{"id":6471,"date":"2026-05-20T17:58:22","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T17:58:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6471"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:58:23","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T17:58:23","slug":"dunya-yuzyildan-bu-yana-benzeri-gorulmemis-donusumlerden-geciyor-2018-yilindan-bu-yana-cinin-dikkat-cektigi-buyuk-olay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6471","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnya Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan Bu Yana Benzeri G\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerden Ge\u00e7iyor: 2018 Y\u0131l\u0131ndan Bu yana \u00c7in\u2019in Dikkat \u00c7ekti\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fck Olay"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

D\u00fcnya Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan Bu Yana Benzeri G\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerden Ge\u00e7iyor: 2018 Y\u0131l\u0131ndan Bu yana \u00c7in\u2019in Dikkat \u00c7ekti\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fck Olay<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r H\u00fck\u00fcm S\u00fcren Liberal Uluslararas\u0131 D\u00fczen \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcyor  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof. You Yongruquan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peking \u00dcniversitesi B\u00f6lgesel ve \u00dclke \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, 17 A\u011fustos 2020<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlere sahne olan bir d\u00fcnya” son y\u0131llarda \u00c7in siyasi ve akademik \u00e7evrelerinde en \u00e7ok konu\u015fulan ifadelerden biri haline geldi. Uluslararas\u0131 durum ne zaman analiz edilse, en yayg\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f c\u00fcmlesi \u015fu oluyor: “Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya, y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlerinden ge\u00e7iyor…”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fim” s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn, Haziran 2018’de \u00c7in’in \u00fcst d\u00fczey liderleri taraf\u0131ndan Merkezi D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Konferans\u0131’nda yap\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir yarg\u0131dan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun akademik ve strateji \u00e7evrelerinde geni\u015f ilgi uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, o zamandan beri de yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde at\u0131fta bulunuldu\u011funu biliyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baidu’da yap\u0131lan h\u0131zl\u0131 bir arama, “y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f de\u011fi\u015fimleri” hakk\u0131nda 11,2 milyon web sayfas\u0131 ve 200.000 ilgili haber ile bilgi par\u00e7as\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, “y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm” ne anlama geliyor? Bunu nas\u0131l yorumlamal\u0131y\u0131z? \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131 ana ak\u0131m ve resmi yorumlar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Profes\u00f6r Zhang, “d\u00fcnyan\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlerinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fini”, bunun tarihsel geli\u015fimden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir sonu\u00e7 oldu\u011funu ve insanl\u0131k tarihinin yasalar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan Marksist anlay\u0131\u015fla uyumlu oldu\u011funu belirtti. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015flayan son y\u00fcz y\u0131l, insanl\u0131k tarihinin en \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fim d\u00f6nemlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur ve \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00c7in tarihinin de en \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fim d\u00f6nemlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6netmen Heng, “‘De\u011fi\u015fim’ nerede yat\u0131yor? Bu, y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm. De\u011fi\u015fim, benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f do\u011fas\u0131nda, y\u00fczy\u0131lda nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinde, e\u015fzamanl\u0131 kurma ve y\u0131kma, eskimi\u015f olan temizleme ve yeniden do\u011fu\u015fu simgeliyor. K\u0131sacas\u0131, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, mevcut uluslararas\u0131 manzara ve sistemin kapsaml\u0131 ayarlamalardan ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, k\u00fcresel y\u00f6neti\u015fim sisteminin kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesinin modern zamanlardan bu yana do\u011fuya do\u011fru en devrimci kaymay\u0131 deneyimledi\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kapitalizm g\u00fc\u00e7leri zay\u0131fl\u0131yor, sosyalizm g\u00fc\u00e7leri yeniden y\u00fckseli\u015fin e\u015fi\u011finde.”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Yung \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya h\u00e2l\u00e2 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde son birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerin egemen oldu\u011fu k\u00fcresel sistemin bir devam\u0131d\u0131r… Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu sistem, sosyalist devrimler ve bir\u00e7ok Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika \u00fclkesindeki ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketleri taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan bu yana, \u00e7ok say\u0131da y\u00fckselen pazar \u00fclkesi ve geli\u015fmekte olan (Brezilya, G\u00fcnay Afrika, Suudi Arabistan, Endonezya, Malezya, T\u00fcrkiye, Hindistan) <\/strong> \u00fclke h\u0131zla geli\u015fti, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7ine \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm yolu giderek geni\u015fledi, bilimsel sosyalizmin 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeni bir canl\u0131l\u0131k yaymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015flerdeki etkisi artmaya devam etti\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Profes\u00f6r Cheng, \u00c7in ulusunun modern zamanlarda gerilemeden dirili\u015fe yolculu\u011funun ger\u00e7ek ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019deki 4 May\u0131s Yeni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hareketi ve 1921\u2019de \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin kurulu\u015fu oldu\u011funu ve bunun tam olarak y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine denk geldi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyal Bilimler Akademisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Xu, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131 bir dizi tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fim yaratmaya y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fini ve sonu\u00e7ta \u00c7in\u2019in bug\u00fcnk\u00fc “y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f de\u011fi\u015fimlerine” yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 hem ge\u00e7mi\u015f hem de \u015fimdidir; bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz “y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f de\u011fi\u015fimleri” \u00f6nceki tarihsel a\u015famalar taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulmu\u015f, vurgulanm\u0131\u015f ve yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve hem \u015fimdi hem de gelecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00f6netmen Zhang, bir y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonu ve 4 May\u0131s Hareketi’nin y\u00fckseldi\u011fi zaman oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bir as\u0131r sonra, bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fim \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00c7in’in geli\u015fmesidir. Tarihe geri bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda… bu b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn temel karakteristi\u011fi, Bat\u0131 merkezcili\u011finin tarihsel gerilemesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Profes\u00f6r Zou, bir as\u0131r \u00f6nce \u00c7in’in son derece zor ve pasif bir \u015fekilde d\u00fcnya tarihine giri\u015finden, \u015fimdi aktif olarak d\u00fcnya tarihine entegre olmas\u0131na ve d\u00fcnya sisteminde b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlere yol a\u00e7mas\u0131na kadar bunun “y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin\u201d ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Profes\u00f6r Pu, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Mevcut uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve di\u011fer Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin liderli\u011finde kurulmu\u015ftur ve bir\u00e7ok irrasyonel ve adaletsiz dezavantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r… \u00c7in’in temsil etti\u011fi y\u00fckselen pazar \u00fclkeleri, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler merkezli uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeni aktif olarak desteklemekte ve mevcut uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen ile k\u00fcresel y\u00f6neti\u015fim sisteminin daha adil ve makul bir y\u00f6nde geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ayarlamalar\u0131 ve reformlar\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen uzmanlar ve yetkililer, “y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u201d anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 tarihsel, uluslararas\u0131 ve geli\u015fimsel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 perspektiflerden yorumlayarak do\u011fru s\u00f6ylemektedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerim: Y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r H\u00fck\u00fcm S\u00fcren Liberal Uluslararas\u0131 D\u00fczen \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcyor  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ben Mearsheimer’in B\u00fcy\u00fck Yan\u0131lsama: Liberal R\u00fcya ve Uluslararas\u0131 Ger\u00e7eklik<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131 okuduktan sonra, “y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm” hakk\u0131nda yeni bir anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip oldum—asl\u0131nda, bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca in\u015fa etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin” \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc (veya d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131n\u0131) simgeliyor olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonraki Paris Versay Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131 ile ba\u015flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1919’daki Paris Versay Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131’nda, d\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson \u00fcnl\u00fc “On D\u00f6rt Nokta” ilkesini \u00f6nerdi ve bu, “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin” ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret etti; bu neredeyse y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nceydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu “on d\u00f6rt ilke” \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Gizli diplomasiyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k anla\u015fmalar imzalamak;
(2) Denizlerde seyr\u00fcsefer \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc garanti etmek;
(3) Uluslararas\u0131 ticaret engellerini kald\u0131rmak;
(4) Silahs\u0131zlanmay\u0131 ve silah kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fvik etmek;
(5) S\u00f6m\u00fcrge sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde ele almak ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge halklar\u0131na e\u015fit davranmak;
(6) \u0130\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki Rus topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geri vermek ve t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin Rusya sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne yard\u0131m etmesi, b\u00f6ylece kendi siyasi geli\u015fimini “\u00f6zg\u00fcrce ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zca” \u00e7\u00f6zebilmesi;
(7) Bel\u00e7ika’n\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 restore etmek;
(8) Alsace ve Lorraine dahil olmak \u00fczere i\u015fgal edilen Frans\u0131z topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geri vermek;
(9) \u0130talya’n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 etnik gruplar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlemek;
(10) Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde ulusal kendi kaderini tayin hakk\u0131;
(11) Romanya, S\u0131rbistan ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc restore etmek ve Balkan \u00fclkelerinin egemenli\u011fini garanti etmek;
(12) T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcm etnik gruplara kendi kaderini tayin ilkesine g\u00f6re \u00f6zerklik verilmesi ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131’n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hale getirilmesi;
(13) Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Polonya devleti kurmak;
(14) D\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in Milletler Cemiyeti’ni kurmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On D\u00f6rt Nokta,<\/strong> \u00c7in dahil d\u00fcnyadaki bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan memnuniyetle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. O d\u00f6nemin d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in “uluslar\u0131n kendi kaderini tayin hakk\u0131”, “s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n adil ele al\u0131nmas\u0131” ve “d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin kurulmas\u0131” gibi \u00f6neriler ger\u00e7ekten zaman\u0131nda ve anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131yd\u0131; Ba\u015fkan Wilson’un idealizmini yans\u0131t\u0131yor ve d\u00fcnyaya bar\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve demokrasi umudu getiriyordu. “Liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin” tohumlar\u0131 b\u00f6ylece ekilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri genel toplam ulusal g\u00fc\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Britanya’y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen g\u00fcc\u00fc olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bask\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc olmaya tam olarak haz\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD’deki ana ak\u0131m d\u0131\u015f politika g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc h\u00e2l\u00e2 izolasyonist bir d\u0131\u015f politikaya ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131, yani ABD h\u00e2l\u00e2 kendi i\u015flerine odaklanmakta, d\u0131\u015f meselelere a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 m\u00fcdahaleden ka\u00e7\u0131nmakta ve ABD, Britanya’n\u0131n yerini k\u00fcresel lider olarak almak istememekteydi. Bu nedenle, Ba\u015fkan Wilson’un “On D\u00f6rt Nokta”s\u0131 ABD’de Kongrenin deste\u011fi almad\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7ta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. Ancak “On D\u00f6rt Nokta” a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a muazzam bir \u00e7ekicili\u011fe sahipti ve liberal bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen i\u00e7in bir k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ko\u015fullar kahramanlar\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Neredeyse 20 y\u0131l sonra, Hitler ve onun Nazizmi ile Japonya ve onun militarizmi d\u00fcnyay\u0131 II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri beklendi\u011fi gibi d\u00fcnya sahnesinin merkezinde yer ald\u0131 ve “kurtar\u0131c\u0131” rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynad\u0131. D\u00f6nemin Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Franklin Roosevelt’in te\u015fvikiyle “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen” ger\u00e7ekten kuruldu ve ABD, Ba\u015fkan Wilson’un r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra, di\u011fer bir s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin y\u00fckseli\u015fi, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeni” k\u00fcresel olarak te\u015fvik etme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 sekteye u\u011fratt\u0131. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 k\u0131rk y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n ABD-Sovyet rekabeti, belirgin bir “iki kutuplu sistem” veya Kissinger’in “g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi” dedi\u011fi \u015feyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu iki kutuplu sistem alt\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler “realist” g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri hedeflere g\u00f6re hareket etmekten ve birbirleriyle g\u00fcvenlik rekabetine girmekten ba\u015fka se\u00e7ene\u011fe sahip de\u011fildi. Fakat o d\u00f6nemde liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen, yaln\u0131zca ABD liderli\u011findeki “kapitalist kamp” taraf\u0131ndan uygulan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Berlin Duvar\u0131 1989’da y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi 1991’de da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131 ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131. “Liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen” t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya geni\u015fledi. Francis Fukuyama \u00fcnl\u00fc denemesi “Tarihin Sonu mu?” yaz\u0131s\u0131nda liberalizmin 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda fa\u015fizmi ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Sovyet kom\u00fcnizmini yendi\u011fini ve geriye pratik hi\u00e7bir alternatif kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Fukuyama s\u00f6zde “tarihin sonu” teorisini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonraki yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l boyunca, 1990’dan itibaren, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tek s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerikal\u0131lar \u00f6z g\u00fcvenle dolup ta\u015f\u0131yordu ve ABD liderli\u011findeki tek kutuplu sistem i\u00e7inde “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin” nihayet parlayabilece\u011fine ve k\u00fcresel olarak “dizginsizce” te\u015fvik edilece\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clinton ve Bush y\u00f6netimleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda bile, ABD liderli\u011findeki “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen” etkili bir \u015fekilde bir “liberal hegemonya” bi\u00e7imine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu “liberal hegemonya”, ABD’nin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi liberal de\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re yeniden \u015fekillendirmesi ve direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00fcce ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. \u0130ster Clinton d\u00f6nemindeki Yugoslavya’n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131llmas\u0131 ve Kosova Sava\u015f\u0131, ister Bush y\u00f6netiminin 2003’te Irak’\u0131 i\u015fgali olsun, t\u00fcm\u00fc “liberal hegemonya”y\u0131 dayatma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bu niyetten kaynaklan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Realist d\u0131\u015f politika teorisyeni Mearsheimer’a g\u00f6re, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin So\u011fuk Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda son derece liberal bir d\u0131\u015f politikay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla benimseyebilmesinin temel nedeni, o d\u00f6nemdeki muazzam g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc. ABD k\u00fcresel olarak bask\u0131nd\u0131, hem sert hem de yumu\u015fak g\u00fc\u00e7te (askeri, ekonomik, teknolojik, finansal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel) birinci s\u0131radayd\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin \u00e7ok \u00f6n\u00fcnde yer al\u0131yordu. G\u00fcc\u00fc zirvedeydi, rakipsizdi. Clinton’un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Kongre’ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6v\u00fcngen konu\u015fmay\u0131 hat\u0131rlay\u0131n: “\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihindeki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve etkili ulus (imparatorluk) do\u011fdu.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle Mearsheimer’in ima etti\u011fi \u015fey, “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin” k\u00fcresel olarak te\u015fvik edilmesinin \u00f6n ko\u015fulunun ABD’nin k\u00fcresel olarak hi\u00e7bir rakibinin olmamas\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi iradesine g\u00f6re yeniden \u015fekillendirebilmek i\u00e7in ezici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi gerekti\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Mearsheimer ayr\u0131ca \u015funu vurgulad\u0131: “En ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri liberal hegemonya ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmaya mahkumdu ve ger\u00e7ekten de \u00f6yle oldu.” Bir yandan, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc sonsuza kadar koruyamazd\u0131, ABD sonsuza kadar lider olarak kalamaz ve kendini di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak uzakla\u015ft\u0131ramazd\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, liberalizm milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131zd\u0131r; baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler ABD\u2019ye yeti\u015ftikten sonra, realizm ve milliyet\u00e7ilik liberalizme galip gelecektir. 2016’dan bu yana ya\u015fanan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcresel olaylar, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in’in g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131, bu yarg\u0131m\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle Miguel, “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin” sadece tek kutuplu bir d\u00fcnyada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, burada bir b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fcn ba\u015fka bir b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framaktan korkmas\u0131na gerek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fka b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, liberalizme ba\u011fl\u0131 olan tek kutuplu devlet neredeyse her zaman realizmi terk eder ve liberal d\u0131\u015f politikay\u0131 benimser. “Liberal devletlerin zihnindeki ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi zihniyeti derinlere k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve kontrol edilmesi zordur.” Ancak iki veya daha fazla b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 var oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, bu devletler k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesindeki konumlar\u0131na odaklanmaktan ve realizmin emirlerine g\u00f6re hareket etmekten ba\u015fka se\u00e7ene\u011fe sahip olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Art\u0131k “y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin\u201d ne anlama geldi\u011fini herkesin anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorum. Bu, be\u015f bin y\u0131ll\u0131k medeniyete sahip \u00c7in gibi bir b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fcn ekonomik olarak Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin yakla\u015f\u0131k %70’i kadar bir g\u00fcce y\u00fckselmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir olgudur. Bu, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczendeki “yap\u0131sal \u00e7eli\u015fkilerden” kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce ABD\u2019yi yakalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve Japonya’yd\u0131, ancak her ikisi de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015far\u0131yla kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. \u015eu anda ABD\u2019yi zorlayan \u00c7in’dir ve m\u00fccadelenin sonucu hen\u00fcz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump’\u0131n 2017’de g\u00f6reve ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bu yana, \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalardan \u00e7ekilmek, \u00c7in ile ticaret ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek ve \u00c7in’i “stratejik rakip” olarak belirlemek dahil olmak \u00fczere Trump’\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi bir dizi d\u0131\u015f politika, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin kendi in\u015fa etti\u011fi “liberal uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenden\u201d ayr\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi tercih etti\u011fini ve bu eski liberal d\u00fczenin \u015fimdi \u00e7\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00fcnya Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan Bu Yana Benzeri G\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerden Ge\u00e7iyor: 2018 Y\u0131l\u0131ndan Bu yana \u00c7in\u2019in Dikkat \u00c7ekti\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fck Olay Y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r H\u00fck\u00fcm S\u00fcren Liberal Uluslararas\u0131 D\u00fczen \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcyor   Prof. You Yongruquan Peking \u00dcniversitesi B\u00f6lgesel ve \u00dclke \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, 17 A\u011fustos 2020 “Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlere sahne olan bir d\u00fcnya” son y\u0131llarda \u00c7in siyasi ve akademik \u00e7evrelerinde en \u00e7ok […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[51,5,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6471","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dunya-sosyalizmi-tr","category-dunya-sosyalizmi","category-sosyalist-ulkeler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6471","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6471"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6471\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6472,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6471\/revisions\/6472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6471"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6471"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6471"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}