{"id":6412,"date":"2026-04-29T19:28:28","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T19:28:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6412"},"modified":"2026-04-29T19:28:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T19:28:29","slug":"batili-marksistlerin-bugunku-emperyalizm-uzerine-arastirmalari-hart-ve-negri-david-harvey-meiskins-wood-collinicos-panitch-gindin-belamy-foster","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6412","title":{"rendered":"Bat\u0131l\u0131 Marksistlerin Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Emperyalizm \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131: Hart ve Negri;\u00a0David\u00a0Harvey;\u00a0Meiskins Wood; Collinicos;\u00a0Panitch- Gindin; Belamy Foster"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 Marksistlerin Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Emperyalizm \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131: Hart ve Negri;<\/strong>\u00a0David\u00a0Harvey;\u00a0Meiskins Wood; Collinicos<\/strong>;\u00a0Panitch- Gindin; Belamy Foster<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Bu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u00dczerine K\u0131sa Bir De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Nisan 2021<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Yazar: Prof. Xie Fusheng, \u00c7ine \u00d6zg\u00fc Sosyalizmin Ekonomi-Politi\u011fi Ulusal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Direkt\u00f6r Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, Renmin \u00dcniversitesi Ekonomi Fak\u00fcltesi Dekan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z<\/strong> https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6386<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 Marksist akademisyenlerin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc emperyalizm \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist d\u00fcnya siyasi ve ekonomik d\u00fczeninin temel \u00f6zelliklerini ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketler, k\u00fcreselle\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcretim, enformasyonelle\u015fme (IT ve internet) ve finansalla\u015fma ve Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131 gibi farkl\u0131 perspektiflerden analiz etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar emperyalizmdeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin en son a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmakta, hem teorik vurgular yapmakta hem de g\u00f6remedikleri k\u00f6r noktalara sahiptirler.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcper-emperyalizm analitik paradigmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan akademisyenler, (Robinson, Hart ve Negri) bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist ekonomik d\u00fczeni \u00f6ncelikle sermaye birikimi yoluyla k\u00fcresel geni\u015fleme ve k\u00fcresel h\u00e2kimiyet perspektifinden analiz ederler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hart ve Negri ve di\u011ferleri, kapitalist k\u00fcreselle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde sermaye taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilen \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemlerinin maddesizle\u015fmesini ve kapitalizmin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesini postmodern bir perspektiften analiz ederler. Ancak Hart ve Negri, metaforlara ve teorilere a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede bel ba\u011flamakta, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin somut ger\u00e7ekliklerini tamamen g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmekte ve kapitalizmin birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u015fitsiz geli\u015fimini g\u00f6rmezden gelmektedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hart ve Negri\u2019nin Kuzey-G\u00fcney ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n giderek ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; oysa bug\u00fcn sermaye ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f zengin \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor ve g\u00fcneyden kuzeye emek ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu bir e\u015fitlenme yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hart ve Negri\u2019nin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi sermayenin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesini kontrol eden ulus\u00f6tesi \u015firketler h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u201cdevletlere\u201d dayan\u0131r ve ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fan \u201ck\u00fcresel\u201d bir devlet hen\u00fcz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  ABD, Avrupa ve Japonya gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, tekelci sermaye aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan de\u011fil, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n temsil etti\u011fi fark ve \u00e7e\u015fitlilikten kaynaklan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel \u00f6zneyi \u201cbireye\u201d indirgerler ve sonra bir\u00e7ok bireyi \u201ckitleler\u201d olarak birle\u015ftirirler, b\u00f6ylece tarihsel \u00f6zneyi yeniden tan\u0131mlama gibi \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7acak bir meseleyi yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekte, ekonomik k\u00fcreselle\u015fme bir dereceye kadar d\u00fcnya ekonomisini \u201cAmerikanla\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d s\u00fcrecidir\u2014di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri Amerikan ekonomisinin h\u0131z\u0131na ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in koordine etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u0130mparatorluk i\u00e7indeki mevcut rekabet ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, m\u00fcttefiklerinin geli\u015fimini s\u00fcrekli olarak k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ABD taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcper-emperyalizm analitik paradigmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Robinson ise k\u00fcreselle\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcretimden yola \u00e7\u0131karak ulus\u00f6tesi sermaye, ulus\u00f6tesi burjuvazi ve ulus\u00f6tesi devlet gibi yeni kavramlar \u00f6nermi\u015ftir, ancak bu yaln\u0131zca sermaye k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meiskins Wood\u2019un i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi, ulus-devlet \u201cm\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerini, sosyal d\u00fczeni koruyabilir ve zorlay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn deste\u011fiyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dayal\u0131 i\u015flemlerin standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fini sa\u011flayabilir\u201d, bu da sermaye birikimi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Robinson\u2019un analizindeki gibi ulus\u00f6tesi sermaye ve ulus\u00f6tesi burjuvazi ulusall\u0131ktan ar\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 ulusal burjuvaziler ve ulus-devletler, Robinson\u2019un savundu\u011fu gibi ulus\u00f6tesi burjuvaziye ve ulus\u00f6tesi devlete e\u015fit olarak entegre edilemezler; bunun yerine bir merkez-\u00e7evre yap\u0131s\u0131 sergilerler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hegemonik emperyalizm<\/strong> paradigmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hegemonik emperyalizm analitik paradigmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 akademisyenler  (Harvey, Meiskins Wood, Callinicos<\/strong>, Panitch ve Gindin<\/strong>) sermaye birikimi ile devletlerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye odaklanarak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc emperyalizmin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn, Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya siyaseti ve ekonomisi \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki ekonomik bir d\u00fczen oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harvey, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalizmde bir birikim tarz\u0131 olan \u201ckamula\u015ft\u0131rma birikimini\u201d analiz etmek i\u00e7in mek\u00e2nsal co\u011frafya yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullanm\u0131\u015f, \u201cmek\u00e2nsal-zamansal onar\u0131m\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n rehberli\u011finde sermaye mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile devlet mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkili dinamikleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak David Harvey, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma birikiminin \u00f6nemini a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015f, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda sermayenin art\u0131 de\u011fer elde etme s\u00fcrecindeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ihmal etmi\u015f ve bunun sonucunda \u201ck\u00fcresel servetin Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerden Do\u011fulu \u00fclkelere akt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d \u015feklindeki hatal\u0131 bir sonuca varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meiskins Wood, tarihsel analize dayanarak farkl\u0131 emperyal bi\u00e7imlerin evrimini ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f, ABD ekonomik kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn— d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde ve ulus-devlet \u00fczerinde– \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, ancak emperyalizmin en temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan tekeli kavrayamam\u0131\u015f, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda tekelin somut bi\u00e7imlerindeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collinicos, Marksizmi \u201crealist\u201d uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler teorisiyle birle\u015ftirerek emperyalist devletin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 rekabet\u00e7i bir perspektiften analiz etmi\u015f ve daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i yeni bir emperyalizm perspektifi in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. Ancak, Collinicos jeopolitik rekabetin arkas\u0131ndaki ekonomik g\u00fcd\u00fclerin belirleyici rol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda emperyalist tekel ve emperyalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rekabet kavram\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan gizlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Panitch ve Gindin, emperyalist geni\u015flemede devletin, \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019nin k\u00fcresel kapitalist sistemi \u015fekillendirme ve y\u00f6netmedeki \u00f6nemli rol\u00fcn\u00fc analiz etmi\u015flerdir. Ancak, analizleri neredeyse tamamen siyasidir, bu nedenle emperyalizmin ekonomik y\u00f6nlerini \u00f6nemsiz g\u00f6stermi\u015fler ve sermaye birikiminin dinamik evrimini analiz edememi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde Lenin, uluslar\u0131 \u201cezen uluslar ve ezilen uluslar\u201d olarak ay\u0131rarak bunun \u201cemperyalizmin \u00f6z\u00fc\u201d oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca emperyalizmin \u201cen zengin ve en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc birka\u00e7 \u00fclkenin \u00e7ok say\u0131da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ulusu s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi\u201d oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin, tekelin emperyalizmi anlaman\u0131n anahtar\u0131 ve emperyalizmin bask\u0131c\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n temeli oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015fti. Bizce, \u201ctekel\u201d kavram\u0131ndan sapan herhangi bir emperyalizm ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 eksiktir. Sermaye birikiminin evrimi ve sermaye birikiminin temel \u00e7eli\u015fkileri, farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde emperyalizmin farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7 emperyalizm paradigmas\u0131na<\/strong> ba\u011fl\u0131 akademisyenler, \u00fcretimin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi ve finansalla\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda tekelci mali sermayenin k\u00fcresel kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ve kuzeyli sermayenin g\u00fcneyli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ulus\u00f6tesi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc analiz etmi\u015flerdir. Ancak, bize g\u00f6re bu akademisyenlerin k\u00fcresel emek arbitraj\u0131 analizlerinin k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak daha da derinle\u015ftirilmesi gerekmektedir ve emperyalizmin \u00e7eli\u015fkilerine dair analizleri daha fazla geli\u015ftirilmeye muhta\u00e7t\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalizm teorisi, \u00f6ncelikle sermaye birikimi s\u00fcrecinde belirli bir uluslararas\u0131 ortam i\u00e7inde devlet ile sermaye ve devletlerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkili hareketleri inceler.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcrekli sermaye birikimi arzusu taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilen tek tek sermayeler, spek\u00fclatif finans faaliyetleri yoluyla k\u00e2r pe\u015finde ko\u015fma e\u011filimindedirler, bu da sanayi sermayesi birikiminin genel d\u00fczeyini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, sanayi sermayesi de birikim s\u00fcrecinde i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetlerini en aza indirme e\u011filiminde olup halk\u0131n genel t\u00fcketim d\u00fczeylerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu her iki e\u011filim de yinelenen ekonomik krizlere yol a\u00e7abilir. Dinamik bir mek\u00e2nsal perspektiften bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sermaye d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7inde sabit ve hareketli, yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yerel taahh\u00fctler ve k\u00fcresel \u00e7\u0131karlar aras\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00e7eli\u015fkiler vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, kapitalizm tarihinin belirgin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi, bu \u00e7eli\u015fkileri hafifletebilecek veya bast\u0131rabilecek \u00f6rg\u00fctsel d\u00fczenlemelerin s\u00fcrekli olarak aranmas\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesidir. Bu da sonu\u00e7 olarak, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli sermayeler kendilerinin yok olmalar\u0131na direnmek i\u00e7in yerel ve belirli fakt\u00f6rleri k\u00fcresel olarak art\u0131 de\u011ferin \u00fcretimi ve art\u0131 de\u011fere el konulmas\u0131 ile birle\u015ftiren, devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 olan ve i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f hiyerar\u015fik bir \u00f6rg\u00fctsel yap\u0131 yaratma zorunlulu\u011fu i\u00e7indedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00fcnya siyasi ve ekonomik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin \u00f6z\u00fc, bir avu\u00e7 ezen ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da ezilen \u00fclkeler \u015feklindeki emperyalist d\u00fczen olmaya devam etmektedir. Kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ve kapitalizmin i\u00e7sel \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinin evrimine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, emperyalizm farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc emperyalizm, esasen ABD\u2019nin kendi tekelci sermayesinin birikimini te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu ve hatta Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler gibi uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri kullanarak Avrupa ve Japonya gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerle koordineli olarak, k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131 ve finansalla\u015fma yoluyla di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin art\u0131 de\u011ferine el koydu\u011fu ve siyasi ve askeri yollarla di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin siyasi ve ekonomik d\u00fczenini kontrol etti\u011fi bir a\u015famad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kapitalist geli\u015fmenin en son a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve bilgi teknolojileri (IT) ile ula\u015f\u0131m teknolojilerinin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte, ABD, Avrupa ve Japonya gibi Kuzey\u2019deki geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketleri, k\u00fcreselle\u015fmi\u015f meta \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini entegrasyon ve mod\u00fclerle\u015ftirme yoluyla ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, k\u00fcresel olarak a\u011f tabanl\u0131 i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i \u00fcretim y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte ve K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019deki geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lan art\u0131 de\u011fere s\u00fcrekli olarak el koymaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u00c7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131ndaki tekel modelleri iki t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr: Birincisi kullan\u0131m de\u011feri \u00fcretiminde tekel avantaj\u0131, di\u011feri ise de\u011ferin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde tekel avantaj\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi,<\/strong> \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin teknolojik patentleri tekelle\u015ftirerek ve kilit \u00fcretim ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ederek \u00fcretim a\u011f\u0131nda hakim bir konum i\u015fgal etmelerini, kritik olmayan \u00fcretim ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini (out sourcing olarak) zay\u0131f \u00fclkelere vermelerini ve b\u00f6ylece b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda katma de\u011fere el koymalar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu \u00fcretim odakl\u0131 a\u011f, \u00f6zellikle otomobil ve yar\u0131 iletkenler gibi sermaye ve teknoloji yo\u011fun end\u00fcstrilerde belirgindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi,<\/strong> \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin marka pazarlamas\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kanallar\u0131n\u0131 tekelle\u015ftirerek nihai \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de\u011ferinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde kilit bir rol oynamas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Bu al\u0131c\u0131 odakl\u0131 a\u011f, giyim, ev e\u015fyalar\u0131 ve t\u00fcketici elektroni\u011fi gibi ticaretin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu, emek yo\u011fun t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 end\u00fcstrilerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131ndaki tekel konumu, emperyalizmin k\u00fcresel maddi yeniden \u00fcretim \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn en istikrarl\u0131 temelini olu\u015fturur. Kopp ve Suwandi ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 akademisyenler Marx\u2019\u0131n emek de\u011fer teorisine dayanarak, , katma de\u011ferin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u00fcretim zincirinin ortas\u0131nda yer alan G\u00fcneyli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kopp, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kuzey \u00fclkelerinin G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,8 trilyon dolar art\u0131 de\u011fere el koyduklar\u0131n\u0131 hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD, Avrupa ve Japonya gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler, finansalla\u015fma yoluyla di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin de\u011ferlerini ya\u011fmalamaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7 Emperyalizm Paradigmas\u0131 i\u00e7inde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz J. Belamy Foster, geli\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmekte<\/strong> olan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc finansal i\u015flemin, Marx\u2019\u0131n ya\u011fmac\u0131 k\u00e2r olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyi i\u00e7erdi\u011fini ve bunun g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesizli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi\u011fini vurgular. ABD, \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla k\u00fcresel finans ya\u011fmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilir ve bu da ABD\u2019yi mevcut k\u00fcresel finans ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 serbestle\u015ftirme d\u00fczeninin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, koruyucusu ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck yararlan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 yapar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

birincisi,<\/strong> uluslararas\u0131 bir rezerv para birimi olarak ABD dolar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 senyoraj geliri yarat\u0131r. Senyoraj geliri, devletin veya merkez bankas\u0131n\u0131n para basma tekelini kullanarak, paran\u0131n \u00fcretim maliyeti ile \u00fczerinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 nominal de\u011fer aras\u0131ndaki farktan elde etti\u011fi k\u00e2rd\u0131r. ABD, di\u011fer zay\u0131f \u00fclkeler gibi d\u00f6viz rezervi sorunu veya \u00f6demeler dengesi a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 ile k\u0131s\u0131tlanmaks\u0131z\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden mal ve hizmet sat\u0131n almak i\u00e7in do\u011frudan dolar basabilir ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin kaynaklar\u0131na do\u011frudan el koyabilir. \u0130kincisi,<\/strong> ABD son derece geli\u015fmi\u015f bir finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fc end\u00fcstrisine sahiptir. K\u00fcresel finans\u0131n merkezi olarak Wall Street, \u00f6nemli emtialar\u0131n fiyatland\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc elinde tutmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli yeni finansal \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve finansal t\u00fcrevler geli\u015ftirir, kurumsal avantajlar\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k finans operasyonlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla finans piyasalar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli k\u00e2r elde eder ve b\u00f6ylece G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerindeki \u015firketlerin ve bireylerin servetine el koyar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc,<\/strong> ABD finans sermayesi, G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde m\u00fcdahil olmu\u015f, \u00f6nemli tekel rantlar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in muazzam miktarda do\u011fal kaynak ve altyap\u0131 edinmi\u015ftir. ABD finans sermayesi ayr\u0131ca k\u00fcresel olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli spek\u00fclatif finansal faaliyetlerde bulunur ve mali krizler yaratarak ve ileterek s\u00fcrekli olarak zay\u0131f \u00fclkelerin servetlerine el koyar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlar\u0131, 1980\u2019den bu yana geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6demeler dengesi s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, ithalat ve ihracat ticaretinin yanl\u0131\u015f raporlanmas\u0131 ve kaydedilen finansal transferler nedeniyle 16,3 trilyon dolar kaybetti\u011fini tahmin etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u015eansl\u0131\u201d birka\u00e7 \u00fclke hari\u00e7, G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, s\u00fcrekli olarak ABD liderli\u011findeki emperyalist d\u00fczenin \u00e7evre \u00fclkesi stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunuyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, birincisi, ekonomik ya\u011fma, G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin <\/strong>bu marjinalle\u015fme durumundan kurtulma yeteneklerini s\u00fcrekli olarak zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131 ve finansalla\u015fma, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin G\u00fcney pazarlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerini hammadde kaynaklar\u0131, ithal mallar i\u00e7in pazarlar ve geli\u015fmi\u015f uluslara sermaye ihrac\u0131 i\u00e7in pazarlar haline getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden gelen sermaye ihrac\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 finans sermayesinin spek\u00fclatif do\u011fas\u0131, G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinde bor\u00e7 krizlerini ve finans krizlerini tetiklemi\u015ftir. Servet kayb\u0131, G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerini kendi ekonomik kalk\u0131nmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in mevcut \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan mahrum b\u0131rakarak ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kapasitelerini zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kincisi,<\/strong> ABD, G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin siyasi ve hatta askeri yollarla s\u00fcrekli olarak bask\u0131lam\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131 ABD\u2019nin ve Kuzey\u2019deki geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na hizmet etmeye zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu ve hatta Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler gibi uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Washington Konsens\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc peki\u015ftirmi\u015f ve mevcut uluslararas\u0131 siyasi ve ekonomik d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n sona ermesinden bu yana, ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti k\u00fcresel liderli\u011fini ve G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u201cangajman ve geni\u015fleme stratejisi\u201d, \u201ck\u00fcresel ter\u00f6rizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele stratejisi\u201d, \u201cAsya-Pasifik yeniden dengeleme stratejisi\u201d ve \u201cHint-Pasifik stratejisini (2022, QUAD, AUCUS) \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mevcut d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenine meydan okuyan G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerine kar\u015f\u0131, ekonomik ve siyasi yollar yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ABD onlar\u0131 zorla \u00e7evre stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde tutmak i\u00e7in askeri yollara daha da fazla ba\u015fvuracakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerikan y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki emperyalist d\u00fczen, hem i\u00e7 hem de uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde \u00e7oklu sorun ve \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. ABD i\u00e7eride, yerli tekelci sermayenin birikimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ile halk kitleleri nezdinde kapitalist sistemin me\u015fruiyetini korumak aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7eli\u015fkiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi, ABD \u00fcretimin k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesinin tetikledi\u011fi i\u015fsizlik krizi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. ABD imalat sanayisinin toplam milli gelir i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 1950\u2019lerde yakla\u015f\u0131k %28\u2019den 2010\u2019da %12\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Y\u00fcksek k\u00e2rlar pe\u015finde ko\u015fan tekelci sermaye, imalat\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerine kayd\u0131rarak ABD\u2019de i\u015fsizlik krizini tetiklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi, ekonominin finansalla\u015fman\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu ekonomik durgunluk krizi vard\u0131r. Finans, bankac\u0131l\u0131k, sigorta ve emlak sekt\u00f6rlerinden olu\u015fan \u201cfinans ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u201d milli gelire katk\u0131s\u0131 1980\u2019de %15,70\u2019ten 2016\u2019da %20,56\u2019ya y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Spek\u00fclatif finans faaliyetleri, ABD ekonomisinde merkezi bir rol oynamakta ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak \u00fcretken uzun vadeli yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ihmal etmektedir ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 borca dayal\u0131 hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde geni\u015fleme ve ABD end\u00fcstri \u015firketlerinin daha karl\u0131 \u00fclkelere kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, tekellerde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz ekonomik durgunluk e\u011filimini ve kriz e\u011filimini \u015fiddetlendirmek i\u00e7in birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, ABD\u2019de ciddi servet e\u015fitsizli\u011fi krizi vard\u0131r. K\u00fcreselle\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcretim ve finansalla\u015fma yoluyla elde edilen servetler, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa fayda sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015f, az say\u0131da tekelci kapitalistin elinde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2018\u2019de ABD Gini gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bozulma katsay\u0131s\u0131 50 y\u0131l\u0131n en y\u00fcksek seviyesine \u00e7\u0131karak 0,485\u2019e y\u00fckseldi. ABD\u2019de geni\u015fleyen servet u\u00e7urumu, neo-fa\u015fizmin yeniden canlanmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fcklemi\u015ftir ve neoliberalizm giderek fa\u015fizmle birle\u015ferek \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve intikamc\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde, ABD, kendi i\u00e7 krizini ba\u015fka y\u00f6ne sapt\u0131rmak ve ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve Japonya ABD\u2019yi m\u00fcttefik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, ABD onlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak stratejik rakipler olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. ABD, mutlak h\u00e2kimiyetini korumak i\u00e7in di\u011fer Bat\u0131l\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin belirli alanlardaki geli\u015fimini k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, daha 1980\u2019lerde ABD, Japonya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fini durdurmak i\u00e7in Plaza Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Petrol\u00fc kontrol etmek, petrodolar ittifak\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ve Avro\u2019yu ve AB\u2019yi zay\u0131flatmak i\u00e7in ABD, Irak Sava\u015f\u0131, Libya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131na destek de dahil olmak \u00fczere Orta Do\u011fu\u2019da bir dizi tek tarafl\u0131 askeri m\u00fcdahale ba\u015flatt\u0131. Kendi, tekelci finans sermayesinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve kendi i\u00e7 mali krizini hafifletmek i\u00e7in ABD, krizi d\u00fcnyaya kayd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in defalarca niceliksel geni\u015flemeyi kullanm\u0131\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik d\u00fczeni ciddi \u015fekilde bozmu\u015ftur. Trump y\u00f6netimi, \u201c\u00d6nce Amerika\u201d stratejisini benimsedi, milliyet\u00e7ilik bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131, korumac\u0131 bir hareket ba\u015flatt\u0131, bir d\u00fczineden fazla uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct veya anla\u015fmadan tek tarafl\u0131 olarak \u00e7ekildi ve \u00c7in, AB, Kanada ve Japonya dahil bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeye kar\u015f\u0131 ticaret sava\u015flar\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. ABD y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki yeni emperyalist d\u00fczenin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu \u00e7oklu \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, k\u00fcresel kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan okumaya yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: y\u00f6neti\u015fim a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcven a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kalk\u0131nma a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bunun sonucu olarak, mevcut d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninde de\u011fi\u015fim ve reform \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 toplumda giderek daha y\u00fcksek sesle dile getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 siyasi ve ekonomik d\u00fczen, kapitalizmin temel \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olarak evrilmektedir. D\u00fcnya, bir as\u0131rd\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f derin de\u011fi\u015fimler ge\u00e7irmektedir. \u00c7in, bu de\u011fi\u015fimlerdeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fkenlerden biri ve de\u011fi\u015fimi etkileyen en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerden biridir. ABD liderli\u011findeki d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin \u00e7oklu \u00e7eli\u015fkileri ve zorluklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7in, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f durumunu kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde koordine etmeli, i\u00e7erde arz y\u00f6nl\u00fc yap\u0131sal reformlar\u0131 ve Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi\u2019ni kararl\u0131l\u0131kla ilerletmeli ve birbirini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f dola\u015f\u0131mlardan olu\u015fan yeni bir kalk\u0131nma modeli in\u015fa etmelidir. \u00c7in, k\u00fcresel y\u00f6neti\u015fim sisteminin yeniden \u015fekillendirilmesini aktif olarak te\u015fvik etmeli, uluslararas\u0131 siyasi ve ekonomik d\u00fczeni iyile\u015ftirmeli, kendi kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin ortak kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmeli ve \u00c7in ulusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck yeniden canlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u201c\u00c7in R\u00fcyas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ve insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in ortak bir gelece\u011fe sahip bir topluluk in\u015fa etme \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cD\u00fcnya R\u00fcyas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye katk\u0131da bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bat\u0131l\u0131 Marksistlerin Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Emperyalizm \u00dczerine Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131: Hart ve Negri;\u00a0David\u00a0Harvey;\u00a0Meiskins Wood; Collinicos;\u00a0Panitch- Gindin; Belamy Foster Bu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u00dczerine K\u0131sa Bir De\u011ferlendirme Nisan 2021 Yazar: Prof. Xie Fusheng, \u00c7ine \u00d6zg\u00fc Sosyalizmin Ekonomi-Politi\u011fi Ulusal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Direkt\u00f6r Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, Renmin \u00dcniversitesi Ekonomi Fak\u00fcltesi Dekan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131  Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6386 Bat\u0131l\u0131 Marksist akademisyenlerin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc emperyalizm \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arsiv-tr","category-arsiv"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6412"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6413,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412\/revisions\/6413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}