{"id":6555,"date":"2026-06-21T11:32:42","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T11:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6555"},"modified":"2026-06-23T22:56:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T22:56:26","slug":"emperyalizm-teorisinden-insanligin-ortak-gelecek-toplulugu-anlayisina-cindeki-sosyalizm-ile-dunya-kapitalizmi-arasindaki-ekonomik-iliskiler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6555","title":{"rendered":"Emperyalizm ve \u201c\u0130ki D\u00fc\u015fman Kamp\u201d Teorisinden \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ortak Gelecek Toplulu\u011funu \u0130n\u015fa Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na: \u00c7in\u2019deki Sosyalizm ile D\u00fcnya Kapitalizmi Aras\u0131ndaki Ekonomik \u0130li\u015fkiler"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Emperyalizm ve \u201c\u0130ki D\u00fc\u015fman Kamp\u201d Teorisinden \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ortak Gelecek Toplulu\u011funu \u0130n\u015fa Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na: \u00c7in\u2019deki Sosyalizm ile D\u00fcnya Kapitalizmi Aras\u0131ndaki Ekonomik \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Prof. Xie Fusheng, \u00c7in Renmin \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00c7in’e \u00d6zg\u00fc Sosyalizmin Siyasi Ekonomisi Ulusal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi M\u00fcd\u00fcr Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00c7in Renmin \u00dcniversitesi Ekonomi Fak\u00fcltesi Dekan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.  Kas\u0131m 2022<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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\u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist modernle\u015fme prati\u011fi ve nihai hedefi olan kom\u00fcnizm yolundaki m\u00fccadelesi, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin tarihsel konumuna dayanarak, \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kapitalist ekonomisi ile ekonomik ili\u015fkilerini nas\u0131l y\u00f6netece\u011fine dair soruyu yan\u0131tlamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir. Bu soru, ne do\u011frudan Marx ve Engels\u2019in klasik teorilerinden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak yan\u0131tlanabilirdi, ne de basit\u00e7e emperyalizm ve \u201ciki d\u00fc\u015fman kamp\u201d teorisinden yola \u00e7\u0131kan Sovyet d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler teorisini benimseyerek basit\u00e7e \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilirdi.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7KP, kapitalist d\u00fcnya ile etkile\u015fim prati\u011finde, farkl\u0131 tarihsel a\u015famalardaki \u00e7eli\u015fmelerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne ve ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin taleplerine dayanarak, emperyalizm teorisinin g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201chakiki topluluk\u201d teorisinde i\u00e7kin olan uluslararas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve evrensel etkile\u015fim fikrini yeniden ke\u015ffetti.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalizm teorisine \u00f6zg\u00fc ideolojik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015ft\u0131 ve ard\u0131 ard\u0131na ilerici ve yenilik\u00e7i bir dizi yeni d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler \u00f6nerdi. Bunlar aras\u0131nda \u201cara b\u00f6lgeler\u201d teorisi ve \u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fcnya teorisi, \u201cbar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma en \u00f6nemli temalard\u0131r\u201d teorisi ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa teorisi yer almaktad\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler konusundaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin doruk noktas\u0131 olan, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa etme kavram\u0131<\/strong> \u00c7KP\u2019nin Marksist \u201chakiki topluluk\u201d teorisinin sistematik bir \u00f6zetini ve en son geli\u015fimini temsil etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalist \u00fclkeler ve d\u00fcnya kapitalizmi aras\u0131ndaki diyalektik ili\u015fki<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cevrensel etkile\u015fim\u201d kavram\u0131, sermayenin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n analizi ve onun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131flar analizine dayanarak ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx, insan toplumunun \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn bir \u00e7\u0131kar toplulu\u011fu oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftur. Ekonomik-toplumsal formasyonlar\u0131n geli\u015fimini y\u00f6neten yasalara g\u00f6re, bu \u00e7\u0131kar toplulu\u011funun geli\u015fimi s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u201cinsan\u0131n ki\u015fisel ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ile karakterize edilen do\u011fal bir topluluk, \u201cmaddi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa\u2019 dayal\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f temelli bir \u00e7\u0131kar toplulu\u011fu ve \u201cbireyin \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve b\u00fct\u00fcnsel geli\u015fimi\u201d ile karakterize edilen \u201cinsan toplulu\u011fu\u201d olarak tezah\u00fcr eder; bunlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi toplum, kapitalist toplum ve kom\u00fcnist topluma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir (Huang Jin, 2019; Xu Bin, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maddi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 kapitalist toplumda, ilkel ve kapal\u0131 etkile\u015fim bi\u00e7imleri yava\u015f yava\u015f ortadan kalkt\u0131k\u00e7a, \u201cher ulus di\u011fer uluslar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d, bu da ulus devletlere dayal\u0131 modern k\u00fcresel (evrensel) etkile\u015fime yol a\u00e7ar. Bu s\u00fcrekli geni\u015fleyen k\u00fcresel etkile\u015fim, ger\u00e7ek bir kom\u00fcnist toplumsal formasyon i\u00e7in \u201cmutlak olarak gerekli olan pratik \u00f6nc\u00fclleri\u201d yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, kapitalist d\u00fcnyadaki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yayg\u0131n etkile\u015fim, ger\u00e7ek bir insan toplulu\u011fu olu\u015fturamaz. Marx, \u201chakiki topluluk\u201d terimini iki anlamda kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birincisi, gelece\u011fin kom\u00fcnist toplumundaki \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr bireylerin birli\u011fi\u201d.<\/strong> \u201cOrtak \u00e7\u0131karlar temel ilkeler haline gelmi\u015ftir; kamu ve bireysel \u00e7\u0131karlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok az fark vard\u0131r\u201d ve ancak i\u015fte o zaman topluluk, t\u00fcm bireyleri eski \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinden ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi, \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f olarak ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 olan\u201d burjuvazinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u201chakiki topluluktur\u201d; bu topluluk, bir devlet ve burjuvazi uluslararas\u0131 ittifak\u0131 bi\u00e7imindedir.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist toplumdaki s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkileri, \u201cdo\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131t iki s\u0131n\u0131f: burjuvazi ve proletarya\u201d olarak basitle\u015ftirilebilir ve \u201ct\u00fcm toplum giderek iki d\u00fc\u015fman kampa b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr.\u201d S\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 gizlemek i\u00e7in, burjuva devleti, burjuva \u00e7\u0131kar toplulu\u011funu \u201chayali olan (fiktif) bir topluluk\u201d bi\u00e7iminde temsil eder; oysa burjuva devletin \u00f6z\u00fc, \u201ct\u00fcm burjuvazinin ortak i\u015flerini y\u00f6neten bir komite\u201d, \u201cbir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n di\u011ferine kar\u015f\u0131 birli\u011fidir\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist d\u00fcnya i\u00e7indeki etkile\u015fim, burjuva devletini \u201cbirle\u015fik bir h\u00fck\u00fcmete, birle\u015fik yasalara, birle\u015fik ulusal s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ve birle\u015fik tarifelere sahip birle\u015fik bir ulus\u201d haline getirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels\u2019in tarihsel materyalizm metodolojisini kullanarak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n toplumsal geli\u015fiminin a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymas\u0131ndan bu yana, bir\u00e7ok Marksist bilim insan\u0131, insan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 toplulu\u011fundan hakiki bir insan toplulu\u011funa nas\u0131l ge\u00e7i\u015f yapabilece\u011fini derinlemesine incelemi\u015ftir.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin ve Stalin gibi klasik Marksist yazarlar “\u0130ki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131kar toplulu\u011fu” yani burjuvazi<\/strong> ile proletarya<\/strong> aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmaz \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnist topluma ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in ilerlemeyi <\/strong>proletaryan\u0131n burjuvazi \u00fczerinde kuraca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckle, yani devrimci ara\u00e7larla<\/strong> (devrim, proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vb.) sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak  bu anlay\u0131\u015fa dayal\u0131 bir uluslararas\u0131 politika ve d\u0131\u015f politika teorisi in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir. Bu uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler teorisi d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bu s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 merce\u011finden g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f; d\u0131\u015f politikada \u00fclkeleri “burjuva\/kapitalist kamp” ve “proleter\/sosyalist kamp” olarak ikiye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve buna g\u00f6re sosyalist \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda proletarya devrimini desteklemek, burjuva d\u00fczenini zay\u0131flatmak olmu\u015ftur.B\u00f6ylece i\u00e7 politikadaki s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilere ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, sosyalist bir \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 yurti\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu gibi, k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n (proletaryan\u0131n) burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadeleye hizmet etmeli, ve “d\u00fcnya devrimi” hedefine g\u00f6re \u015fekillenmeliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131 ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki y\u00fckselen tekelci kapitalizm ortam\u0131nda Lenin,<\/strong> geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi emperyalizm teorisinde, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f kamp\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanca ili\u015fkiyi, proletarya toplulu\u011funun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden sosyalist devletler ile burjuvazinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden kapitalist devletler aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir ili\u015fki olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/strong>Lenin, ilaveten tekelci sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin, geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131ndaki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 rol\u00fcn\u00fc vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lenin, evrensel k\u00fcresel etkile\u015fimin nesnel yasalar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6znel arzular\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sosyalist \u00fclkelerin, belirli bir bedel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile olsa, kapitalist \u00fclkelerin ileri teknoloji ve y\u00f6netim deneyimini aktif olarak kullanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Lenin\u2019in emperyalizm teorisinde sosyalist Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile kapitalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki hala iki d\u00fc\u015fman s\u0131n\u0131f kamp\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131ma dayan\u0131yordu. Lenin, Rus proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n zaferinden sonra yeni bir d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun da \u201cd\u00fcnya devrimi d\u00f6nemi\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile kapitalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimler, yaln\u0131zca geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin geli\u015fmi\u015f medeniyetlerin kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcmsemesi ve kullanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu; bu da esasen \u201cekonomik alandaki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi ve sava\u015f\u0131n devam\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Lenin o d\u00f6nemdeki uluslararas\u0131 durumu ve d\u00fcnya siyasetini analiz ederken, \u201cd\u00fcnya siyasetindeki t\u00fcm olaylar\u0131n zorunlu olarak tek bir merkezi nokta etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bunun da d\u00fcnya kapitalizminin sosyalist Sovyet Cumhuriyeti aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm kal\u0131m m\u00fccadelesi\u201d oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ona g\u00f6re bu sosyalizm ile kapitalizm\/emperyalizm aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelede anti-emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin temel g\u00f6vdesi art\u0131k “ezen” Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 de\u011fil, ba\u015fta Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika’daki “ezilen” \u00fclkeler ve onlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Lenin, devrimin fitilinin art\u0131k s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerde ate\u015flenece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist sistem, bu \u00fclkeleri s\u00f6m\u00fcrerek kendi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 bir nebze olsun “besleyebilmekte” ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimci enerjisini t\u00f6rp\u00fcleyebilmektedir. Bu y\u00fczden, sosyalist devrimin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, Sovyetler’in bu “ezilen \u00fclkelerdeki” ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketleri ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131yla ittifak kurmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zetle<\/strong> Lenin, d\u00fcnya siyasetini kapitalizm ile sosyalizm aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele arenas\u0131na indirgemi\u015f ve bu sava\u015fta en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devrimci potansiyelin, Bat\u0131’n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc “ezilen \u00fclkelerin” i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131nda yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stalin 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u0130ki Kamp\u201d adl\u0131 makalede \u015fu ifadeleri kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: D\u00fcnya bug\u00fcn uzla\u015fmaz iki kampa b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f durumda: emperyalizm kamp\u0131 ve sosyalizm kamp\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011findeki emperyalizm son \u00e7areye tutunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor\u201d. \u201c1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u201cLeninizmin Temelleri \u00dczerine\u201d eserinde Stalin, Lenin’in emperyalizmin “proletarya devriminin arifesi” oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez teori d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131kararak “emperyalizm ve proletarya devrimi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131” i\u00e7indeyiz teorisini ortaya atarak Lenin\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc revize etti.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn temel arka plan\u0131 ve i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u015f\u00f6yledi:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stalin, Lenin’in Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Ekim Devrimi’nin niteli\u011fine ili\u015fkin analizini (yani kapitalizmin \u00f6l\u00fcm evresine girdi\u011fi ve devrim zaman\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini) t\u00fcm tarihsel d\u00f6nemin niteli\u011fini tan\u0131mlayan bir \u00fcst d\u00fczeye y\u00fckseltti ve bu d\u00f6nemin (1910-1940) temel \u00f6zelliklerinin sava\u015flar ve devrimler ile sosyalizmin \u00f6nce bir veya birka\u00e7 \u00fclkede zafer kazanma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1927’de Stalin, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini daha da ilerleterek “kapitalizmin genel krize girdi\u011fi\u201d teorisini geli\u015ftirdi, b\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnyada i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nem ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirdi ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fcnya kapitalizminin topyek\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile sosyalizmin kademeli zaferi aras\u0131nda uzun bir m\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemine girdi\u011fini savundu.<\/strong> Stalin 1930’da \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: “Kapitalizm art\u0131k birle\u015fik ve her \u015feyi kapsayan bir d\u00fcnya ekonomik sistemi de\u011fildir; kapitalist ekonomik sistemin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sosyalist bir ekonomik sistem de mevcuttur.”<\/strong> (Zhong Zheming, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya Federasyonu Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’nin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli kayg\u0131, \u00fclkenin ayakta kalmas\u0131 ve egemenli\u011fini tehlikeye atan kapitalist ku\u015fatmadan kurtulmakt\u0131. Bu nesnel zorunluluk, onlar\u0131 ekonomik kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 ikincil bir konuma yerle\u015ftirmeye zorlad\u0131. Stalin bu konuyu \u015f\u00f6yle de\u011ferlendirmi\u015fti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Parti yolda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za \u015fu a\u00e7\u0131klanmal\u0131d\u0131r: ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa olsun hi\u00e7bir ekonomik ba\u015far\u0131, kapitalist ku\u015fatman\u0131n ve bunun sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131ramaz.” http:\/\/www.marx2mao.com\/Stalin\/MB37.html<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde Sosyalist ve kapitalist \u00fclkelerin bir arada ya\u015famas\u0131 ge\u00e7ici bir olgu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; bu iki farkl\u0131 devlet t\u00fcr\u00fc, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f kamp\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyordu ve do\u011frudan d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeydi. 1950\u2019lerden sonra, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131kar grubu aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanca ili\u015fki teorisi, ideolojik m\u00fccadeleyi merkeze koyan So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen sosyalist kamp ile Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen kapitalist kamp aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir ili\u015fki olarak kendini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki kamp, \u200b\u200byerel vekalet sava\u015flar\u0131, teknolojik rekabet ve n\u00fckleer silahlanma yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131, uzay yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve diplomatik rekabet gibi \u201cso\u011fuk\u201d y\u00f6ntemlerle on y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren bir m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi ve Mao Zedung\u2019un Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yeni A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m:<\/strong> Orta B\u00f6lgeler Fikri ve \u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fcnya Teorisi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mao Zedung,  daha 1960’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, d\u00fcnya siyasi manzaras\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k 1950’lerde oldu\u011fu gibi sadece sosyalist ve kapitalist kamplar aras\u0131ndaki bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir farkl\u0131la\u015fma ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yeniden yap\u0131lanma ve kaos durumunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015fti.<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u201c\u0130ki kamp\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi yerine <\/strong>\u201cOrta veya ara b\u00f6lgeler\u201d ve \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 d\u00fcnya\u201d fikirleri, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131larak Marx\u2019\u0131n k\u00fcresel etkile\u015fim \u00fczerine teorisinin ilk yenilik\u00e7i geli\u015fimini temsil etmi\u015ftir. <\/strong>\u00c7KP o d\u00f6nemde ge\u00e7erli olan iki kampl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma doktrinini k\u0131rarak, Marx ve Engels\u2019in uzun zamand\u0131r ihmal edilen evrensel k\u00fcresel etkile\u015fim teorisini yeniden vurgulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, farkl\u0131 sosyal sistemlere sahip \u00fclkelerin ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar toplulu\u011fu haline gelebilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece iktidardaki proletarya partisinin sosyalist \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerini y\u00f6netmesi i\u00e7in daha geni\u015f bir pratik alan sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mao Zedong, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra d\u00fcnyada iki ara b\u00f6lge oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftu:<\/strong> \u201cAsya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika birinci ara b\u00f6lgeyi olu\u015fturur; Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika (Kanada) ve Okyanusya ikinci ara b\u00f6lgeyi olu\u015fturur. Japonya da ikinci ara b\u00f6lgeye aittir.\u201d Mao Zedong 1974\u2019te, bu ara b\u00f6lge teorisine dayanarak, birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 ancak \u00e7eli\u015fmeli \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fcnya oldu\u011funu belirterek \u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fcnya teorisini ortaya att\u0131: \u201cAmerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Birinci D\u00fcnya\u2019d\u0131r. Ara g\u00fc\u00e7ler \u2013 Japonya, Avrupa, Avustralya ve Kanada \u2013 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya\u2019d\u0131r. Biz \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya\u2019day\u0131z \u2026 Japonya hari\u00e7 Asya \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya\u2019d\u0131r. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya\u2019d\u0131r ve Latin Amerika da \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d  Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ideolojik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve ideolojinin k\u00fcresel ili\u015fkilerde temel ili\u015fki ve \u00e7eli\u015fmeleri belirledi\u011fi basit g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/strong> Bu yeni iki teori s\u0131n\u0131f temelli \u00e7\u0131kar topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de \u00e7eli\u015fmelerin var oldu\u011funu ve k\u00fcresel ili\u015fkilerin<\/strong>  iki s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kutupla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini temel al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1946-49 Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren Mao Zedung, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n temel \u00e7eli\u015fmelerinin s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda iki kutuplu b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti\u011fini kabul etmi\u015f ve kapitalizm ile sosyalizm g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda yer alan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin ve yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin bir ara b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturdu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra, ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fmeler derinle\u015ftik\u00e7e, ABD bu geni\u015f ara b\u00f6lgelerde \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7 politikas\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun sonucunda sadece ezilen \u00fclkelerde ABD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00fc\u00e7ler g\u00fc\u00e7lenmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda Bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fmeler de yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Fransa ve di\u011fer Bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri ABD\u2019nin hegemonik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na giderek daha fazla kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sosyalist kamp i\u00e7inde de \u00e7eli\u015fmeler mevcuttu. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019e y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 \u015fovenizmi politikalar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00c7in-Sovyet ili\u015fkileri k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti (Wang Shuyin, 2015, s. 426).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mao Zedung, bir\u00e7ok milliyet\u00e7i \u00fclkenin \u201cne emperyalist ne de sosyalist\u201d oldu\u011funu ve farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n toplumsal normlar\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fneyen hegemonyac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmada ortak bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019larda \u00c7in, Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika halklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve emperyalizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerine m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca destek verdi ve karma\u015f\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda nispeten proaktif bir stratejik pozisyon koruyarak, Asya, Afrika ve Latin Amerika\u2019daki yeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z dost \u00fclkelere m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yard\u0131m teklif etti (Li Jie, 1993).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019de Birinci Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Plan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi gibi sosyalist \u00fclkeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkeleri ve baz\u0131 Bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleriyle, \u00f6zellikle Japonya ve \u0130ngiltere ve \u0130talya gibi Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle uluslararas\u0131 ticareti kademeli olarak geli\u015fti ve uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik ve ticari ili\u015fkilerde \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an ilerlemeler kaydedildi. Japonya\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6rnek alacak olursak, \u00c7in ile Japonya aras\u0131ndaki toplam ithalat ve ihracat ticaret hacmi 1953\u2019te 9,92 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 iken, 1970\u2019te 810 milyon ABD dolar\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta B\u00f6lgeler ve \u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fcnya fikirleri, \u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist in\u015fan\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca geni\u015f bir yelpazede ticaret ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, buna kapitalist \u00fclkelerle olan ticaret ve i\u015fbirli\u011finin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesinin de dahil oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1954\u2019te Mao Zedong, \u201cbar\u0131\u015f yapmak isteyen t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmay\u0131\u201d \u00f6nererek, sadece \u00e7ok say\u0131da geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeyle dostane ili\u015fkiler kurmay\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa gibi \u00fclkelerle resmi diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurmay\u0131, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerle dostane ili\u015fkileri aktif olarak peki\u015ftirmeyi ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcven ile yabanc\u0131 deneyimlerden \u00f6\u011frenme aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde ele almay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. 1956\u2019da \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin 8. Kongresi, Be\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f \u0130\u00e7inde  Birlikte Ya\u015fama \u0130lkesine dayal\u0131 bir d\u0131\u015f politika izlemeyi \u00f6nermi\u015ftir (Wang Shuyin, 2015, s. 425).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, sosyalist \u00fclkelerle ekonomik ve ticari ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda Japonya ve Almanya gibi \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleriyle de ticarette h\u0131zl\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme kaydetmi\u015ftir. 1970\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, \u00c7in\u2019in Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinden ithal etti\u011fi komple end\u00fcstriyel ekipman setleri, \u00c7in\u2019in ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir temeli haline geldi (Pei Changhong, 2021a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978\u2019de, \u00c7in ile Japonya ve \u00c7in ile Almanya aras\u0131ndaki toplam ticaret hacmi, 1971\u2019deki 880 milyon ABD dolar\u0131 ve 230 milyon ABD dolar\u0131ndan s\u0131ras\u0131yla 4,82 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 ve 1,36 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta B\u00f6lgeler Teorisi ve \u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fcnya Fikirleri, yeni \u00c7in ile kapitalist d\u00fcnya aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fme ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k diyalektik ili\u015fkisine cevap vermi\u015f, ideolojik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en bir ortak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015f ve Lenin\u2019in emperyalizm teorisinden sonra Marksist d\u00fcnya etkile\u015fimi teorisinde \u00f6nemli bir teorik at\u0131l\u0131m olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya etkile\u015fimine her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n teorik temelini atm\u0131\u015f ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in\u2019e hayatta ayakta kalmas\u0131, geli\u015fmesi ve sosyalist in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli bir uluslararas\u0131 ortam kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Liu Shan & Xue Jun, 1998, s. 34; Hu Weixiong, 2013).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reform ve a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m d\u00f6nemi ve sosyalist modernle\u015fme: bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma temas\u0131 fikirleri ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00e7ok kutupluluk trendi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970\u2019lerden sonra, Deng Xiaoping ve di\u011fer \u00c7inli Kom\u00fcnistler, \u00c7in\u2019in tarihsel konumuna ve i\u00e7 ekonomik kalk\u0131nman\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na dayanarak, kapitalist d\u00fcnyada uzun s\u00fcredir var olan iki kar\u015f\u0131t s\u0131n\u0131f konumlanmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini yeniden incelediler. \u00c7in ile kapitalist d\u00fcnya aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik \u00e7\u0131kar ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist sistemini etkilemeyece\u011fini, ayn\u0131 zamanda sosyalist in\u015fay\u0131 te\u015fvik edebilece\u011fini ve k\u00fcresel etkile\u015fim \u00fczerine Marksist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi daha da geli\u015ftirebilece\u011fini belirttiler.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde birlikte ya\u015fama” teorisi ilk olarak Lenin taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Stalin ile Mao Zedung taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildikten sonra, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in’in d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015f\u0131 olarak, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deng Xiaoping, bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde birlikte ya\u015fama ilkesini miras almakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu teoriyi yeni ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda daha da geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.  Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde birlikte ya\u015fama ilkesi esas olarak farkl\u0131 sistemlere sahip \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri ele almak i\u00e7in bir ilke olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi sosyalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri ele al\u0131rken, “bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l i\u00e7inde birlikte ya\u015fama” teorisinin yerine “b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fabey+aile teorisini” ve “s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 egemenlik teorisini” uygulamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Deng Xiaoping, bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde birlikte ya\u015fama diplomasi uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ikili ili\u015fkileri ele alacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna dayanarak, Deng Xiaoping, \u201cd\u00fcnya devrimi\u201d ve \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin yol g\u00f6sterici ilke oldu\u011fu\u201d teorilerin yerine, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayal\u0131 ilerleme g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nerdi. Deng Xiaoping’in i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve ortak ilerleme g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc esas olarak \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu: (1) G\u00fcney-G\u00fcney i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve kalk\u0131nma fikri; (2) Kuzey-G\u00fcney i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve kalk\u0131nma fikri; (3) Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 yumu\u015famas\u0131, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve ortak ilerleme fikri; (4) uluslararas\u0131 s\u0131cak noktalar ve ihtilafl\u0131 alanlarda i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayal\u0131 kalk\u0131nma fikri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29 May\u0131s 1984’te Brezilya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Figueiredo ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, G\u00fcney-G\u00fcney i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve Kuzey-G\u00fcney diyalo\u011fu fikrini \u00f6nerdi. G\u00fcney-G\u00fcney i\u015fbirli\u011finin kolektif \u00f6z yeterlili\u011fin temeli oldu\u011funu ve “\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011finin bir\u00e7ok sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zebilece\u011fini ve gelece\u011fin \u00e7ok parlak oldu\u011funu” belirtmi\u015fti. Dahas\u0131, “G\u00fcney-G\u00fcney i\u015fbirli\u011finin Kuzey-G\u00fcney i\u015fbirli\u011fini te\u015fvik etme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r” diye ekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fimindeki yeni de\u011fi\u015fimleri yarat\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kavrayarak \u015fu fikirleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc: “Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadaki ger\u00e7ekten b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcresel sorunlar bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma sorunlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bar\u0131\u015f sorunu Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 sorunu, kalk\u0131nma sorunu ise Kuzey-G\u00fcney sorunudur.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping\u2019in  \u201cbar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en \u00f6nemli temalar\u0131d\u0131r\u201d genel stratejik de\u011ferlendirmesi alt\u0131nda, \u00c7in, b\u00f6lgeler, end\u00fcstriler, ticaret ve yat\u0131r\u0131m gibi alanlarda kademeli a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck tarihsel prati\u011fine ba\u015flad\u0131 (Pei Changhong & Liu Bin, 2020; Jiang Xiaojuan, 2021),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler \u00c7in\u2019in kapitalist d\u00fcnya i\u00e7inde sosyalizmi nas\u0131l in\u015fa edebilece\u011fi sorununu yenilik\u00e7i bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma temalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli temalara haline geldi\u011fi kavram\u0131, \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ger\u00e7ek anlamda en \u00f6nemli k\u00fcresel stratejik meselelerinin bar\u0131\u015f ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nma meseleleri\u201d oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. \u00dc\u00e7 D\u00fcnya teorisini miras alan bu kavram, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131fsal kamp aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanca ili\u015fkinin art\u0131k birincil endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, sermayenin getirdi\u011fi evrensel kalk\u0131nman\u0131n sundu\u011fu f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeli, \u00fclkesinde sosyalizminin geli\u015fimini te\u015fvik etmeli ve insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in hakiki bir ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funun ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yaratmal\u0131d\u0131r. ( Xi Jinping 2014)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx ve Engels\u2019in kapitalizmin toplumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcretiminden evrensel k\u00fcresel etkile\u015fimin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcretmelerine ve Lenin\u2019in sosyalist \u00fclkelerin geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131ktan kurtulmak i\u00e7in geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerle ekonomik al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fte bulunmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi fikirlerine k\u0131yasla, Deng Xiaoping\u2019in kalk\u0131nma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan kapsaml\u0131 k\u00fcresel etkile\u015fimin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131ndaki s\u00f6ylemi belirgin bir \u015fekilde yenilik\u00e7idir (Gu Longsheng, 2014, s. 696-698).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma temalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli temalar haline geldi\u011fi kavram\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in kapitalist d\u00fcnya ile ili\u015fkisinin \u00f6ncelikle i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lman\u0131n daha sonraki kesintisiz geni\u015flemesi ve derinle\u015fmesinin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f ve kalk\u0131nma temalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli temalar haline geldi\u011fi kavram\u0131, sosyalist in\u015fa ile yabanc\u0131 sermaye aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin nas\u0131l ele al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 sorusuna cevap vererek, sosyalizmin kapitalist d\u00fcnya i\u00e7inde in\u015fa edilebilece\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping,  Lenin\u2019in tekelci sermaye teorisine dayanarak geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki sermayenin ikili do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 detayland\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist in\u015fas\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 sermayeyi kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n teorik temelini att\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni kurulan sosyalist \u00c7in, geni\u015f bir \u201csosyalist ekonomik tabana\u201d sahipti ve bu da onu uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00f6zerk bir \u015fekilde i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmaya, art\u0131k s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kurban\u0131 olmamaya olanak sa\u011flayabilirdi: \u201cD\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmak, sosyalist ekonomiyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye ve geli\u015ftirmeye elveri\u015fliydi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcretim teknolojilerinden ve modern y\u00f6netim deneyiminden yoksun \u00c7in ekonomisi i\u00e7in, \u00c7in i\u00e7inde uluslararas\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkeye \u00e7ekerek, yetersiz sermaye birikimi sorununu h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6zebilir ve ulusal sermayenin teknolojik seviyesini y\u00fckseltebilirdi.  Bu, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ba\u011flam\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist in\u015fas\u0131 ile kapitalist \u00fclkelerin sermayesinin d\u00fc\u015fmanca kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak birbirini d\u0131\u015flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fbirli\u011finin de d\u00fc\u015fmanca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131nda kalan ge\u00e7ici bir \u00f6nlem olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Sosyalist \u00fclkelerin kapitalist d\u00fcnyaya kat\u0131l\u0131m yoluyla kendi kalk\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamalar\u0131, sosyalist Pazar ekonomisinin do\u011fal bir gereklili\u011fidir (Gu Longsheng, 2014, s. 696-697).<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1979 ile 1984 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7in, yabanc\u0131-yerli ortak \u015firket giri\u015fimleri, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i faaliyetler, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve i\u015fbirli\u011fine dayal\u0131 kalk\u0131nma projeleri yoluyla 2,963 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m kulland\u0131. D\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k derecesinin artmaya devam etmesiyle birlikte, bu rakam 1985 ile 1992 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 32,405 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u2019lardan sonra, k\u00fcresel durumdaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklere dayanarak, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi dogmatik ideolojik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan kurtuldu ve \u00e7ok kutuplu bir d\u00fcnya fikrini ortaya atarak \u00c7in\u2019in d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya kademeli olarak a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 aktif olarak destekledi.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u00c7ok kutupluluk\u201d kavram\u0131 ilk olarak Frans\u0131z bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Nixon da \u00c7in\u2019i k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesinin bir kutbu olarak konumland\u0131ran be\u015f kutuplu bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni \u00f6nermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyada \u00e7ok kutupluluk Trendi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7ok kutuplula\u015fmas\u0131 trendi farkl\u0131 bir anlama sahiptir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi,<\/strong> \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve \u00fcreticilerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr birli\u011fi\u201d de\u011ferine rehberlik eden bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin demokratikle\u015fmesinin d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin ortak kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u015fit isti\u015faresini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. \u201cBu \u00e7ok kutuplu yap\u0131, hegemonya pe\u015finde ko\u015fan ve etki alanlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fmek i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm \u00fclkeler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00f6zerk olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci olarak,<\/strong> \u00e7ok kutupluluk trendini, ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi veya ABD merkezli iki kutuplu bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni yerine, \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fcnya b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesine yerle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, \u00e7ok kutupluluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n iki kar\u015f\u0131t ideolojik kamp\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi fikrine  dayand\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yaln\u0131zca iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n merce\u011finden analiz etmekten kaynaklanabilecek zihniyet tuza\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc,<\/strong> \u00e7ok kutupluluk trendini k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeyle ili\u015fkilendirerek, \u201c\u00e7ok kutupluluk ve ekonomik k\u00fcreselle\u015fme trendinin dolamba\u00e7l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fti\u011fini\u201d ve \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya ile ekonomik al\u0131\u015fveri\u015flerinin giderek daha yak\u0131n hale geldi\u011fini kabul eder. \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi. \u00e7ok kutupluluk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi rehberli\u011finde, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin \u201cpar\u00e7al\u0131 \u00fcretime\u201d dayal\u0131 \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fme trendini do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kavrad\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak geni\u015fleterek \u00c7in\u2019in k\u00fcresel pazardaki kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1993\u2019ten 2000\u2019e kadar \u00c7in, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7ekme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ABD\u2019den sonra d\u00fcnyada ikinci s\u0131rada yer ald\u0131. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in yabanc\u0131 sermayeyi fiilen kullanmas\u0131 1992\u2019deki 19,2 milyar ABD dolar\u0131ndan 59,4 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na y\u00fckseldi ve bu da o y\u0131l \u00c7in\u2019in toplam sabit varl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %10,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok kutuplu bir d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenine do\u011fru giden trend \u00c7in\u2019i bir kutba yerle\u015ftiriyor; bu da \u00c7in\u2019in yaln\u0131zca k\u00fcresel arenada kalk\u0131nma sa\u011flamakla kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin in\u015fas\u0131na da kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri, \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya ile entegrasyonu s\u00fcrekli olarak artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2000 ile 2011 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7in, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 kullanman\u0131n yeni yollar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ve \u00c7in\u2019e yap\u0131lan do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar 40,7 milyar ABD dolar\u0131ndan 116 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in\u2019in uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin in\u015fas\u0131na daha proaktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> iki ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin in\u015fas\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi, \u00c7in\u2019in kapitalist d\u00fcnya ile ili\u015fkisi daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir hal ald\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, daha yak\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fler, ideolojinin \u00f6tesinde daha fazla ortak \u00e7\u0131kara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fcnya\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 konumlarda bulunan \u00fclkeler, k\u00fcresel ekonomik y\u00f6neti\u015fim mekanizmalar\u0131 gibi konularda daha derin anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci olarak<\/strong>, \u00c7in, uluslararas\u0131 siyasi ve ekonomik d\u00fczenin reformuna kat\u0131lma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ad\u0131m ad\u0131m artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle 2008 uluslararas\u0131 finansal krizin \u00c7in\u2019i uluslararas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6n saflar\u0131na itmesinden sonra, \u00c7in\u2019in kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 kurallar\u0131 taklit etmekten daha olgun bir \u015fekilde uygulamaya ge\u00e7mesi gerekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012 Y\u0131l\u0131: \u00c7ine \u00f6zg\u00fc Sosyalizmin Yeni \u00c7a\u011f\u0131; \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ortak Gelecek Toplulu\u011fu Kavram\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012\u2019den sonra, \u00c7ine \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131 s\u00fcreci yeni bir d\u00f6neme girerek, h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme tarz\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek kaliteli b\u00fcy\u00fcme tarz\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f yaparken, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 finansal krizin ard\u0131ndan yeni bir uyum d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7inde kald\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 D\u00fcnya, son y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f derin de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden ge\u00e7iyor ve \u00c7in, \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck yeniden dirili\u015fine tarihte hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar yak\u0131n. T\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6zlerini \u00e7evirdi\u011fi \u00c7in, k\u00fcresel kapitalizmle ili\u015fkisini inceleyerek, d\u0131\u015f politika d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini sistematik olarak \u00f6zetlemi\u015f, \u00c7in ulusunun \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Uyum\u201d toplumu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011finden ilham alarak ve Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201chakiki topluluk\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011funuz d\u00f6neme uyarlayarak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa teorisini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu teori, \u00c7in\u2019in ne t\u00fcr bir d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131k ekonomi geli\u015ftirmesi gerekti\u011fi ve insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in daha iyi bir d\u00fcnya nas\u0131l in\u015fa edilece\u011fi gibi \u00f6nemli g\u00fcncel tarihsel sorunlara cevap vermektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa kavram\u0131, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkiler hakk\u0131ndaki fikirlerini sistematik olarak \u00f6zetlemekte ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n evrensel<\/strong>  etkile\u015fim temelinde, iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f g\u00fcc\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanca ili\u015fkiyi a\u015fan, ortak bir gelece\u011fe sahip bir topluluk in\u015fa edebilece\u011fini, b\u00f6ylece Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201chakiki topluluk\u201d teorisini prati\u011fe ge\u00e7irmeyi savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011fu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131 \u00fclke ve milletlerden insanlar\u0131n, sosyal sistem farklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ideolojileri a\u015fan ortak de\u011ferleri payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBar\u0131\u015f, kalk\u0131nma, adalet, hakkaniyet, demokrasi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck,\u2013bu alt\u0131 de\u011fer\u2014 t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak de\u011ferleridir.\u201d (Xi Jinping)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, \u00f6z\u00fcnde ideolojik bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131maz, ancak ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 vurgular. Ekonomik temel belirleyici bir rol oynamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00fcst yap\u0131 da ekonomik temel \u00fczerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kar\u015f\u0131 etkide bulunur. \u201cFikirler eylemlere rehberlik eder ve y\u00f6n, ilerleme yolunu belirler.\u201d \u0130nsanl\u0131k, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bilin\u00e7li bir bi\u00e7imde ve birlikte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilir ve \u201cinsan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve kapsaml\u0131 bireysel geli\u015fim\u201d toplulu\u011funa do\u011fru ge\u00e7i\u015f yapabilir (Sun Laibin, 2019; Huang Jin, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130pek Yolu-Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi, \u00c7in\u2019in insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in ortak gelece\u011fe sahip bir topluluk in\u015fas\u0131 konusundaki \u00f6nc\u00fc uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. Sadece ilke ve kavramlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kapitalizmin \u201cmaddi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k\u201d toplumu olmas\u0131 dezavantajlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda in\u015fa modelinde \u201cmaddi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131ktan\u201d \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr ve kapsaml\u0131 bireysel geli\u015fime\u201d ge\u00e7i\u015fi de destekler. Ba\u011flant\u0131ya odaklanan ve altyap\u0131ya dayal\u0131 Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi, geli\u015fmi\u015f meta \u00fcretimi ekonomilerinin geli\u015fimini y\u00f6neten yasalar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kavramaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u201c\u00dcretim ne kadar \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011ferine ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fime dayan\u0131rsa, de\u011fi\u015fimin maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 olan ula\u015f\u0131m, \u00fcretim i\u00e7in o kadar \u00f6nemli hale gelir.\u201d D\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 ne kadar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretime dayan\u0131rsa, geli\u015fmi\u015f karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli altyap\u0131 in\u015faatlar\u0131 o kadar gerekli hale gelir. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli end\u00fcstri \u00f6ncelikle gerekli ara\u00e7lar\u0131, yani b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi \u015fehirlerini ve ucuz ve uygun ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcretmelidir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nispeten az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in, \u00c7in\u2019in altyap\u0131 in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015f\u0131 olarak kullanmas\u0131, s\u00fcrekli durgunluklar\u0131n\u0131n darbo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rman\u0131n anahtar\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eu anda, \u201calt\u0131 koridor, alt\u0131 g\u00fczergah, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclke ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da liman\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesi temel olarak olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Laos Demiryolu, \u00c7in-Tayland Demiryolu, Macaristan-S\u0131rbistan Demiryolu ve Jakarta-Bandung Y\u00fcksek H\u0131zl\u0131 Tren Hatt\u0131 gibi projelerde olumlu ilerleme kaydedildi. Gwadar Liman\u0131 ve Hambantota Liman\u0131 gibi i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lan limanlar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 ve i\u015fletmesi iyi bir \u015fekilde ilerliyor ve \u00c7in-Rusya Do\u011fu G\u00fczergah\u0131 Do\u011falgaz Boru Hatt\u0131 gibi projelerin in\u015fas\u0131 istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri Kavram\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011fu kavram\u0131, kazan-kazan ve ortakla\u015fa kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 vurgulayan burjuva ana ak\u0131m uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi teorisinin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011fi k\u00fcresel \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri sorununu g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir. \u201cEkonomik insan varsay\u0131m\u0131\u201d ve d\u0131\u015f ticarette kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckler teorisine dayanan burjuva ana ak\u0131m uluslararas\u0131 iktisat teorisi, kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin kurulmas\u0131ndan bu yana geli\u015fmi\u015f ve az geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsiz ekonomik ili\u015fkileri gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Marx\u2019\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi, insan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc \u201cinsan\u0131n toplumsal ili\u015fkilerinin toplam\u0131d\u0131r\u201d ve t\u00fcm ekonomik davran\u0131\u015flar belirli \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u201cEkonomik insan varsay\u0131m\u0131\u201d, insan\u0131n toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin toplam\u0131 oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eder (Pei & Liu, 2018) ve d\u0131\u015f ticarette kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck teorisi, uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin sermaye egemenli\u011findeki uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sistemi i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6rmezden gelir (Smith, 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 E\u011fer bu teoriler insan prati\u011fine y\u00f6n verirse, geli\u015fmekte olan bir \u00fclke olan \u00c7in, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn alt kademesine kolayca hapsolacak ve \u201cmerkez-\u00e7evre\u201d d\u00fcnya sisteminin kurban\u0131 olacakt\u0131r (Liu & Wang, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa kavram\u0131, geli\u015fen ekonomik k\u00fcreselle\u015fme trendi alt\u0131nda, t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin a\u00e7\u0131k bir d\u00fcnya ekonomisi kurmas\u0131 ve birlikte m\u00fcreffeh bir d\u00fcnya yaratmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, daha y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k yoluyla, yani y\u00fcksek standartl\u0131 ticaret anla\u015fmalar\u0131, y\u00fcksek kaliteli k\u00fcresel i\u015f birli\u011fi platformlar\u0131, liberalle\u015ftirilmi\u015f serbest ticaret b\u00f6lgeleri ve son derece a\u00e7\u0131k ticaret kurallar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fcnya ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yarar sa\u011flayan i\u015f birli\u011fini te\u015fvik etmelidir. (Jiang Xiaojuan, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2013\u2019ten 2021\u2019in ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar \u00c7in, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck (B\u00f6lgesel Kapsaml\u0131 Ekonomik Ortakl\u0131k) serbest ticaret b\u00f6lgesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere 21 serbest ticaret b\u00f6lgesi kurmu\u015ftur. Eyl\u00fcl 2021\u2019de \u00c7in, Kapsaml\u0131 ve \u0130lerleyici Trans-Pasifik Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na (CPTPP) ba\u015fvurusunu sunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa kavram\u0131, \u201chegemonik istikrar teorisine\u201d dayanan ve kendi sermayesinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan burjuva ana ak\u0131m Bat\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 politik ekonomi teorisinin dar bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong>  Kapitalist \u00fcretimin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana, \u0130ngiltere ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri gibi hegemonik g\u00fc\u00e7ler, kendi sermaye \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin koruyucusu rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir (Pei Changhong, 2014, 2018; Cox, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bu, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczenin yaln\u0131zca tek bir bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa kavram\u0131, tam olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 fayda, kazan-kazan i\u015fbirli\u011fi, \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmi\u015f denge, g\u00fcvenlik ve verimlilik de\u011ferleriyle y\u00f6nlendirilen yeni bir uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczen giri\u015fimidir (Pei Changhong, 2021a) ve d\u00fcnya sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmenin yolu olarak \u201c\u00e7ok tarafl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunmay\u0131 ve pratikte uygulamay\u0131\u201d g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in \u0130pek yolu Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f birli\u011finin yeni bir modeli olarak, isti\u015fare, ortak in\u015fa ve ortak fayda ilkeleri ile ye\u015fil, d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve temiz y\u00f6neti\u015fim kavramlar\u0131 temelinde, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak gelecek toplulu\u011funu in\u015fa etme fikirlerini ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini sunmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan bu yana, \u0130pek Yolu Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi giderek daha fazla \u00fclkeden onay ve yan\u0131t alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ocak 2021 itibar\u0131yla \u00c7in, 171 \u00fclke ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015fla Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi\u2019ni birlikte in\u015fa etmeye y\u00f6nelik 205 i\u015f birli\u011fi belgesi imzalam\u0131\u015f ve Asya Altyap\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Bankas\u0131, \u0130pek Yolu Fonu ve \u201c16+1\u201d Finansal Holding \u015eirketi gibi finans kurulu\u015flar\u0131 kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2013-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in Ku\u015fak ve Yol \u00fclkelerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplam do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m 136 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131rken, Ku\u015fak ve Yol \u00fclkelerinden \u00c7in\u2019e yap\u0131lan fiili yat\u0131r\u0131m yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Ku\u015fak ve Yol \u00fclkeleriyle yap\u0131lan i\u015fler, \u00c7in\u2019in yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fchendislik s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu; yeni imzalanan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin de\u011feri 141,46 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na, tamamlanan ciro ise 91,12 milyar RMB\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sermayenin egemen oldu\u011fu k\u00fcresel bir pazarda, sermayenin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden ortak meydan okumalarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Bar\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, kalk\u0131nma a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 gibi insan toplumunun kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderek daha keskinle\u015fen \u00e7eli\u015fmeler ve zorluklar, tek bir ulusun tek ba\u015f\u0131na hareket etmesiyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemez.  Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201ciki asla \u201d teorisinde ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi, sermaye dinamik kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece kapitalist d\u00fcnya kendili\u011finden yok olamaz; insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in ortak bir gelece\u011fe sahip bir toplulu\u011fun in\u015fas\u0131, t\u00fcm uluslar\u0131n ortak \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201ciki asla\u201d teorisi: <\/strong>Hi\u00e7bir toplumsal d\u00fczen, i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaya devam etti\u011fi t\u00fcm (kapitalist m\u00fclkiyet alt\u0131ndaki) \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler geli\u015fmeden \u00f6nce asla yok olmaz ve yeni, daha \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, varolu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 eski toplum \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde olgunla\u015fmadan \u00f6nce asla eski \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin yerini almaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletarya partisinin t\u00fcm teorisi \u201cekonomi politik ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131ndan t\u00fcremi\u015ftir\u201d ve \u201cbir teorinin bir \u00fclkede ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi, her zaman o \u00fclkenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Kapitalizm d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda sald\u0131rganl\u0131k ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme yoluyla geni\u015flemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist toplumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin toplumsal yap\u0131lar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirmi\u015f, bu geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin geli\u015fimini engellemi\u015f ve karma toplumsal formasyonlar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu temelde, sosyalizmin kurulmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fimi, Marx ve Engels\u2019in klasik teorilerinin \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fi bir dizi yeni sorun ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni tarihsel pratik, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnistlerinin \u201cMarksizmin geli\u015fimini \u00c7in\u2019in \u00f6zg\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekleriyle birle\u015ftirmesini ve yeni pratiklerle birlikte s\u00fcrekli olarak yeni teorik yarat\u0131mlar yapmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d gerektirmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Emperyalizm ve \u201c\u0130ki D\u00fc\u015fman Kamp\u201d Teorisinden \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ortak Gelecek Toplulu\u011funu \u0130n\u015fa Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na: \u00c7in\u2019deki Sosyalizm ile D\u00fcnya Kapitalizmi Aras\u0131ndaki Ekonomik \u0130li\u015fkiler Prof. Xie Fusheng, \u00c7in Renmin \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00c7in’e \u00d6zg\u00fc Sosyalizmin Siyasi Ekonomisi Ulusal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi M\u00fcd\u00fcr Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00c7in Renmin \u00dcniversitesi Ekonomi Fak\u00fcltesi Dekan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.  Kas\u0131m 2022 \u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist modernle\u015fme prati\u011fi ve nihai hedefi olan kom\u00fcnizm yolundaki m\u00fccadelesi, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sosyalist-ulkeler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6555","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6555"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6562,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6555\/revisions\/6562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6555"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6555"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}