forms-of-human-civilization-idea-to-marxist-economics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6069&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"The Original Contribution of \u201cNew Forms of Human Civilization\u201d Idea to Marxist Economics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The Original Contribution of \u201cNew Forms of Human Civilization\u201d Idea to Marxist Economics<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
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Author: Prof. Xie Fusheng, Deputy Director of the National Research Center for the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics at Renmin University of China, Editor-in-Chief of Renmin University of China Press. <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This article is from *Southeast Academic Journal* (Issue 4, 2023).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Translator: Deniz K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7e\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract: Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has taken a long-term perspective and overall command, creatively putting forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, leading China’s economic development to achieve historic achievements and undergo historic changes, and forming and developing Xi Jinping’s economic thought in practice. Comrade Xi Jinping proposed four times\u2014at the opening ceremonies of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, the 11th National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, the 10th National Congress of the China Writers Association, and the Second Plenary Session of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee\u2014that our Party has led the people to create a “new form of human civilization,” clarifying the social nature of socialism with Chinese characteristics from the perspective of social formation, which is an original contribution to Marxist political economy.  This great assertion of \u201ca new form of human civilization\u201d  by Xi Jinping formally clarifies the social nature of economically and culturally backward countries after achieving victory in socialist revolution.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cA new form of human civilization\u201d  idea  is the key to solving the question of whether “backward countries can absorb all the achievements of capitalist civilization while preventing the disastrous consequences of capitalism,” breaking through the dogma of the linear development of the “five social formations,” integrating the long-term exploration of the Chinese Communists, solving a series of theoretical and practical problems in the cause of socialist modernization, and serving as the linchpin for constructing the theoretical system of Marxist economics in the 21st century.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (2012), the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has taken a long-term perspective and overall command, creatively putting forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, leading China’s economic development to achieve historic achievements and undergo historic changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In practice, this has formed and developed Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is a rigorous, rich, and profound system that profoundly answers a series of major directional, fundamental, and strategic questions concerning the overall development of China’s economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and represents the latest theoretical achievement of Marxist political economy in contemporary China and the 21st-century world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2017 Central Economic Work Conference summarized the main content of Xi Jinping’s economic thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era as “seven insistences.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, as Xi Jinping’s economic thought has been continuously enriched and developed in practice, these “seven insistences” cannot fully encompass its rich content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The “Outline for Studying Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought,” published in 2022, further summarizes it into “thirteen aspects,” but still lacks a core category to connect the above content and form an academic theoretical system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi Jinping’s economic thought involves different levels and must be treated differently. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Firstly , as the leader of the country, Xi Jinping has put forward a series of specific strategies, policies, and measures, such as building smart cities and digital villages, promoting the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Secondly , Xi Jinping’s innovative contributions to Marxist political economy and socialist economic theory include the new development philosophy, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind , and new forms of human civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The theoretical contributions of Xi Jinping’s economic thought can be categorized into three types: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, the enrichment, development, and recombination of classic theories. For example, the new development philosophy of “innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing” is precisely a development and recombination of classic Marxist political economy theories and positive and negative development experiences at home and abroad. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, the integration of the characteristics of the times and new practical experiences, giving new connotations to classic theories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is a new development of Marxist community theory in light of China’s foreign relations practice and the new world development situation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third, Xi Jinping’s economic thought  is a completely new and original theory, which is a theoretical problem that Marx and Engels did not answer, but that socialist practice must face; it is also a theoretical problem that Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping tried to solve in socialist practice, but failed to solve; Xi Jinping’s economic thought  is also a major theoretical problem concerning China’s high-quality economic development, the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comrade Xi Jinping proposed four times\u2014at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, at the opening ceremonies of the 11th National Congress of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, the 10th National Congress of the China Writers Association, and at the Second Plenary Session of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee\u2014that our Party has led the people to create a “new form of human civilization.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This statement clarifies the social nature of socialism with Chinese characteristics from the perspective of social formation, representing an original contribution to Marxist political economy. Civilization depends on the existence of social formations while simultaneously concretizing them in economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological aspects, constituting the social formation of civilization, i.e., the form of civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The “new form of human civilization” idea refers to a new social formation; that is, socialism with Chinese characteristics is a new social formation in the history of human social development. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This great assertion of a \u201cnew form of human civilization\u201d formally clarifies the social nature of economically and culturally backward countries after achieving victory in socialist revolution. It is the key to solving the question of whether “backward countries can absorb all the achievements of capitalist civilization while preventing the disastrous consequences of capitalism.” This assertion of \u201ca new form of human civilization\u201d breaks through the dogma of the linear development of the “five social formations,” integrates the long-term exploration of the Chinese Communists, solves a series of theoretical and practical problems in the cause of socialist modernization, and is the linchpin for constructing the theoretical system of Marxist economics in the 21st century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Part I. The Exploration and Contributions of Classical Marxist Writers and Communists to the theory of Socialism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>Determining the nature of a society’s social formation is a necessary prerequisite for Marxists to reveal the laws of social movement, and a fundamental condition for communists to carry out socialist construction. Marx and Engels established historical materialism, discovered the laws of human historical development, and divided the grand historical era of human social development into three major social formations<\/strong>: social formations of <\/strong>\u201chuman dependence\u201d (several precapitalist social formations); capitalist social formation of <\/strong>\u201cmaterial dependence,\u201d and the communist social formation wherein<\/strong> \u201cthe all-round development of the individual\u201d is realized. See Marx\u2019s Grundrisse, Three Major Social Formations, First, Second and the Third\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taking capitalist economic relations\u2014the typical representative of \u201cmaterial dependence\u201d society\u2014as the main body, Marx-Engels studied the laws of capitalist economic movement, pioneered Marxist political economy, and, by revealing the historical laws of the emergence, development, and demise of capitalism, transformed socialism from utopian to scientific, elucidating the general provisions of future society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike capitalism, whose social formation preceded the development of its related concepts and economic theories, the practice of socialism developed under the guidance of Marxist theory; and development of socialist practice, in turn, has innovated Marxist theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Classical Marxist writers and Communist leaders tirelessly explored the construction of a socialist society. Marx and Engels argued that socialist revolution would first occur in developed capitalist countries, and that victory would only be achieved if it occurred simultaneously in several major most developed and civilized capitalist countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In his later years, Marx recognized that the establishment of communist society was a general trend in world history, but this did not preclude the possibility of transitioning to communism from other social formations besides capitalism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx analyzed the particularities of historical development in Eastern societies and, using Russian society as an example, first discussed whether economically and culturally backward countries could \u201cmake use of and possess all the positive fruits of capitalist production without experiencing capitalism\u2019s terrible setbacks.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, Marx and Engels insisted that for backward countries to carry out socialist revolution and construction, “an indispensable condition is that the still capitalist West provides an example and active support.” Subsequent later world socialist practice far exceeded Marx and Engels’s expectations.\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, Mao Zedong, and other Communist Party leaders took over the historical mission of socialist revolution and construction, clarifying that socialist revolution could succeed in backward capitalist countries, and even in semi-colonial and semi-feudal societies that had not yet experienced capitalist development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, Mao Zedong, and other Communist Party leaders established the theories of imperialism and new democracy, and pioneered the new socialist path of “revolution first, construction later.” However, overthrowing the old social order is different from constructing a new one; the latter requires a deeper understanding of the nature of the new social order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Due to the short history of the socialist movement, the limited experience of building socialist countries worldwide, and insufficient exploration of the laws governing socialist development, communists failed to reach a consensus on the nature of society in backward countries after the victory of socialist revolution and what kind of society should be built. (including Soviet Union)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This led to confusion and errors in basic strategies, lines, principles, and policies, with some “left” methods being adopted that were divorced from reality and beyond the current stage, resulting in mistakes and setbacks in the early stages of socialist construction.\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The theory of the primary stage of socialism, proposed by Deng Xiaoping and other Chinese Communists, points out that China is in an underdeveloped stage of socialist society. While this theory overcomes the erroneous tendency to dogmatize Marxism to some extent, it fails to clarify the nature of Chinese society at the level of social formation, thus bringing new theoretical problems. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, problem the duration of the primary stage of socialism contradicts the nature of the term “stage.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping stated that “consolidating and developing the socialist system requires a very long historical period, requiring the unremitting efforts of several generations, even dozens of generations,” indicating that the economic and social structure of the primary stage of socialism will be stable for a long time, and will belong to a “long period” of historical development. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

I think that this stable socio-economic system, lasting for hundreds of years, should constitute a social formation, not a stage of development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second problem, the primary stage of socialism is dynamic and constantly changing, which should be divided into different development stages. For example in the 20th Party Congress Xi Jinping\u2019s proposed the term \u201cnew development stage\u201d which is a new stage within the primary stage of socialism, and the higher stages following \u201cthis new development stage\u201d will face new challenges when making theoretical explantions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third problem, does China’s imminent completion of a modern socialist country by 2050 signify the end of the primary stage of socialism? Will the components existing in the primary stage of socialism that do not belong to socialist relations of production continue to be upheld and developed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Part 2- The “new form of human civilization” idea of Xi Jinping breaks through the dogma of the linear development of the “five social formations”.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The development of human society is characterized by a “monolithic and multi-linear” nature. “The world develops in multiple dimensions, and world history does not progress linearly.\u201d \u201cWithout diversity, there is no human civilization. Diversity is an objective reality and will exist for a long time.” Xi Jinping Speeches on Civilization (See. http:\/\/download.people.com.cn\/waiwen\/eight17590181121.pdf)<\/a>. Diversity is an objective reality and will exist for a long time. “<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example the \u201cmonolithic\u201d development theory refers to the objective historical law that human society must go through 3 stages of \u201chuman dependence,\u201d \u201cmaterial dependence,\u201d and \u201cthe all-round development of the individual\u201d stages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The “multi-linear” aspect means that the specific evolutionary path of a country’s social form varies according to the objective historical and cultural background and socio-economic conditions of each country. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is \u201cnot a simple continuation of our historical and cultural blueprint, not a simple application of the template envisioned by classical Marxist writers (Marx, Engels, Lenin) it is not a reprint of the socialist practices of other countries, nor a replica of foreign modernization development.\u201d (Xi Jinping Speeches on Civilization, See. http:\/\/download.people.com.cn\/waiwen\/eight17590181121.pdf<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike the “five social formations” path of social evolution in Western Europe, modern China, due to its lagging behind in the global development process, was forced to be drawn into capitalist civilization, forming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal mixed social formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Communist Party of China fundamentally changed the semi-colonial and semi-feudal nature of society through revolutionary means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on the basic national conditions and principal contradictions of different historical periods, CPC proactively transformed the superstructure and reshaped the conditions of production from top to bottom, establishing an independent industrial system from scratch, creating a socialist market economy, establishing the material foundation and institutional guarantees for modern production, successfully opening a new path to Chinese-style modernization, clarifying the \u201cfour pillars and eight beams of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics\u201d, ushering in a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and constructing a socialist social form with Chinese characteristics which is a specific social form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

** <\/strong>The “Four Pillars and Eight Beams” theory is a reform mindset<\/strong><\/a> and methodology proposed by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

the \u201cfour pillars and eight beams of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics\u201d  <\/strong>defines the specific components of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, \u201c<\/strong>socialist system with Chinese characteristics<\/strong>\u201d consists of the 13 aspects of “adhering to and improving” proposed at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee: the system of Party leadership, the system of people being the masters of the country, the system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, the administrative system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the basic socialist economic system, the system for promoting and developing advanced socialist culture, the system for ensuring people’s livelihood in both urban and rural areas, the system of social governance based on co-construction, co-governance and sharing, the system of ecological civilization, the system of absolute Party leadership over the People’s Liberation Army, the “one country, two systems” system, the independent and peaceful foreign policy, and the system of Party and state supervision. These 13 aspects constitute the overall blueprint of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is “not a simple continuation of our historical and cultural blueprint, not a simple application of the template envisioned by classical Marxist writers (Marx, Engels, Lenin) it is not a reprint of the socialist practices of other countries, nor a replica of foreign modernization development.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a new social form belonging to the stage of “material dependence” and underdeveloped socialist societies. This means that it is necessary to fully utilize the role of the market, break through the fundamental limitations of a society based on “human dependence,” (first major social form) and establish universal connections between people through the exchange of goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, socialism with Chinese characteristics is a positive rejection of capitalist social forms. By absorbing the achievements of developed countries’ civilization, socialism with Chinese characteristics greatly shortens the development process from traditional to modern society and leverages the superiority of the socialist system to overcome the drawbacks of the core logic of “capital supremacy”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Part 3- The \u201cnew form of human civilization\u201d idea is the culmination of the Chinese Communist Party’s and Classic Marxist\u2019s exploration of socialism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>Xi Jinping pointed out: “As a long-term historical development process, socialist society cannot form a perfect and flawless production relationship at the very beginning of the establishment of the basic socialist system; it also requires a process of continuous maturation and improvement.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“The new form of human civilization” idea is precisely a reverse examination and deduction from the present to the past, from mature and sufficient development to immature and insufficient development. The new form of human civilization idea integrates the Communist Party’s exploration of “what is socialism and how to build socialism,” summarizes the development practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, systematizes the existing theoretical creations in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and abstracts the essential characteristics of the economic foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, specifically including five aspects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATION OF SOCIALISM IN CHINA<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

First, we must uphold and strengthen the Party’s centralized and unified leadership over economic work. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. “Any expansion of interaction will destroy regional communism.” Only by upholding the Party’s centralized and unified leadership and giving full play to the Party’s core leadership role in overseeing the overall situation and coordinating all parties can we cope with a series of risks and challenges from the world capitalist system and unswervingly follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, we must adhere to a people-centered approach and implement the new development philosophy. This new development philosophy is applicable throughout the entire period of socialism with Chinese characteristics, rather than being unique to this new stage of development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Innovation is the primary driving force, addressing the issue of development momentum by shortening necessary labor time and creating new opportunities to meet diverse needs; coordination is an inherent characteristic, essentially representing the coordination of the material production process in urban-rural and regional spatial structures, focusing on resolving development imbalances; green development is a universal form, addressing the harmony between humanity and nature by rationally regulating the material exchange between producers and nature; openness is an inevitable path, addressing the issue of internal and external linkages in development in the face of the opportunities and challenges of economic globalization; and sharing is the fundamental purpose, aiming for common prosperity so that the fruits of development benefit all people more extensively and equitably, addressing the issue of social fairness and justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third, we must uphold the “three-in-one” basic economic system. Production, distribution, exchange, and consumption constitute an organic whole of human society’s production and reproduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specific modes of production and their corresponding relations of production and exchange determine the special relationships between these stages and define the specific institutional forms. As China\u2019s socialist practice continues to develop, the Party\u2019s theories regarding the basic economic system of China have also changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee endowed the basic economic system with new connotations, stipulating that we uphold public ownership as the mainstay, with the common development of diverse forms of ownership; distribution according to work as the mainstay, with the coexistence of multiple forms of distribution; and that the socialist market economy system is the basic economic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, reflecting the inevitable requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics in its historical stage based on “material dependence.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Fourth, we should promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind develops Marx’s idea of \u200b\u200bcommunity, transcends the imperialism theory<\/strong> that divides countries into camps based on ideology, integrates the ideas of the intermediate regions and the three worlds idea, peace and development, and combines the Chinese nation\u2019s traditional ideal of a “Great Harmony” society, emphasizing the common development of countries with different historical cultures and social systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fifth, we must adhere to the methodology of seeking progress while maintaining stability. “Stability” refers to the long-term coexistence and relative balance of the contradictory aspects of development, while “progress” refers to the possibility that these contradictions may change in different directions. Economic development is “gradual, a process of quantitative change leading to qualitative change, a gradual process like water wearing away stone.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The long-term coexistence and continuous evolution of the contradictory aspects, coupled with the inherent trend of “progress” within a state of “stability,” means that the Party must adhere to a problem-oriented dialectical approach in its economic work, grasp the appropriate degree of macro-control, uphold bottom-line thinking, and promote sustained and healthy economic development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Part 4- The \u201cnew form of human civilization\u201d idea solves major theoretical problems faced by socialist modernization<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>The \u201cnew forms of human civilization\u201d idea proposed by Xi Jinping have greatly developed the Chinese Communist Party’s judgment on the historical position of socialism with Chinese characteristics and deepened its understanding of the laws governing the development of socialism and human society.  Mao Zedong’s concept of “underdeveloped socialism” is the “primary stage” of this socialist social form.  Just as Lenin defined the first stage of communism as the socialist social form, the underdeveloped socialist stage can also constitute a new social form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China’s practice of building socialism belongs to the underdeveloped socialist stage and constitutes the socialist social form with Chinese characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This social form will also be divided into different stages of development. Deng Xiaoping’s concept of the “primary stage of socialism” refers to the nearly one hundred years from the basic completion of the socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production in the 1956 to the basic realization of socialist modernization. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi Jinping further deepened the understanding of the primary stage of socialism, describing it as “a dynamic\u2026step-by-step, continuously developing and progressing process of quantitative accumulation and development, increasingly approaching a qualitative leap.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xi Jinping also proposed the concept of “new development stage”\u2014including a historical period from the basic realization of socialist modernization by 2035 to the building of a prosperous, democratic, civilized, harmonious, and beautiful socialist modern country by the middle of the 21st century\u2014expanding the connotation and extension of the “primary stage of socialism.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, building a modern socialist country is a requirement for China\u2019s socialism to move from its primary stage to a higher stage, meaning that the socialist social form with Chinese characteristics will enter a higher stage after the mid-21st century.  Based on this judgment, the various basic systems stipulated by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee constitute the four pillars and eight beams of the socialist social form with Chinese characteristics, which must be adhered to for a long time and will only change when the fundamental nature of the social form changes. The concept \u201cnew form of human civilization\u201d represents a “terminal revolution” in the theoretical system of scientific socialism, bridging the gap between classical socialist theory and the specific practice of building socialism in a single country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, underdeveloped countries can build socialism, forming a new social form belonging to a “materialistic” society and an underdeveloped socialist society, absorbing the positive achievements of capitalism while overcoming capitalism\u2019s drawbacks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, this new social form is inherently characterized by the contradiction between partial ownership of the means of production and the socialization of production , defining its fundamental nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adhering solely to a single public ownership of the means of production is a “utopian” view that communism can be achieved directly without significant development of productive forces, representing a “closed and rigid old path”. And adhering solely to a market economy under private ownership of the means of production is a “mechanistic” view that a fully developed capitalist stage is necessary to reach the socialist path, represents a “wrong path of changing flags and banners.” The existence of these two paths alters the nature of society. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third, the new social form constituted by a country building socialism is a crucial link in humanity’s journey towards communism, but relying solely on the efforts of one country, no matter how developed its productive forces, will not change the fundamental nature of this social form. Only when several developed countries transition to socialism is it possible to ultimately build a communist society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Part 5- \u201cNew forms of human civilization\u201d idea is the linchpin for constructing the theoretical system of Marxist economics in the 21st century<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


<\/strong>Scientific theoretical systems are born from constantly evolving social practices. Less than a century after the First Industrial Revolution, Marx, using Britain as a prime example, “theoretically assumed that the laws of the capitalist mode of production unfold in pure form,” clearly defining capitalism as a special, historical social form and establishing Marxist political economy. Today, after more than a century of socialist practice worldwide, China has become a model country for socialist development. This new form of human civilization, existing alongside capitalism and possessing a unique historical structure, will generate specific laws of economic movement. Therefore, a 21st-century Marxist economics should be constructed, based on the socialist economic relations with Chinese characteristics and grounded in Xi Jinping’s economic thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Centered on Xi Jinping’s important discourses on “a new form of human civilization,” “entering a new stage of development,” and “building a new development pattern,” this framework can construct an academic theoretical system of “general-specific-concrete,” embodying the organic unity of theoretical, historical, and practical logic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

First , “a new form of human civilization” idea constitutes the general theoretical level. By abstracting the general provisions of the economic foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, “a new form of human civilization” idea analyzes the pure form of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, taking the material production process of socialist society with Chinese characteristics as its research object, elucidating the interrelationships between various economic categories, and revealing the operating laws of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, “entering a new stage of development” idea constitutes the development stage level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Every social formation undergoes a natural development process, distinguished into different development stages based on the evolution of the principal contradiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The development stage level studies how, at different stages, the typical and dominant modes of production under socialism with Chinese characteristics, while resolving existing contradictions, also give rise to new ones. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third, “building a new development pattern” idea constitutes the practical problem level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“The source of a theory can only be the rich and vivid reality, and its driving force can only be the practical demands for solving social contradictions and problems.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ultimate purpose of constructing a theoretical system is to solve practical problems. The study of real-world problems focuses on the main contradictions in the current stage of economic development, i.e., the new stage of development, and proposes policy recommendations for transforming the old mode of production and building a new development pattern in response to these contradictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Marxism is a theory of practice…not dogma, but a guide to action, and it must develop along with the development of practice.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx and Engels, based on the capitalist social formation, revealed the laws of capitalist economic movement and created the book *Capital*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, based on the stage of monopoly capitalism, elucidated the laws of economic movement in this stage, proposed the possibility of carrying out socialist revolutions in areas where capitalism is relatively weak, and created the theory of imperialism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comrade Mao Zedong, based on the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social formation of old China, clarified the targets, driving forces, nature, and dual tasks of the Chinese revolution and created the theory of New Democracy.  Xi Jinping’s concept of a “new form of human civilization” integrates the thoughts of the Chinese Communists, accurately grasps the laws of human social development and the laws of socialist social movement, and correctly analyzes the social nature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

21st-century Marxist economics based on this “new form of human civilization” represents the pinnacle of Marxist development and theoretical achievement, following Marx’s \u201cDas Capital\u201d, Lenin’s \u201cTheory of Imperialism\u201d, and Mao Zedong’s \u201cTheory of New Democracy\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Original Contribution of \u201cNew Forms of Human Civilization\u201d Idea to Marxist Economics Author: Prof. Xie Fusheng, Deputy Director of the National Research Center for the Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics at Renmin University of China, Editor-in-Chief of Renmin University of China Press. This article is from *Southeast Academic Journal* (Issue 4, 2023). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,28,30,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economy-en","category-english-en","category-socialism-en","category-uncategorized"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6069"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6069\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6108,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6069\/revisions\/6108"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}