{"id":6789,"date":"2026-10-25T22:13:49","date_gmt":"2026-10-25T22:13:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6789"},"modified":"2026-10-25T22:13:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T22:13:50","slug":"cin-vietnam-savaslari-ve-bugunku-cin-vietnam-iliskileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6789","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7in-Vietnam \u0130li\u015fkileri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7in-Vietnam \u0130li\u015fkileri <\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Derleyen: E\u015fref \u015eahan<\/strong>, Ocak 2026 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131 ve haber dosyas\u0131 \u00c7in Web Kaynaklar\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam \u00d6zet Tarihi <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Vietnam, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ho Chi Minh\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde Halk Sava\u015f\u0131 yoluyla Fransa\u2019dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131. G\u00fcney Vietnam ise 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurtar\u0131ld\u0131. <\/strong>Vietnam, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda uzun s\u00fcren halk sava\u015flar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. <\/strong>\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a>\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Fransa, Birinci Hindi\u00e7ini Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda<\/a> s\u00f6m\u00fcrge egemenli\u011fini geri kazanmak i\u00e7in Vietnam\u2019a geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc; Vietnam ise bu sava\u015ftan 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda galip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130ki y\u0131l sonra imzalanan antla\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda Vietnam da ikiye (G\u00fcney ve Kuzey) b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131<\/a> k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015flad\u0131; bu sava\u015f, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi<\/a> ve \u00c7in<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen sosyalist Kuzey<\/a> ile, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen anti-kom\u00fcnist G\u00fcney<\/a> aras\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131. 1975\u2019teki Kuzey Vietnam zaferinin<\/a> ard\u0131ndan Vietnam, 1976\u2019da \u00fcniter<\/a> devlet<\/a> olarak, Vietnam Kom\u00fcnist Partisi<\/a> \u00f6nderli\u011finde yeniden birle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birle\u015fik Vietnam\u2019\u0131n fiilen 1975\u2019te kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra Vietnam-\u00c7in ili\u015fkileri k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti\u2026 Bunun nedenleri nelerdi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131n nedenleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

17 \u015eubat 1979\u2019da tarihleri aras\u0131nda \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131nda Vietnam’\u0131n kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda 30 g\u00fcn S\u00fcren bir sava\u015f patlak verdi, bu sava\u015f bir kara sava\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Daha sonra 1984 ve 1988 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131nda deniz s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde deniz sava\u015flar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Vietnam, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile daha yak\u0131n diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurmaya karar verdi ve \u00fclkedeki \u00c7inli az\u0131nl\u0131k vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015flamaya ba\u015flad\u0131; bu durum, onlar\u0131n normal ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da Vietnaml\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in’e geri d\u00f6nmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda Vietnam, silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ihlal etmek \u00fczere s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6tesine silahl\u0131 ki\u015filer g\u00f6nderdi, s\u0131n\u0131r halk\u0131n\u0131 yaralad\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r i\u015faretlerini y\u0131kt\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131ra tecav\u00fcz ederek Phu Nien S\u0131rt\u0131 ve Ting Hao Da\u011f\u0131 gibi olaylara yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Vietnam rejimi defalarca s\u0131n\u0131r olaylar\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131 ve \u00c7inli s\u0131n\u0131r halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcretim faaliyetlerini ciddi \u015fekilde rahats\u0131z etti ; \u00c7in taraf\u0131 defalarca uyar\u0131da bulundu, ancak Vietnam taraf\u0131 bu uyar\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden geldi ve sald\u0131rgan eylemlerine devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1990\u2019lardan sonra \u00c7in ve Vietnam ili\u015fkileri yeniden d\u00fczeldi ve kara s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ile ilgili anla\u015fmazl\u0131k giderildi ve <\/strong>bu konuda anla\u015fma sa\u011fland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7in Vietnam\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik ve ticari orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve Vietnam ayn\u0131 zamanda BRICS ortak \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130li\u015fkileri Bkz. <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in ve Vietnam, Stratejik \u00f6nem Ta\u015f\u0131yan Ortak Gelece\u011fe Sahip bir Yopluluk Olu\u015fturma Konusunda Anla\u015ft\u0131   https:\/\/sosyalistbirlik.com\/?p=5990<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eanghay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Liderler Zirvesine Kat\u0131lan Vietnam Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 \u00c7in Lideri Xi Jinping \u0130le Neler G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc?  <\/strong>https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=5756<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Vietnam \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Yeni Bir A\u015famaya Do\u011fru Ad\u0131mlar  https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6311<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalizm \u0130n\u015fas\u0131nda Yollar\u0131 Farkl\u0131 \u2013 Son Hedefleri Ortak; Kuzey Kore’nin K\u00fcba, \u00c7in, Vietnam \u0130li\u015fkileri  <\/strong> <\/strong>https:\/\/sosyalistbirlik.com\/?p=5829<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam-Kambo\u00e7ya Sava\u015flar\u0131 Neden \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Tarihsel Dersleri (1978-1989)<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/sosyalistbirlik.com\/?p=7790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019da Sosyalist Devrim M\u00fccadelesi Devam Ediyor<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/?p=6661<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Yenilenme S\u00fcrecinin Ard\u0131ndan Vietnam Sanayisine Bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong> https:\/\/sosyalistbirlik.com\/?p=7177<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, Vietnam 200.000\u2019den fazla \u00c7inli az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00fcyesini k\u00f6ylerinden s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etti <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

21 Kas\u0131m 2022 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019da az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak ya\u015fayan Vietnaml\u0131 \u00c7inliler, Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta, ABD’ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta ve Vietnam devriminin in\u015fas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r; ancak tarihin ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerinde, \u00c7in-Vietnam ili\u015fkilerinin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00c7inlileri hi\u00e7bir merhamet g\u00f6stermeden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta \u00fclkelerine s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmi\u015flerdir; s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilen yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00c7inlilerin say\u0131s\u0131 200.000’i a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019da \u00c7inli Az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Zorla S\u0131n\u0131r D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Edilmesi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni \u00c7in\u2019in kuruldu\u011fu ilk d\u00f6nemlerde, \u00c7in ve Kuzey Vietnam aras\u0131nda dostane ili\u015fkiler vard\u0131. \u00c7in, Vietnam’a kar\u015f\u0131 “c\u00f6mert” davran\u0131yordu. O d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in zor bir d\u00f6nemden ge\u00e7iyordu ve halk\u0131 ya\u015famak i\u00e7in kemerlerini s\u0131kmak zorunda kal\u0131yordu, ancak \u00c7in yine de Vietnam’a yard\u0131m etmeyi tercih etti. 1950’den itibaren \u00c7in, Vietnam’\u0131n i\u00e7 birli\u011fini desteklemek amac\u0131yla toplam 2 milyar dolar de\u011ferinde silah, te\u00e7hizat ve malzeme g\u00f6nderdi (sadece askeri malzemeler de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda petrol, otomobil ve di\u011fer end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcr\u00fcnler de dahil). 18 Ocak 1950\u2019de \u00c7in, Vietnam Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131yan ilk \u00fclke oldu. \u00c7in, Vietnam\u2019a sadece maddi yard\u0131m sa\u011flamakla kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131k s\u0131k Vietnam\u2019a asker g\u00f6ndererek \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131ld\u0131 veya \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131; b\u00f6ylece bu \u201ceski dostuna\u201d hem askeri hem de maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan destek oldu. Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh\u2019in \u00c7in ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u201cBa\u015fkan Hu, s\u00f6yleyecek bir \u015feyiniz varsa, sunabilece\u011fimiz insanlar\u0131m\u0131z ve kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z var\u201d diye vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1975\u2019te Vietnam\u2019\u0131n yeniden birle\u015fmesinden sonra Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcler ve \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca \u201c\u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131\u201d faaliyetlere ba\u015flad\u0131lar.  Siyasi nedenler ve tarihsel dinamiklerdeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler nedeniyle Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019i a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131 ve Vietnam\u2019daki \u00c7inlileri \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. S\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilen \u00c7inliler aras\u0131nda, nesillerdir Vietnam\u2019da ya\u015fayan, Vietnam\u2019a k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015f ki\u015filer de vard\u0131; ancak Vietnam, bu ki\u015filerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar\u0131 hi\u00e7 dikkate almad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer, \u00c7inlileri s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmek i\u00e7in \u015fu y\u00f6ntemlere ba\u015fvurdu: Onlar\u0131 \u201cg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f mektuplar\u0131\u201d doldurmaya zorlad\u0131lar; hatta bu f\u0131rsat\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcst aramalar\u0131 yapmak ve daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, onlardan hara\u00e7 koparmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131lar. \u00c7inlileri ayr\u0131lmaya zorlamak i\u00e7in o kadar ac\u0131mas\u0131z davrand\u0131lar ki, kalacak yerleri kalmas\u0131n diye evlerini y\u0131kt\u0131lar; Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer, t\u00fcm mallar\u0131na el koydu ve ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kesti, b\u00f6ylece onlar\u0131 memleketlerine d\u00f6nmeye zorlad\u0131. Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililerin \u015fiddetli s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etme uygulamalar\u0131 alt\u0131nda, say\u0131s\u0131z yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00c7inli, Vietnam\u2019da kurduklar\u0131 her \u015feyi terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131; valizlerini toplamaya bile zaman bulamadan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla birlikte \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek anavatanlar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililerin s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etme i\u015flemi \u00e7ok acele ve zorla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi i\u00e7in ve o d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in\u2019in ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00c7inli vatanda\u015flar\u0131 tek tek anavatanlar\u0131na getirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel u\u00e7aklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, Vietnam\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok \u00c7inli, s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildikten sonra \u00e7ok zorlu bir hayat s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tekneyle ayr\u0131lan birka\u00e7 \u015fansl\u0131 ki\u015fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00e7o\u011fu r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve ya\u011fmurdan korunmak i\u00e7in limandaki bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 teknelerine s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131. Aralar\u0131nda sadece gen\u00e7 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc insanlar de\u011fil, rahat bir hayat s\u00fcrmeleri gereken ya\u015fta Zey\u0131f bedenlerini s\u00fcr\u00fcklemek zorunda kalan bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk da vard\u0131.  \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck, Vietnam\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131rken Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer taraf\u0131ndan ac\u0131mas\u0131zca d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fcler ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 hatta vurulmakla tehdit edildi. 1970\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda Vietnam\u2019daki \u00c7inli gurbet\u00e7iler \u00e7ok haks\u0131z ve adaletsiz bir muameleye maruz kald\u0131lar ve bunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Vietnam\u2019\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019daki \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 faaliyetler 1978\u2019de doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00c7inlilerin Vietnam\u2019da hayatta kalmas\u0131n\u0131n imk\u00e2n\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer, ekonomi, e\u011fitim ve siyaset gibi bir\u00e7ok alanda \u00c7inlilere engel \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. T\u00fcm bunlar, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n \u201cG\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u201dya hakim olma h\u0131rs\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yordu. \u201c\u00dclkeler aras\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman yoktur, kal\u0131c\u0131 dost yoktur, sadece kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar vard\u0131r .\u201d \u00c7in-Sovyet ili\u015fkilerinin bozuldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in kendisine sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131 hi\u00e7e sayarak, \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne y\u00f6nelmekten \u00e7ekinmedi. Vietnam\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u0131\u015flama faaliyetleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 tutum ve konumunu g\u00f6stermeyi, bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek \u00c7in\u2019i bast\u0131rmay\u0131 ve \u201chegemonya\u201d h\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Vietnam h\u0131rsl\u0131yd\u0131 ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ad\u0131na \u201csilah kullanmaya\u201d haz\u0131rd\u0131; Sovyetler Birli\u011fi de buna memnuniyetle uydu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla o d\u00f6nemde Vietnam, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle kibirli ve zorba bir tav\u0131r sergiliyordu. Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer, Laos ve Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 birka\u00e7 sava\u015f ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Laos\u2019ta casuslar yerle\u015ftirdi ve Laos\u2019un i\u00e7 i\u015flerine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a m\u00fcdahale etti; Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019da ise Kambo\u00e7ya-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck birliklerle Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkentine yakla\u015ft\u0131 ve hatta Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019da kendi kukla h\u00fck\u00fcmetini kurdu. Ancak h\u0131rslar\u0131 bunun \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti; hatta \u201celini \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kadar uzatt\u0131\u201d ve defalarca provokasyonlarda bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkenin egemenli\u011fini ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumak amac\u0131yla \u00c7in, \u015eubat 1979\u2019da Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun komutas\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00c7in, Vietnam\u2019a do\u011frudan bir darbe indirdi, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkentine kadar ilerledi ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n haks\u0131z ve sald\u0131rgan tutumunu tamamen bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131; b\u00f6ylece Vietnam\u2019\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e y\u00f6nelik tacizlerinden vazge\u00e7meye zorlad\u0131. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n zaferi, \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fcnyaya bir kez daha kan\u0131tlad\u0131; bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de \u201cSovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck karde\u015fi\u201dne kar\u015f\u0131 konumunu netle\u015ftirdi; belirli bir \u201cetkileyici\u201d rol oynad\u0131 ve Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun yeteneklerini s\u0131namak i\u00e7in iyi bir f\u0131rsat oldu. Bu sava\u015f, \u00c7in\u2019e g\u00fcvenli ve istikrarl\u0131 bir diplomatik ortam sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam art\u0131k \u00c7in\u2019i \u201ctaciz etmeye\u201d cesaret edemese de, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ve hi\u00e7bir umut kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rene kadar G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri taciz etmeye devam etti; ancak o zaman G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rd\u0131.  Vietnam\u2019\u0131n 1970\u2019ler ve 1980\u2019lerdeki \u201chegemonya\u201d h\u0131rs\u0131 sona erdi, ancak Vietnam\u2019\u0131n bu h\u0131rs\u0131 her zaman var olmu\u015ftur. Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ders kitaplar\u0131nda, Vietnam haritas\u0131nda bu iki b\u00f6lge yer almaktad\u0131r; bunun tek nedeni, antik tarihte Vietnam\u2019\u0131n bu iki b\u00f6lgede kendi G\u00fcney Vietnam Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurmu\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle Vietnam, bu abs\u00fcrt tarihsel gerek\u00e7eyi defalarca kullanarak \u00c7in\u2019in s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam’da yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00c7inlilere y\u00f6nelik zul\u00fcmle ilgili tarihsel ger\u00e7eklerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, halk i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve m\u00fcreffeh bir \u00fclkenin \u00f6nemini daha derinden anl\u0131yoruz. Ancak \u00fclke zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011funda halk\u0131na refah sa\u011flayabilir. Ancak \u00fclke zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011funda yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00c7inlilerin durumu iyile\u015ftirilebilir; ancak o zaman onlar baz\u0131 yabanc\u0131 kurallara ve d\u00fczenlemelere ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmak zorunda kalmazlar, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa maruz kalmazlar ve ancak o zaman daha iyi muamele g\u00f6rebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131pk\u0131 \u201cDa Jiang Da He \u201dde<\/strong> de belirtildi\u011fi gibi, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00c7inliler, \u00c7in halk\u0131ndan daha fazla \u00c7in\u2019in zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir.  Vatanlar\u0131ndan uzakta ya\u015fayanlar, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 adaletsiz muameleyi daha derinden hissedebilmekte ve \u00fclkenin zenginli\u011fi ile g\u00fcc\u00fcne daha fazla empati duyabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ard\u0131ndaki Neden: ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Aras\u0131ndaki Siyasi Hegemonya Oyunu<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

30 Ocak 2021  <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00f6netmen Xie Jin, bu sava\u015f\u0131 konu alan bir film \u00e7ekti. Bu sava\u015f, Japonya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f veya ABD ve Kore’ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f kadar yayg\u0131n olarak bilinmese de, bug\u00fcn bize pek tan\u0131d\u0131k gelmeyebilir; ancak yeni \u00c7in i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip bir me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131yd\u0131. Bu sava\u015f, Vietnam’a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015f, \u00c7in tarihinin \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131; zira \u00c7in, tarihinin \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7iyordu; i\u00e7 durum karga\u015fa i\u00e7indeyken uluslararas\u0131 siyasi manzara da s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015f\u0131n etkisi ne oldu?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in geleneksel alg\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler uzun s\u00fcredir iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. \u00c7in\u2019in kom\u015fusu olan Vietnam, antik \u00c7in d\u00f6neminden beri \u00c7in ile ayr\u0131lmaz bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeydi. Antik \u00c7in d\u00f6neminde ve uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in bir vasal devleti olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc; antik \u00c7in i\u00e7in Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in belirli bir vasal devleti gibiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam halk\u0131 uzun s\u00fcredir \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisi alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok benzerlik bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca siyasi ve ekonomik alanda da \u00e7ok say\u0131da etkile\u015fim ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern d\u00f6nemde, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler Asya b\u00f6lgesini i\u015fgal etti\u011finde Vietnam, di\u011fer Asya \u00fclkeleri gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler taraf\u0131ndan ezilmi\u015f ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. O d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in ve Vietnam, bir \u015fiirde ifade edildi\u011fi gibi, \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, daha \u00f6nce birbirleriyle tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 halk\u201dt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in ortak ac\u0131lar\u0131 bizi birbirimize daha da yakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kurtulu\u015fu elde etmek ve i\u015fgalcileri tamamen yenilgiye u\u011fratmak, hem \u00c7in\u2019in hem de Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ortak arzusuydu. 1949\u2019da Yeni \u00c7in, Japonya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 14 y\u0131l s\u00fcren direni\u015f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirdi ve kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla ulusal kurtulu\u015f ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 elde etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni kurulan \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge alt\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etti ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kurtulu\u015fa do\u011fru ilerlemeleri i\u00e7in ilham verdi. Yeni \u00c7in, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin de kurtulu\u015f ve kalk\u0131nmaya ula\u015fmas\u0131na yard\u0131m ediyordu. Vietnam da bunlardan biridir. Vietnam, yeni \u00c7in\u2019in kurulmas\u0131ndan bu yana en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fi veren \u00fclke olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir. Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin bildi\u011fi gibi, Guangdong\/\u00c7in\u2019deki \u00c7in devrimci hareketine kat\u0131lan Ho Chi Minh ad\u0131nda bir Vietnaml\u0131 vard\u0131 ve bu ki\u015fi daha sonra Vietnam\u2019\u0131n lideri oldu. Ba\u015fkan Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin parti t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne Mao Zedong D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u2019ni bile dahil etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Yeni \u00c7in de Vietnam halk\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mda bulunmu\u015f, ABD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve Vietnam\u2019a maddi ve insani destek sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Her a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, iki taraf\u0131n yak\u0131n ve stratejik ortaklar olmas\u0131 gerekirdi; peki Vietnam\u2019\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nmeye iten ne oldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n her iki taraf\u0131n\u0131n arka plan\u0131na ilk bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda, uzun s\u00fcredir \u00c7in\u2019i dost olarak g\u00f6ren Ba\u015fkan Ho Chi Minh\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Vietnam\u2019\u0131n lider kadrosu de\u011fi\u015fti ve eskiden \u00c7in yanl\u0131s\u0131 olan Ba\u015fkan Ho Chi Minh\u2019in yerini Sovyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir grup ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda, d\u00f6nemin lideri Le Phuong’un G\u00fcney Vietnam’\u0131 yenilgiye u\u011fratmak i\u00e7in bir sava\u015f ba\u015flatmas\u0131yla Vietnam’\u0131n birle\u015fmesi ba\u015far\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Vietnam’daki rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, daha \u00f6nce \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131nda var olan yak\u0131n ili\u015fkileri olumsuz etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eskiden \u00c7in yanl\u0131s\u0131 olan yetkililer bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, bir zamanlar Vietnam Kom\u00fcnist Partisi anayasas\u0131nda yer alan Mao Zedong D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Sovyet yanl\u0131s\u0131 fraksiyon g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine Vietnam\u2019daki \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u00fckseli\u015f ya\u015fad\u0131. \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler keskin bir \u015fekilde bozuldu. Daha sonra Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ihanet ederek Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin taraf\u0131n\u0131 tutmay\u0131 tercih etti ve G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi\u2019ndeki stratejik bir konum olan \u201cCam Ranh Liman\u0131\u201dn\u0131 Sovyet Donanmas\u0131\u2019na bedelsiz olarak kiralad\u0131. <\/strong>Sovyet Donanmas\u0131 hemen buraya konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki taraf aras\u0131ndaki toprak anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan \u00e7eli\u015fkiler giderek keskinle\u015fti ve Vietnam taraf\u0131, \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki topraklar\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak \u00c7in\u2019i k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.  Vietnam taraf\u0131, \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ciddi \u015fekilde ihlal edildi.  O d\u00f6nemde Vietnam, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle kom\u015fu \u00fclkelere y\u00f6nelik d\u0131\u015f geni\u015fleme yoluna girmi\u015fti. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da da Vietnam\u2019\u0131n geni\u015flemesi hummal\u0131 bir h\u0131zla devam ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vietnam, Sovyet taraf\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fini ald\u0131 ve Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti. Vietnam\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ihlallerini durdurmak ve Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019y\u0131 Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ihanetine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede desteklemek amac\u0131yla \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ama\u00e7l\u0131 bir kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatmaya karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019a yard\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

16 May\u0131s 2023<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde Vietnam, sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131yla doluydu ve Kuzey Vietnam ile G\u00fcney Vietnam olarak ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ho Chi Minh\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilan\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fcnya h\u00e2l\u00e2 bekleyip g\u00f6rme tutumundayd\u0131 ve Ho Chi Minh\u2019in Kuzey Vietnam\u2019daki liderli\u011fini ilk tan\u0131yan \u00fclke \u00c7in oldu. Ho Chi Minh\u2019in Kuzey Vietnam\u2019daki liderli\u011fini ilk tan\u0131yan \u00c7in oldu; bu da onun d\u00fcnya sahnesindeki izolasyonundan kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Sonunda, Vietnaml\u0131 karde\u015flerinin sava\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayan Ho Chi Minh, c\u00f6mert bir tav\u0131rla General Chen Gung ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir askeri dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k grubunu Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131 sava\u015fmaya e\u011fitmek \u00fczere g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam, tropikal ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131nda hayatta kalabilmesini \u00c7inlilerin yard\u0131m\u0131na bor\u00e7luydu; ancak Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin geri \u00e7ekilip Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fgal etmesinden sonra Kuzey Vietnam a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdi. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00fclkesinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Kuzey Vietnam\u2019daki pek \u00e7ok siyaset\u00e7i kendinden emin de\u011fildi; hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 teslim olmay\u0131 bile savundu. Kuzey Vietnam, ancak \u00c7inlilerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla 17. paralelinin kuzeyindeki topraklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabildi ve bu da daha sonra ABD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek sava\u015f\u0131n toprak temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1940\u2019larda Kuzey Vietnam\u2019a sa\u011flanan \u00f6zel yard\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f tarihin kara bulutlar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f da\u011f\u0131l\u0131yor ve bir zamanlar k\u00f6t\u00fc olan o tarihle y\u00fczle\u015fildi\u011finde, art\u0131k bu konuyu k\u0131saca ele almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale geldi. Art\u0131k utanmadan \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki, \u00c7inlilerin yard\u0131m\u0131 olmasayd\u0131 Kuzey Vietnam, Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecileri ve Amerikan askerlerini kendi ba\u015f\u0131na yenemezdi ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n yeniden birle\u015fmesi en az otuz y\u0131l geriye at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019a sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131m olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ve o d\u00f6nemde iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler nispeten iyiydi; \u00c7in ve Vietnam yolda\u015f ve karde\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.  Peki, b\u00f6ylesine sa\u011flam bir ili\u015fki \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019a sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131n tam miktar\u0131 ne kadard\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130htiyatl\u0131 resmi istatistiklere g\u00f6re, \u00c7inliler Vietnaml\u0131lara Frans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinde \u00e7ok uzun zaman \u00f6nce yard\u0131m ettikleri i\u00e7in geride kalan belge ve kay\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kaybolmu\u015ftur; bu nedenle, yaln\u0131zca Vietnam\u2019a ABD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 verilen yard\u0131m kapsam\u0131nda \u00c7in, Kuzey Vietnam\u2019a 1,77 milyon silah, 30.000\u2019den fazla top, 800\u2019den fazla tank ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7, 165 u\u00e7ak, 1.117 gemi, 1,15 milyon araba, 260 radar, 312 telsiz cihaz\u0131 ve 1.000.000 radar. 260, 312 telsiz cihaz\u0131, 312 kablolu cihaz, 100 milyondan fazla mermi, 16,6 milyon top mermisi, 190.000’den fazla may\u0131n ve 1,15 milyon ton patlay\u0131c\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdilik bu kadar; daha sonra s\u0131ralanan rakamlar ger\u00e7ekten \u00fczerinde durulamayacak kadar fazla. Bunlar, Yeni \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019a sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri silahlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r; bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7in Bilim ve Teknoloji Akademisi taraf\u0131ndan yeni ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Vietnam ordusunun donan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in zaman\u0131nda cepheye g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Askeri te\u00e7hizat\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, yeterince yiyece\u011fi olan \u00c7inli halk, Vietnam\u2019a 5 milyon tondan fazla g\u0131da, 2 milyon tondan fazla benzin ve \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fcnl\u00fck ihtiya\u00e7 malzemelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 600 milyon dolardan fazla nakit para sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in tasarruf etti. \u00c7in\u2019in t\u00fcm \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n Vietnam\u2019\u0131 desteklemeye adand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00f6nemli ikmal malzemelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, yeni \u00c7in de sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere Yunnan\u2019a gizlice \u00e7ok say\u0131da asker g\u00f6nderdi; ancak ne \u00c7in ne de ABD, Kore Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Vietnam\u2019da yeniden sava\u015fmak istemedi\u011finden, bu sefer askerler, y\u00fczbinlerce askerin Jinan Ge\u00e7idi\u2019ni g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcyle ge\u00e7mesi yerine, asl\u0131nda yava\u015f yava\u015f ilerleyerek par\u00e7alar halinde Vietnam\u2019a girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan sonuna kadar Yeni \u00c7in, 320.000\u2019den<\/strong> fazla asker g\u00f6nderdi ve say\u0131s\u0131z \u00c7inli asker Vietnam topraklar\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1975 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, Fransa Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Chirac ve Deng<\/strong> Xiaoping bir araya geldi. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda Chirac \u015fu soruyu sordu: Mevcut durumda Fransa, G\u00fcney Vietnam Cumhuriyeti ile ili\u015fkilerini nas\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmelidir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fcnya\u201d teorisini anlayabilece\u011fini umdu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tehdidini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan Deng Xiaoping, \u00c7in\u2019in iki Vietnam \u00fclkesi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n orijinal temeli \u00fczerinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle Fransa, hem Kuzey hem de G\u00fcney Vietnam ile ayn\u0131 anda diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurma gibi zor bir durumdan endi\u015fe etmesine gerek yoktur.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n bu konudaki anlam\u0131 daha net bir \u015fekilde kavramalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Deng Xiaoping\u2019in ek a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, hem Kuzey Vietnam hem de G\u00fcney Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Paris\u2019te 2 adet kal\u0131c\u0131, el\u00e7ilik benzeri ofis kurmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir kural vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, buna dayanarak, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Vietnam ile ayn\u0131 anda diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin normalle\u015ftirilmesinde herhangi bir sorun yoktu. \u0130ki Vietnam \u00fclkesinin bu durumu, en az\u0131ndan on y\u0131llar boyunca uzun s\u00fcre korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde Deng Xiaoping de olduk\u00e7a canl\u0131 bir benzetme yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; bu durum, Kore Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye ve Do\u011fu ile Bat\u0131 Almanya\u2019daki duruma benziyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in bu tutumunu g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra, Fransa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 D\u2019Estaing derhal \u201cVietnam\u2019daki \u00c7in\u2019in tutumuna deste\u011fini\u201d ifade etti; Frans\u0131zlar bunu destekledi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc asl\u0131nda kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 da vard\u0131; bu, hegemonyaya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etme ihtiyac\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, Vietnam’\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme nedenlerinden kaynaklan\u0131yordu; Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin buraya m\u00fcdahil olmas\u0131n\u0131 istemiyorlard\u0131 ve Fransa’n\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’da bir b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak rol oynamaya devam etmesini istiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki, sonraki geli\u015fmeler \u00c7in ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki vizyonuna ayk\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131; Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ise Vietnam\u2019\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131n bitiminden sonraki 2 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kuzey ve g\u00fcneyin derhal yeniden birle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeydi. Daha sonra Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ihanet ederek Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin taraf\u0131n\u0131 tuttu ve G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi\u2019nde stratejik bir konuma sahip olan \u201cCam Ranh Liman\u0131\u201dn\u0131 Sovyet Donanmas\u0131\u2019na bedelsiz olarak kiralad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Vietnam\u2019\u0131n yeniden birle\u015fmesinden sonra, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan bir yola girdiler ve Sovyet donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Cam Ranh K\u00f6rfezi Liman\u0131\u2019nda \u00fcs kurmas\u0131na izin vermenin amac\u0131 herkes i\u00e7in gayet a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde, ba\u015fta Le Phuoc olmak \u00fczere Vietnam h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u00fclkeyi Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve ABD\u2019den sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak tan\u0131tmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve \u00e7evredeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 askeri sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenleyerek Laos ve Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019y\u0131 ilhak etmeye, Burma\u2019ya uzanmaya ve ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in Guangxi eyaletindeki Zhennan Ge\u00e7idi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli \u201c \u201d \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yaratarak \u00c7in ordusunu ve sivilleri bombalad\u0131lar; bu da \u00c7in-Vietnam ili\u015fkilerinin h\u0131zla bozulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve nihayetinde 10 y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00c7in-Vietnam sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in’in Vietnam’\u0131n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131’na Sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yard\u0131m.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin eski devrimciler grubu, \u00c7in\u2019de m\u00fccadele deneyimine sahiptir. \u00c7in ve Vietnam Kom\u00fcnist Partileri, kendi ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadeleleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda derin bir m\u00fccadele dostlu\u011fu kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Vietnam\u2019\u0131n lideri Ba\u015fkan Ho Chi Minh, Guangdong\u2019da \u00c7in devrimine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1951 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Hindi\u00e7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi \u0130kinci Ulusal Kongresini toplayarak ad\u0131n\u0131 Vietnam \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde, Mao Zedong D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi de yeni Parti Anayasas\u0131na yol g\u00f6sterici ideoloji olarak eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019da Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fccadelede, yeni kurulan Yeni \u00c7in, Vietnam ordusuna Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fta rehberlik etmesi i\u00e7in bir askeri dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k grubu g\u00f6nderdi ve Dien Bien Phu Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Birinci Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (Kuzey Vietnam) ile \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fkisi vard\u0131. Her iki taraf da Vietnam\u2019daki Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrge rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, hem \u00c7in hem de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ortak m\u00fccadelelerinde Vietnam\u2019a destek sa\u011flad\u0131. \u00c7in, hava savunma ve m\u00fchendislik birimlerini Vietnam\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca sava\u015ft\u0131; bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda 3.000\u2019den fazla Amerikan u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc ve yaralad\u0131, 1.000\u2019den fazla askerini kaybetti; ayr\u0131ca Vietnam\u2019a s\u00fcrekli olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda malzeme sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ABD ve Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k direni\u015f s\u00fcresince \u00c7in, Vietnam\u2019a yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda yard\u0131m sa\u011flad\u0131 ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde destekledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda, bu Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki siyasi oyunlar vard\u0131 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde ABD ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkilemi\u015fti. 1960\u2019larda \u00c7in-Sovyet ili\u015fkileri bozuldu ve \u00c7in\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talebi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00c7in taraf\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcne ve Asya\u2019daki duruma zarar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet taraf\u0131, \u00c7in’i kontrol etmesi zor bir kaplan olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve Asya’da kendi arac\u0131 olarak di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri desteklemek \u00fczere \u00c7in’i terk etmeye karar verdi; i\u015fte bu d\u00f6nemde Vietnam, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin g\u00fcndemine girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in, Sovyet taraf\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tehdide yan\u0131t olarak, \u00c7in-ABD ili\u015fkilerinin normalle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine kademeli olarak girdi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ise d\u00fcnya hegemonyas\u0131 i\u00e7in rekabet etmek, ABD\u2019yi kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak ve Asya\u2019daki etkisini peki\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki geni\u015flemesini desteklemeye karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131, zorlu bir sava\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir sava\u015f ya\u015famayal\u0131 uzun zaman olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, Vietnam\u2019daki arazi, ilkel ormanlar, nehirler ve da\u011flarla son derece karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun (PLA) sava\u015fmas\u0131na elveri\u015fli de\u011fildi. Ancak cesur halk askerleri bir kez daha zaferi anavatan\u0131m\u0131za kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131plar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etki de muazzamd\u0131. Peki, Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bu me\u015fru savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 bize ne t\u00fcr deneyimler ve dersler b\u0131rakt\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019a Kar\u015f\u0131 Me\u015fru Savunma Kar\u015f\u0131 Sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ve Etkileri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0130N \u00dcZER\u0130NDEK\u0130 ETK\u0130LER <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun modernle\u015fmesi \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratan, uzun ve \u00e7alkant\u0131l\u0131 bir on y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemin karga\u015fas\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ve kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun birliklerin olu\u015fumu, komutanlar\u0131n zihniyeti, silah ve te\u00e7hizat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan eksikliklerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve PLA\u2019n\u0131n acilen reformdan ge\u00e7irilmesi ve yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu me\u015fru savunma sava\u015f\u0131, tam anlam\u0131yla \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck bir e\u011fitim\u201d niteli\u011findeydi.Vietnam ordusunun stratejik ve taktiksel fikirlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu taraf\u0131ndan Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z olarak aktar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015f, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu’nun taktik stratejisini bir kez daha keskinle\u015ftirdi ve optimize etti; ayr\u0131ca \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu sa\u011flam bir e\u011fitimden ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam’a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan me\u015fru savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131, \u00c7in’in d\u0131\u015f ortam\u0131n\u0131 istikrara kavu\u015fturdu ve uluslararas\u0131 konumunu peki\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bu me\u015fru savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n k\u00fcstah geni\u015fleme \u00e7abalar\u0131na bir darbe indirdi, \u00c7in\u2019i g\u00f6zleyen d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerini tamamen cayd\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u00c7in\u2019in toprak egemenli\u011fini ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini korumaya y\u00f6nelik sars\u0131lmaz kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in, reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131nda bulunuyordu. \u00c7in\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma oda\u011f\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinden ekonomik kalk\u0131nmaya kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve ekonomisini geli\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in \u00c7in\u2019in d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle ekonomik ve ticari ili\u015fkiler kurmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. \u00c7in\u2019in kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir ortama ve kendini d\u00fcnyaya kan\u0131tlama f\u0131rsat\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 i\u015fte bu f\u0131rsatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015f\u0131n zaferi, \u00c7in\u2019in prestijini art\u0131rd\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 etkisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi; bu da bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin \u00c7in\u2019i g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, yetenekli ve geni\u015f bir pazara sahip bir \u00fclke olarak g\u00f6rmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in\u2019in reform ve a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcreci i\u00e7in bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir geli\u015fme ortam\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u00c7in, h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecine girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam \u00dczerindeki Etkiler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n kibirine tam anlam\u0131yla bir darbe indirdi ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ekonomik kalk\u0131nma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flatt\u0131. Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nce Vietnam, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011funu iddia ediyordu. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin deste\u011fini ald\u0131ktan sonra Vietnam\u2019\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131 ve \u015fovenizme do\u011fru kaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131 kaybetmek, Vietnam ordusunda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygusu yaratt\u0131 ve bu hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece orduda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi\u2019ndeki sava\u015f alan\u0131nda, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu Vietnam donanmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131 ve Vietnam taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f adalar\u0131 geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu zafer, temelde G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi’nde sonraki d\u00f6nemin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 belirledi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar, \u00c7in’in G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi’ndeki askeri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Vietnam taraf\u0131n\u0131 ve G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi doktrinine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fclkeleri cayd\u0131rmaya devam ederken, Vietnam ise o g\u00fcnden bu yana \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu \u00fczerinde derin bir iz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam ekonomisine a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe indirildi. <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen me\u015fru savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131da, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (PLA) bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde Vietnam\u2019daki ikmal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve tahkimatlar\u0131 imha etti ve \u00fclkenin sanayi altyap\u0131s\u0131na zarar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, PLA’n\u0131n bu tahribat\u0131 \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi ve Vietnam’\u0131n, \u00c7in’in yard\u0131m\u0131yla geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile yak\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131, bir ihanet olarak de\u011ferlendirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle, her ne kadar iki taraf aras\u0131ndaki silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma sona ermi\u015f olsa da, sava\u015f\u0131n ekonomi \u00fczerinde uzun s\u00fcreli bir etkisi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en on y\u0131llarda Vietnam ekonomisi geli\u015fmekte zorland\u0131 ve neredeyse dura\u011fan kald\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ekonomik geli\u015fimi h\u00e2l\u00e2 durgun seyrediyor. Sanayi taban\u0131n\u0131n ve bilimsel-teknolojik g\u00fcc\u00fcn eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle Vietnam, uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yaln\u0131zca m\u00fctevaz\u0131 kazan\u0131mlar elde edebildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00c7in\u2019in geneliyle k\u0131yaslanamazken, Guangxi Zhuang \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ninkiyle bile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Vietnam\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019i \u00f6rnek alma e\u011filimi daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendi; ulusal kalk\u0131nma stratejileri, askeri yap\u0131lar ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmeler bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00c7in\u2019i taklit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u0131n etkileri asl\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 ve De\u011fi\u015fen Uluslararas\u0131 Ortam<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra \u00c7in, Kambo\u00e7ya ve di\u011fer G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerine destek verdi; bu da Vietnam’\u0131n bu \u00fclkeler \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ve etkisini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltt\u0131 ve Vietnam’\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’ya hakim olma hayalini suya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc.  Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, bu sava\u015f, sava\u015f\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki as\u0131l g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi i\u00e7in bir darbe oldu. Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu me\u015fru savunma sava\u015f\u0131, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi i\u00e7in bir y\u00fck haline gelmi\u015fti; Afganistan cephesi zaten Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni \u00e7amurun i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015fti ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n bu sava\u015ftaki yenilgisi, \u015f\u00fcphesiz ki Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 daha da art\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in i\u00e7in sava\u015f hi\u00e7bir zaman bir ama\u00e7 de\u011fil, di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri i\u015fgal etmenin bir arac\u0131 da de\u011fildi; aksine, kendi bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurulan son \u00e7areydi. \u00c7in halk\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 istemedi, ancak ondan asla korkmad\u0131; dostlar geldi\u011finde iyi \u015farap, kurtlar geldi\u011finde ise av t\u00fcfe\u011fi haz\u0131rd\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in sava\u015fta zafer kazanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu sava\u015fta hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu askerleri bir daha geri d\u00f6nmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n nedenleri hakk\u0131ndaki Ger\u00e7ek<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

21 Aral\u0131k 2022 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n Nedenleri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci olarak, Vietnam’\u0131n \u00c7in’e kar\u015f\u0131 on y\u0131llar \u00f6ncesine dayanan bir kin beslemesi s\u00f6z konusuydu. 1954 Cenevre Konferans\u0131’nda, Hindi\u00e7in meselesini (Fransa’n\u0131n Vietnam’a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7in, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile m\u00fczakere ederek Vietnam’\u0131 Fransa ile bir ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalamaya zorlad\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7in, Vietnam’da bir ba\u015fka “Kore Sava\u015f\u0131” ya\u015fanmas\u0131ndan korkuyordu. \u00c7in art\u0131k ba\u015fka bir sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6ze alamaz durumdayd\u0131. Vietnam dezavantajl\u0131 bir konumdayd\u0131 ve bu nedenle \u00c7in\u2019den nefret ediyordu.  Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrerken, \u00c7in 1972\u2019den sonra ABD ile dostluk kurdu; oysa Vietnam h\u00e2l\u00e2 ABD ile sava\u015f halindeydi. Bu nedenle Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019den \u00e7ok ho\u015fnutsuzdu ve giderek Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019i kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak amac\u0131yla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Vietnam\u2019\u0131 kendi saf\u0131na \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf etti ve \u00c7in\u2019i kuzey-g\u00fcney ekseninde ku\u015fatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile Vietnam aras\u0131nda hemen bir uyum olu\u015ftu.  Ayr\u0131ca, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir \u00fclkenin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131ktan sonra, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her yerde, bu haklar\u0131 da miras almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnece\u011fine dair bir s\u00f6z vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam da b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6rnekti. Vietnam, t\u00fcm Hindi\u00e7in b\u00f6lgesinin kendi elinde olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Birle\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan Vietnam, kendi b\u00f6lgesel hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131; asker g\u00f6ndererek Laos, Kambo\u00e7ya ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in, m\u00fcdahale etmezse G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n er ya da ge\u00e7 Vietnam\u2019\u0131n tam kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girece\u011fini ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n, o d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in\u2019in bir numaral\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne giderek daha fazla yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti.  Vietnam ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirirse, \u00c7in d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131lma ve hareket kabiliyetinin k\u0131s\u0131tlanma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131. Bu nedenle \u00c7in, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 kurma planlar\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya karar verdi. Ard\u0131ndan Deng Xiaoping ABD\u2019yi ziyaret etti ve Ba\u015fkan Jimmy Carter ile anla\u015ft\u0131 (bu muhtemelen, “Ben g\u00fcneyde Vietnam’la sava\u015f\u0131rken, siz de benim i\u00e7in kuzeydeki Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ni g\u00f6zetleyeceksiniz” anlam\u0131na geliyordu. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ABD de bunu kabul etti).  B\u00f6ylece \u00c7in, asker g\u00f6ndermeye karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asker g\u00f6nderilmesinin gerek\u00e7esi \u201cs\u0131n\u0131rda me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d idi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bunun bir s\u0131n\u0131r meselesinden \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131 oldu\u011fu herkesin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcndeydi. Biz buna s\u0131n\u0131r kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 diyorduk, ama ger\u00e7ekte \u00c7in ordusu her iki y\u00f6nden de g\u00fcneye do\u011fru ilerliyor ve do\u011frudan Vietnam’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Hanoi’ye do\u011fru ilerliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O s\u0131rada Vietnam ordusunun ana g\u00fcc\u00fc Laos ve Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131yordu ve \u00c7in\u2019in sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 Vietnam taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a beklenmiyordu. Vietnam, \u00c7in sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in birliklerinin \u00e7o\u011funu h\u0131zla kuzeye geri \u00e7ekti. Bu s\u00fcrecin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 burada anlat\u0131lmayacak; her neyse, \u00e7ok zorlu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ti, ancak sonu\u00e7ta \u00c7in\u2019in askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Vietnam ise yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na \u00c7in\u2019e rakip olamazd\u0131. Hanoi\u2019yi sindirdi\u011fi bir duruma ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra \u00c7in, birliklerini geri \u00e7ekti.  <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bu son de\u011fildi; o g\u00fcnden itibaren yakla\u015f\u0131k on y\u0131l boyunca \u00c7in ve Vietnam, sava\u015farak ve ara vererek s\u00fcrekli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7indeydiler. \u00c7in\u2019in amac\u0131 da buydu: Vietnam ordusunun ana g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda tutsak tutmak, b\u00f6ylece i\u015fgalden vazge\u00e7meye cesaret edememesini ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki di\u011fer \u00fclkelere sald\u0131ramas\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u015fru savunma sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131:<\/strong> Birincisi, \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki durum a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan Hindi\u00e7in \u00fclkelerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131; ikincisi, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019i ku\u015fatmak amac\u0131yla Vietnam ile birle\u015fmeye y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimini bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karmak; ayr\u0131ca, devam eden askeri operasyonlar da Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ekonomik kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engelledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n nedenlerine dair ger\u00e7ekler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir tutum sergilemesi nedeniyle patlak verdi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00c7in, sadece bir ay i\u00e7inde Vietnam\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki 20\u2019den fazla \u00f6nemli \u015fehir ve il\u00e7eyi i\u015fgal etti ve bir ay i\u00e7inde Vietnam\u2019dan \u00e7ekilece\u011fini duyurdu. \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131r birliklerinin Vietnam\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, her iki taraf da sava\u015fta zafer kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n etkileri<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam da bu sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan t\u00fckenmi\u015f bir duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. On y\u0131l s\u00fcren sava\u015f d\u00f6nemleri boyunca, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (PLA) \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fckemmel komutan yeti\u015ftirdi ve birliklerinin muharebe yeteneklerini geli\u015ftirdi. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7in, s\u0131n\u0131rdaki kontrol noktalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu i\u015fgal etti, Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Qing h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile Fransa aras\u0131nda imzalanan s\u0131n\u0131r anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti ve \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesindeki geni\u015f bir stratejik y\u00fcksek noktay\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131; bu durum daha sonra 1999’da imzalanan \u00c7in-Vietnam kara s\u0131n\u0131r antla\u015fmas\u0131yla teyit edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1984 ve 1988 \u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Nedenleri ve Sava\u015f\u0131n arka plan\u0131.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

27 May\u0131s 2024<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in ve Vietnam, da\u011flar ve sularla birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; iyi kom\u015fuluk ili\u015fkileri ve dostluklar\u0131 uzun bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahiptir. \u00c7in halk\u0131, Vietnam halk\u0131na Fransa ve ABD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri sava\u015fta b\u00fcy\u00fck destek sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve Vietnam halk\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinde zafer kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in fedak\u00e2rl\u0131kta bulunmu\u015ftur. Ancak Vietnam h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, ABD\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdirip ulusal yeniden birle\u015fmeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikten sonra, anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 koruyan ve adaleti sa\u011flayan \u00c7in\u2019i bir tehdit olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bununla birlikte, Vietnam h\u00fck\u00fcmeti itidal ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcy\u00fc zay\u0131fl\u0131k ve aldatma olarak de\u011ferlendirdi; \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ve sald\u0131rgan faaliyetleri ise sadece azalmak bir yana, daha da \u015fiddetlendi. Art\u0131k buna tahamm\u00fcl edemeyecek duruma geldi\u011finde, \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Merkez Askeri Komisyonu, me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme karar\u0131 ald\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ise “yukar\u0131da bahsedilen eylemlerin \u00c7in’in s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehdit etti\u011fini ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’n\u0131n istikrar\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi\u011fini” iddia etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde, Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019dan, \u00c7in\u2019in ise Vietnam\u2019dan askerlerini \u00e7ekmesi gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu (asl\u0131nda \u00c7in, bir ay sonra Vietnam\u2019dan askerlerini \u00e7ekti; oysa Vietnam, Vietnam yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir kukla rejim arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye devam etti ve uzun bir s\u00fcre boyunca askerlerini \u00e7ekmeyi reddetti). Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00f6nderli\u011findeki sosyalist kamp\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etti\u011fine inan\u0131yordu; Japonya, Hindistan ve Mo\u011folistan gibi \u00e7o\u011fu Asya \u00fclkesi de Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeyi durdurmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019dan askerlerini \u00e7ekmesini talep ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 etkiler.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n etkileri, \u00f6zellikle Vietnam taraf\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 oldu. \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu, daha \u00f6nce Vietnam’a yard\u0131m olarak g\u00f6nderilen malzemeleri geri ald\u0131 ve \u00c7in’e geri \u00e7ekilirken Vietnam k\u00f6ylerine, yollar\u0131na ve demiryollar\u0131na ciddi hasar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980’ler boyunca, 1984’teki Laoshan Muharebesi ve \u0130ki Da\u011f Muharebesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 devam etti; 1999’da ise y\u0131llar s\u00fcren m\u00fczakerelerin ard\u0131ndan \u00c7in ve Vietnam bir s\u0131n\u0131r antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131, ancak kesin s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisi gizli tutuldu. Bu sefer antla\u015fma, \u00c7in\u2019e baz\u0131 topraklar\u0131n iade edilmesini i\u00e7eren daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r d\u00fczeltmelerini kaps\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam medyas\u0131, yeni s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n asl\u0131nda 2001 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n  A\u011fustos ay\u0131 civar\u0131nda uygulamaya konuldu\u011funu bildirdi.  \u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Vietnam, \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rda s\u0131k s\u0131k ya\u015fanan gerginliklerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131; bu da on y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in ve Vietnam donanmalar\u0131 da 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda Spratly Adalar\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u00c7in Donanmas\u0131, Spratly Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki alt\u0131 ada ve resifi geri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  \u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak, Vietnam\u2019daki \u00c7in k\u00f6kenli vatanda\u015flar Vietnaml\u0131 yetkililer taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa maruz kalmaya devam etmi\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u201ctekne m\u00fcltecisi\u201d olarak ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131 ve sonunda Avustralya, Avrupa veya Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki di\u011fer Asya topluluklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ederken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da \u00c7in\u2019e d\u00f6nerek orada yerle\u015fti. Sava\u015f\u0131n etkileri, \u00f6zellikle Vietnam\u2019da h\u00e2l\u00e2 hissedilmeye devam ediyordu. Vietnam’\u0131n bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kara kuvvetlerinden birine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00c7in’e ili\u015fkin endi\u015felerdir. 1979 sava\u015f\u0131, as\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131r sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek bir yana, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O zamandan beri, Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019daki K\u0131z\u0131l Kmer rejimi resmen ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f ve Laos, Vietnam\u2019a yak\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  Bu sava\u015f, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (PLA) i\u00e7in 1962 \u00c7in-Hindistan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonraki son b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u0131\u015f sava\u015ft\u0131; bu sava\u015f sayesinde \u00c7in askeri liderli\u011fi, PLA\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6nemki g\u00fcc\u00fcnden uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmi\u015fti.  O zamandan beri \u00c7in ordusu, \u00fclkenin kurulu\u015f d\u00f6nemlerindeki ordu in\u015fa etme yolundan kademeli olarak uzakla\u015farak, a\u015famal\u0131 bir modernizasyon s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in gelecekteki kaderini etkileyecek bir sava\u015fa girme konusunda Deng Xiaoping\u2019in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zor karar<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

28 Eyl\u00fcl 2022 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l zamanlarda ya\u015fayan insanlar, sava\u015f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte ne kadar ac\u0131mas\u0131z oldu\u011funu anlamakta zorlan\u0131rlar. Ne kadar \u00e7ok yaz\u0131 okursak, ne kadar \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek foto\u011fraf g\u00f6r\u00fcrsek ya da ne kadar \u00e7ok canl\u0131 video izlersek izleyelim, o \u015foku ve duyguyu tam olarak ya\u015fayamay\u0131z. Biz Rusya ile Ukrayna aras\u0131ndaki h\u00e2l\u00e2 bitmemi\u015f sava\u015ftan bahsederken, sava\u015f\u0131n alevleri aras\u0131nda y\u00fcz binlerce can kaybedildi. Ancak en ac\u0131mas\u0131z olan bu de\u011fil. As\u0131l ac\u0131mas\u0131z olan, b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llar boyunca resesyon ve kaos i\u00e7inde kalma ihtimalinin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131d\u0131r. On y\u0131llar \u00f6nce, \u00c7in\u2019in ba\u015f mimar\u0131 Deng Xiaoping, durumu kontrol alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nd\u00fckten hemen sonra zor bir se\u00e7imle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sava\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, hatta sava\u015f\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n k\u0131ymetini bilen bir adam\u0131 sava\u015fa girme karar\u0131n\u0131 almaya ikna etmek inan\u0131lmaz derecede zordu. Bu sava\u015f son derece k\u0131sa ama \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi; \u00c7in\u2019in sonraki reform ve a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin temelini att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek abart\u0131 olmaz; hatta \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llar, hatta y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u00c7in\u2019in kaderini etkileyen sava\u015f oldu\u011fu bile s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu sava\u015f, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u015foke eden \u201cVietnam\u2019a Kar\u015f\u0131 Me\u015fru Savunma Kar\u015f\u0131 Sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131\u201dyd\u0131.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn o heyecan dolu g\u00fcnlere geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bunu son derece k\u0131sa, trajik ve kanl\u0131 bir sava\u015f olarak g\u00f6rebiliriz. Ancak pek bilinmeyen bir ger\u00e7ek var ki, sava\u015f ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce Deng Xiaoping son derece karma\u015f\u0131k ve zor bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yayd\u0131 ve bu zor karar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda etkileyici bir hik\u00e2ye yat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, \u201cVietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa sava\u015f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n geni\u015fleme h\u0131rslar\u0131 nedeniyle bu \u00fclkeye y\u00f6nelik bir cezai sald\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Oysa ger\u00e7ekte, \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131nda sadece 20 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren bu \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, o d\u00f6nemin karma\u015f\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 ve i\u00e7 siyasi ko\u015fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel durumun koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc olarak Deng Xiaoping de bu karar\u0131 ancak t\u00fcm taraflar\u0131n art\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve eksilerini de\u011ferlendirdikten sonra ald\u0131. \u201cVietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131\u201d, \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki bir s\u0131n\u0131r sava\u015f\u0131 olmaktan ziyade, uluslararas\u0131 siyasi manzaray\u0131 etkileyen bir sava\u015f olarak konumland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan bu yana \u00c7in\u2019in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkileri giderek dibe vurdu. Mao Zedong\u2019un liderli\u011findeki \u00c7in, Sovyet \u015fovenizmine boyun e\u011fmeme kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve kendi ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmay\u0131 tercih ederek kemerini s\u0131kmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler 1970\u2019lere kadar olduk\u00e7a gergin seyretti. Vietnaml\u0131 kom\u00fcnistler ABD emperyalizmini \u00fclkeden kovduktan sonra, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendi ve \u00c7in\u2019i boyun e\u011fmeye zorlamak amac\u0131yla kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak Vietnam ile ittifak kurarak \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 kuzey-g\u00fcney k\u0131ska\u00e7 hareketi olu\u015fturdu. Ho Chi Minh 1969\u2019da vefat etti\u011finde, Le Duan Vietnam\u2019\u0131n en \u00fcst d\u00fczey lideri oldu ve 1975\u2019te \u00fclkeyi birle\u015ftirdi. \u00dclkenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra Le Duan, d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda o d\u00f6nemde y\u00fckseli\u015fte olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne yakla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve \u00c7in ile ili\u015fkiler giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, ABD ve Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015fta Vietnam\u2019a b\u00fcy\u00fck destek sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve daha sonraki istatistiklere g\u00f6re, \u00c7in, Vietnam\u2019a 20 milyar dolardan fazla malzeme ve kaynak deste\u011fi vermi\u015fti.  Ancak yeniden birle\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan Vietnam, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin emriyle k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00c7in\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7erek Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne yakla\u015ft\u0131; bu durum, sadece \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar \u00e7\u0131karmakla kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda Vietnam\u2019daki deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00c7inli az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa da ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve bask\u0131c\u0131 bir politika dayat\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir\u00e7o\u011fu ac\u0131mas\u0131zca zul\u00fcm g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 200.000 \u00c7inli aceleyle \u00fclkelerine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 1970\u2019lerden itibaren ABD, Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 ve enerji krizinin etkisiyle ciddi bir ekonomik \u201cdurgunluk\u201d ya\u015fad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ABD, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile \u015fiddetli bir So\u011fuk Sava\u015f i\u00e7indeydi ve giderek dezavantajl\u0131 bir duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koymak amac\u0131yla ABD, \u00c7in ile ili\u015fkilerini yumu\u015fatmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1972\u2019de Nixon\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in ziyareti en \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu; ABD ile diplomatik ili\u015fkiler hemen kurulmam\u0131\u015f olsa da, diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin temelleri at\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin be\u015f daimi \u00fcyesinden biri haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00c7in ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin yumu\u015famas\u0131ndan son derece memnuniyetsizdi ve \u00c7in \u00fczerinde s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131 kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131; ayr\u0131ca Vietnam\u2019\u0131 destekleyerek G\u00fcney Orta Yar\u0131mada\u2019y\u0131 (Hindistan\u00e7in) birle\u015ftirip g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir rejim kurmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece \u00c7in\u2019i g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde rehin ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, on y\u0131ll\u0131k K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi karga\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve 1976\u2019da Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai ve Zhu De\u2019nin vefat\u0131, durumu son derece zor hale getirdi. Deng Xiaoping\u2019in yeniden iktidara gelmesinin ard\u0131ndan, \u00c7in\u2019in derhal k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi gerekti\u011fini fark etti; bunun i\u00e7in de \u201cistikrar\u201d adl\u0131 bir \u00f6n ko\u015fulun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde, \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda sald\u0131rgan bir tutum sergileyen Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in istikrar\u0131 i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehdit haline geldi ve hatta \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a toprak taleplerinde bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde, \u00c7in reform yapmasayd\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hayal bile edilemezdi; bu nedenle g\u00fcneyi istikrara kavu\u015fturmak en \u00f6ncelikli konu haline geldi ve ertelenemezdi.  1978’de Deng Xiaoping, On Birinci Merkez Komitesi’nin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Genel Kurulu’na haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu ve Vietnam’daki sorunu nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6zece\u011fi konusunda kafa yormak zorundayd\u0131. Vietnam sorununu nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6zecekti? Sadece iki yol vard\u0131: Birincisi, Vietnam’a do\u011frudan sald\u0131rmak ve se\u00e7kin kuvvetlerini ortadan kald\u0131rarak Vietnam’\u0131n G\u00fcney Orta Yar\u0131mada’y\u0131 birle\u015ftirme yetene\u011fini tamamen yitirmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci alternatif<\/strong> savunma politikas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r silahl\u0131 birliklerin konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve s\u0131k\u0131 savunma \u00f6nlemleri al\u0131narak g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n kadar sa\u011flam olmas\u0131 sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki y\u00f6ntemin de avantajlar\u0131 ve dezavantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Sava\u015fmak ve sorunu k\u00f6k\u00fcnden \u00e7\u00f6zmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc, ancak bunun bedeli ve riski \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. \u00c7in ekonomisi zaten \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn e\u015fi\u011findeydi ve pek \u00e7ok insan karn\u0131n\u0131 doyuram\u0131yordu; b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f ba\u015flatmak, muazzam bir maliyete yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00c7in ordusunun on y\u0131llard\u0131r sava\u015fmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ise sava\u015fmay\u0131 hi\u00e7 b\u0131rakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da Fransa ve ABD gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerle sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hesaba katmak gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in sava\u015fmay\u0131 se\u00e7erse, biz de bunu bir an \u00f6nce yapmal\u0131yd\u0131k; ayr\u0131ca Vietnam\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7kin birliklerini ortadan kald\u0131rmal\u0131yd\u0131k, aksi takdirde sava\u015f\u0131n batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcklenme riskiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam ile bir y\u0131pratma sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek, Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131n art\u0131k Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin deste\u011fine sahip oldu\u011funu bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, ABD\u2019nin bile kar\u015f\u0131layamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir masraft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, maliyet ve risk dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerdi. \u00dclkenin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine savunmay\u0131 se\u00e7erseniz, \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvende ve sa\u011flam kalaca\u011f\u0131ndan emin olabilirsiniz, ancak yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcney-orta kesiminin Vietnam taraf\u0131ndan ilhak edilme ihtimali olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde Vietnam, s\u00fcper devlet olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin deste\u011fine sahipti. O d\u00f6nemde Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan yeni \u00e7ekilmi\u015f olan Amerikal\u0131lar, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kesinlikle kar\u0131\u015fmak istemiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam, G\u00fcney-Orta Yar\u0131mada\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011finde, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek egemen g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelecek ve bizim i\u00e7in Vietnam, bir sorun olarak bir kaplan\u0131 beslemek gibi bir durum yaratacakt\u0131. Sava\u015fmak m\u0131 yoksa savunmak m\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00fcst d\u00fczey liderleri de olduk\u00e7a b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; aralar\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131, bu sorunu k\u00f6k\u00fcnden \u00e7\u00f6zmek ve geride b\u0131rakmamak i\u00e7in inisiyatifi ele ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere aktif olarak sava\u015fmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Ancak baz\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131 generallerin endi\u015feleri yersiz de\u011fildi. Su Yu ve Ye Jianying gibi \u00fcst d\u00fczey generaller, Vietnam\u2019la sava\u015fman\u0131n riskinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onlar\u0131 en \u00e7ok endi\u015felendiren \u015fey, Vietnam’la nas\u0131l sava\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, inan\u0131lmaz g\u00fcce sahip kutup ay\u0131s\u0131 (Sovyetler Birli\u011fi) idi. Sovyetler, \u00c7in’i kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ku\u015fatmay\u0131 hedefliyordu ve o d\u00f6nemde Do\u011fu Sibirya b\u00f6lgesine \u00e7ok say\u0131da asker konu\u015fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131; bu da bizi ciddi \u015fekilde engelliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dahas\u0131, o d\u00f6nemde (1978-1979) neredeyse hi\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m alm\u0131yorduk. Uzun y\u0131llara dayanan bir deneyime sahip olan ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Merkez Askeri Komisyonu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Deng Xiaoping, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun (PLA) durumunu \u00e7ok iyi biliyordu ve yeterince kendine g\u00fcveniyordu; bu nedenle o d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusunun bu sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctebilece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu ve as\u0131l endi\u015fesi yine d\u0131\u015f etkenlerdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019la sava\u015f\u0131p sava\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 etkileyen \u00fc\u00e7 uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 vard\u0131: Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n etkisini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etme e\u011filimindeyiz, ancak asl\u0131nda bu b\u00f6lgenin tutumu \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi. G\u00fcney Orta Yar\u0131mada\u2019daki (Asya) \u00fclkeler, Vietnam\u2019dan o kadar \u00e7ok korkuyorlard\u0131 ki, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019a asker sevk etmesini desteklemeleri gerekiyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malezya, Singapur ve Endonezya\u2019n\u0131n tutumu da son derece \u00f6nemliydi. Malakka Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ellerinde tutuyorlard\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n deste\u011fini alamazsak, bu durum gelecekte ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za b\u00fcy\u00fck bela a\u00e7acakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019dan destek elde etmek amac\u0131yla Deng Xiaoping, Kas\u0131m 1978\u2019de Tayland, Singapur ve Malezya\u2019y\u0131 yo\u011fun bir programla ziyaret etti. 5 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Deng Xiaoping\u2019in \u00f6zel u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 Tayland\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Bangkok\u2019a indi ve burada d\u00f6nemin Tayland Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Kriangsak taraf\u0131ndan en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tayland, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Burma ve Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesine izin verilmesi halinde, er ya da ge\u00e7 Tayland\u2019\u0131n da Vietnam taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131 endi\u015fesiyle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir \u015fekilde tedirgindi.  O d\u00f6nemde  \u00c7in d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke Vietnam\u2019\u0131 durduramazd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle Tayland, Deng Xiaoping\u2019e, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019\u0131 sert bir \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131rmak \u00fczere asker g\u00f6ndermesini tam olarak destekledi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k ve net bir \u015fekilde iletti. Samimiyetini g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla Kral Bhumibol da Deng Xiaoping\u2019i s\u0131cak bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131 ve onu prensin sa\u00e7 kesme t\u00f6renine kat\u0131lmaya nazik\u00e7e davet etti.  \u00c7in ile Tayland aras\u0131ndaki bu nadir dostluk ad\u0131na, ateist olan Deng Xiaoping, sa\u00e7 kesme dini t\u00f6renine kat\u0131lmay\u0131 kabul etti; sa\u00e7lar\u0131 kesilen prens ise \u015fu anki Tayland Kral\u0131 Rama X, Maha Vajiralongkorn’du. Deng Xiaoping o d\u00f6nemde asker g\u00f6nderip g\u00f6ndermeyece\u011fini belirtmedi; bu konuda olduk\u00e7a temkinli davrand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Deng Xiaoping Malezya\u2019y\u0131 ziyaret etti ve Mahathir ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapt\u0131. Ancak Malezya taraf\u0131, Deng Xiaoping\u2019in \u201chegemonya kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ortak m\u00fccadele\u201d \u00f6nerisine \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir tepki g\u00f6sterdi ve destekleyici bir tutum sergilemedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 12 Kas\u0131m’da Deng Xiaoping Singapur’a vard\u0131 ve Lee Kuan Yew onunla derinlemesine bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapt\u0131. Kendisi de \u00c7in k\u00f6kenli olan ve Singapur’un kurucu ba\u015fbakan\u0131 olan Lee Kuan Yew, Deng’in ziyaretini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecanla bekliyordu ve \u00f6zellikle onunla derinlemesine bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapmay\u0131 \u00e7ok arzuluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Singapur\u2019dan Lee Kuan Yew, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019a asker g\u00f6ndermesi konusunda olduk\u00e7a temkinli davranm\u0131\u015f ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerinin b\u00f6lgede bask\u0131n bir askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 istemediklerini belirtmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda Lee, Deng Xiaoping\u2019e G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 da son derece temkinli olduklar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de o d\u00f6nemde G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da kom\u00fcnist devrimci faaliyetin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin bu kom\u00fcnist partilerin \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi\u011fine inand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Lee Kuan Yew, Deng Xiaoping\u2019e baz\u0131 \u00f6nerilerde bulundu; bunlardan biri, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki \u00c7inlilere y\u00f6nelik vatanseverlik i\u00e7erikli yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmas\u0131yd\u0131; zira bu t\u00fcr yay\u0131nlar, \u00c7inliler ile yerel az\u0131nl\u0131k halklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u015fiddetlendirebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Deng, bu \u00f6nerileri ciddiyetle de\u011ferlendirece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Lee Kuan Yew, \u00c7in\u2019in asker g\u00f6nderip g\u00f6ndermeyece\u011fi konusuyla ilgileniyordu ve bunu Deng\u2019e birka\u00e7 kez do\u011frudan sormu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deng Xiaoping\u2019in cevab\u0131 ilgin\u00e7ti: Bu, Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131n durumu ne kadar ciddiye alaca\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131! Ba\u015f\u0131ndan sonuna kadar Deng Xiaoping, sava\u015fmak m\u0131 yoksa savunmak m\u0131 konusunda net bir tav\u0131r sergilemedi; o anda hen\u00fcz bir karar vermemi\u015fti.  G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ziyareti, istenen etkiyi yaratmad\u0131; zira ASEAN \u00fclkeleri, Orta ve G\u00fcney \u00c7in Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda Vietnam\u2019\u0131n hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kma konusunda farkl\u0131 tutumlar ve kayg\u0131lar sergilediler. Bu \u00fclkelerin \u00c7in\u2019e, \u00f6zellikle de kom\u00fcnist bir rejim olmas\u0131 nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck endi\u015feler besledikleri de a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bununla birlikte, bu gezi \u00f6nemli kazan\u0131mlar da sa\u011flamad\u0131 de\u011fil; en az\u0131ndan \u00c7in, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya \u00fclkelerinin Vietnam\u2019\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemeyece\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Objektif olarak bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir deste\u011fi yoksa, korkulacak bir rakip de\u011fildi; \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, bu \u00fclkelerden biriyle sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in bu g\u00fc\u00e7 fazlas\u0131yla yeterliydi. Geriye kalan en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlardan biri,  Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile nas\u0131l ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.  Sovyetler Birli\u011fi o d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00fclkesiydi ve uluslararas\u0131 petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda para kazanmas\u0131 nedeniyle, ABD bile onunla do\u011frudan rekabet edemiyordu. Brejnev\u2019in \u015fans\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla yaver gitmi\u015fti. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri bile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet edemiyordu, \u00c7in\u2019in elindeki kaynaklar ise daha da k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yd\u0131; tek \u00e7are birle\u015fmekti. Hem Pekin hem de Washington, \u00c7in-ABD ili\u015fkilerini bir ad\u0131m daha ileriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmenin zaman\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha sonra, Beyaz Saray\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen bir resepsiyonda bir muhabir Deng Xiaoping\u2019e, \u201cVietnam \u015fu s\u0131ralar \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor, \u00c7in buna nas\u0131l tepki verecek?\u201d diye sordu. (1979)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elinde bir kadeh \u015farap tutan Deng Xiaoping g\u00fcl\u00fcmsedi ve \u015f\u00f6yle cevap verdi: \u201c\u00c7ocuklar s\u00f6z dinlemiyorsa, \u015faplak zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir!\u201d  Deng Xiaoping\u2019in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n \u00c7in deyimi, muhabirde biraz kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131; ancak ne demek istedi\u011fini anlam\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, ancak bunu tam olarak nas\u0131l ifade edece\u011fini bilemedi. Sonunda, Deng Xiaoping\u2019in orijinal s\u00f6zleri aynen yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada, Vietnam meselesinde Deng Xiaoping\u2019in ABD taraf\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin edebiliriz; en az\u0131ndan ABD, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni dizginleyecek ve b\u00f6ylece Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya m\u00fcdahale etmeyecektir. Deng Xiaoping\u2019in ABD gezisi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131; sadece ABD ile iyi bir ortakl\u0131k kurmakla kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda ABD\u2019nin deste\u011fini de kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra Deng Xiaoping, Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lacak me\u015fru savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere derhal bir toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. O d\u00f6nemde, baz\u0131 merkezi liderler bu zamanda sava\u015f ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda h\u00e2l\u00e2 endi\u015feliydiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Her ne kadar Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri deste\u011fini ifade etmi\u015f olsa da, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi h\u00e2l\u00e2 en b\u00fcy\u00fck gizli sorundu; Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni kontrol alt\u0131nda tutabilip tutamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirsizdi; Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmas\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ekten kuzeyden bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatmas\u0131 durumunda, \u00c7in ger\u00e7ekten de d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n arkadan sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na maruz kalacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Buna ek olarak, Vietnam\u2019la sava\u015fma sorunu da vard\u0131. Hem h\u0131zl\u0131 bir sava\u015f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini hem de Vietnam ordusunun se\u00e7kin birliklerini yok etmeyi garanti alt\u0131na almak, ayn\u0131 zamanda Vietnam ordusunun gelecekte bize kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya cesaret edememesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in nas\u0131l sava\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczlerce sava\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f deneyimli generaller bile bu konuda tam olarak emin de\u011fildi. Toplant\u0131da herkes kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dile getiriyordu ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ki, uzla\u015fmaya varmak zordu. Tam o s\u0131rada Chen Yun \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini dile getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 Ocak 1979\u2019da,<\/strong> Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve \u00c7in, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda resmi diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin kuruldu\u011funu ani bir \u015fekilde duyurdu. D\u00fcnya \u015fok oldu ve tahmin edebilece\u011finiz gibi Kremlin\u2019de de kesinlikle sessizlik hakim de\u011fildi. Yirmi sekiz g\u00fcn sonra, Deng Xiaoping Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ni ziyaret etti ve Ba\u015fkan Carter, \u00c7in\u2019den gelen misafirlerini s\u0131cak bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chen Yun, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi konusunda<\/strong> endi\u015feler oldu\u011funu ve sava\u015f\u0131n kesinlikle \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bedele mal olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu. Ancak \u015funu da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmal\u0131y\u0131z ki, sava\u015fmasayd\u0131k, reform ve kalk\u0131nma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 yakalayamazd\u0131k. \u00c7in, adresinde de belirtildi\u011fi gibi, \u00e7ok yoksul ve geri kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; art\u0131k reform ve a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m yoluna girmeye karar verdi\u011fimize g\u00f6re, bunu istikrarl\u0131 bir ortamda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeliyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sava\u015fta galip gelmenin anahtar\u0131, h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etmekti. Son duruma g\u00f6re, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019in kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok az say\u0131da askeri vard\u0131 ve ana kuvvetleri Avrupa\u2019da konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi m\u00fcdahale etmek istese bile, birliklerini konu\u015fland\u0131rmas\u0131 en az bir ila iki ay s\u00fcrerdi. Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede sona erdirebilseydik, Sovyetler isteseler bile m\u00fcdahale edemezlerdi; \u00fcstelik yard\u0131m i\u00e7in Amerikal\u0131lar da h\u00e2l\u00e2 orada olurdu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chen Yun\u2019un konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 dinledikten sonra hepimiz bu \u00f6nerinin pratik ve uygulanabilir oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck; Deng Xiaoping de bunun en iyi yol oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu ve sonunda Deng Xiaoping bu me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa ama\u00e7l\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye karar verdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in \u00c7in, \u00f6nce milyonlarca askeri kuzeye seferber ederek uzun kuzey savunma hatt\u0131 boyunca konu\u015fland\u0131rd\u0131; ard\u0131ndan da \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda iki devasa kolordu yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve hem do\u011fu hem de bat\u0131 cephelerinde Vietnam Ordusu\u2019na e\u015fzamanl\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatmaya haz\u0131r hale geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnaml\u0131lar, o d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu halk\u0131 gibi, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam\u2019a asker g\u00f6ndermeye cesaret edemeyece\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni savunmak i\u00e7in ana kuvvetlerini \u00e7oktan kuzeye yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Vietnam\u2019a sald\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Vietnam, bunu toprak geni\u015flemesi amac\u0131yla \u00c7in\u2019e asker g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in iyi bir f\u0131rsat olarak bile g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve ana kuvvetlerini kuzeyde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada \u00c7in birlikleri, Vietnam Ordusu\u2019nun se\u00e7kin kuzey ana g\u00fcc\u00fcne y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir darbe indirdi ve operasyonel hedeflerine ula\u015ft\u0131. Merkez Askeri Komisyonu, Vietnam Ordusu\u2019nun kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla birliklerin derhal geri \u00e7ekilmesini ve \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 boyunca tahkimatlar\u0131n in\u015fa edilmesini emretti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Geri \u00e7ekilme s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7in ordusu, daha \u00f6nce Vietnam taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan t\u00fcm erzak ve silahlar\u0131 geri g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc; geri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclemeyenleri yerinde imha etti ve Vietnam Ordusu\u2019nun h\u0131zl\u0131 bir kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in Vietnam\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki t\u00fcm altyap\u0131y\u0131 tahrip etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f, sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi hedeflerini ve stratejik ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi; Sovyetler, \u00c7in Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nun kuzeyde savunma haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7oktan tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sava\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti. Ayr\u0131ca Sovyetler, Beyaz Saray\u2019dan, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019e sald\u0131rmas\u0131 veya \u00c7in-Vietnam \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmesi halinde ABD\u2019nin bu duruma seyirci kalmayaca\u011f\u0131na dair bir uyar\u0131 ald\u0131. Sonunda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Vietnam\u2019\u0131 destekleme planlar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ti ve \u00c7in askeri g\u00fc\u00e7leri tam bir zafer kazand\u0131. Vietnam ordusu ise buna ikna olmad\u0131 ve \u00c7in ordusunu Vietnam topraklar\u0131ndan kovarak kendilerini de galip ilan etti; ancak d\u00fcnya, Vietnam ordusunun ana g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kaybedildi\u011fini anlad\u0131 ve Orta ve G\u00fcney \u00c7in Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 birle\u015ftirme hayali, sadece bir g\u00f6lgeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnaml\u0131lar, 1975’ten sonra \u00c7in’in Kendileriyle sava\u015fa girmeyece\u011fine \u0130nan\u0131yorlard\u0131 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

27 May\u0131s 2021 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nisan 1975\u2019te, ABD\u2019nin Vietnam\u2019dan askerlerini \u00e7ekmesinin ard\u0131ndan Vietnam, askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden sonra d\u00fcnyada \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada oldu\u011funa inanarak giderek daha fazla kibirlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n ABD birliklerini \u00fclkeden kovabilmesinin nedeninin, \u00c7in ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin, \u00f6zellikle de \u201cABD\u2019ye direnme ve Kuzey Kore\u2019yi destekleme\u201d prestijine sahip \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc deste\u011fi oldu\u011fu herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinmektedir; bu destek, ABD birliklerine 17 \u00b0 kuzey enlemi \u00e7izgisini a\u015fmamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgi \u00e7izerek 500.000 ABD askerinin elini kolunu ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in, Vietnam ordusunu e\u011fitmek ve Vietnam\u2019a yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in personel de g\u00f6nderdi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in, Vietnam birliklerini e\u011fitmek ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n askeri tesisler in\u015fa etmesine yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in personel de g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ici bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6rmezden geldi ve unuttu; Kambo\u00e7ya, Laos ve di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri ilhak etmek ve t\u00fcm Orta-G\u00fcney Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kendi topraklar\u0131na katmak istiyordu. Bununla da kalmay\u0131p, Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in Guangxi b\u00f6lgesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da Vietnam\u2019a tahsis edilmesi gerekti\u011fini iddia etti. \u00c7in i\u00e7in, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n kanepenin alt\u0131nda uyuyacak yeri yoktu ve bu nedenle Vietnam\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ezici \u00e7\u0131karlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Vietnam, \u00c7in ile y\u00fczle\u015fmeyi ve ulusal kaderine bahis oynamay\u0131 tercih etti; hatta \u201c\u00c7in, do\u011frudan d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z ve sava\u015f\u0131n do\u011frudan hedefidir\u201d karar\u0131n\u0131 bile ald\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden hareketle Vietnam, \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca bir sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131; kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na (yani Guangxi yak\u0131nlar\u0131na) 6 piyade t\u00fcmeni ve 12 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z alay konu\u015fland\u0131rarak \u00fclkenin kuzeydeki kuvvetlerinin %70\u2019ini \u00c7in\u2019e ay\u0131rd\u0131; ayr\u0131ca acilen bir dizi sa\u011flam kal\u0131c\u0131 tahkimat in\u015fa etti. Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, o d\u00f6nemdeki \u00c7in ordusu \u2014 \u00f6ncelikle genel \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u2014 4 milyondan fazla ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduydu; bunun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kara kuvvetleri olu\u015fturuyordu, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu piyadeydi, \u00e7ok fazla tank, a\u011f\u0131r top\u00e7u ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7 yoktu; hava kuvvetleri de nispeten Zey\u0131ft\u0131; birka\u00e7 tane bile d\u00fczg\u00fcn helikopter yoktu, eski model olan avc\u0131 u\u00e7aklar\u0131ndan bahsetmeye bile gerek yoktu. Buna dayanarak Vietnaml\u0131lar, o d\u00f6nemdeki \u00c7in ordusunun g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn eskisi kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve Vietnam ordusunun rakibi olamayaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorlard\u0131; Vietnam on y\u0131llard\u0131r sava\u015f\u0131yordu ve sadece Fransa\u2019y\u0131 de\u011fil, Amerika\u2019y\u0131 da yenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci olarak, yap\u0131lan analizlerin ard\u0131ndan Vietnaml\u0131lar, \u00c7in ordusunun taktiklerinin geli\u015fmi\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u201caz say\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131\u201d stratejisine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler; \u00f6rne\u011fin, ABD ve Kore\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fte, en yo\u011fun d\u00f6neminde ABD \u00f6nderli\u011findeki 1,5 milyon ki\u015filik Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 3 milyon asker kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; Hindistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 verilen m\u00fccadele ise daha da abart\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131; 30.000 ki\u015filik Hint ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 180.000 asker g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti ki bu, bizim durumumuza k\u0131yasla d\u00fc\u015fman say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131 kat\u0131ndan fazlayd\u0131. Vietnaml\u0131lar, kuzeyi ve g\u00fcneyi birle\u015ftirdikten sonra, geni\u015f bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131na sahip olan ve her yere garnizon yerle\u015ftirmek zorunda kalan \u00c7in\u2019in aksine, yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00fcce sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu sayede yerel olarak bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olu\u015fturabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, Vietnaml\u0131lar kibirli bir \u015fekilde \u201cKuzey ile G\u00fcney\u2019in birle\u015fmesinden sonra Vietnam\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn katlanarak artt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve \u00c7in ordusunu parampar\u00e7a edecek kadar g\u00fcce sahip oldu\u011funa\u201d inan\u0131yorlard\u0131; hatta \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcneye alt\u0131 ordu g\u00f6nderse bile Vietnam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u00dcstelik o d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r sava\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok general ya\u015fl\u0131 ve esnek olmaktan uzak oldu\u011fundan, etkili bir komuta kurmak zordu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Vietnam, kendilerini sava\u015fta bolca deneyime sahip gen\u00e7 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 ve ordusunun belkemi\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.  Ancak Vietnam, sonunda kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc abartt\u0131; sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesinden sonra \u00c7in ordusu, sonbahar r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131n yapraklar\u0131 s\u00fcp\u00fcrmesi gibi genel bir cesaretle hareket ederek Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131n alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir anda de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n S\u0131zd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok gizli bilgi: 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in, Sovyet yay\u0131lma tehdidi nedeniyle birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l boyunca iki Vietnam\u2019\u0131n (G\u00fcney ve Kuzey) ayr\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 May\u0131s 2022<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’n\u0131n muhte\u015fem tarihi, \u00c7in ve Hindistan gibi iki \u00fclkenin etkisinden ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’y\u0131 ke\u015ffeden modern Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, bu b\u00f6lgeye ili\u015fkin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geleneksel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imine uygun olarak, buraya “Hint-\u00c7in” ad\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in, her zaman geni\u015f topraklar\u0131 ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki Vietnam, Laos ve Myanmar ile uzanan uzun ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lancang Nehri\u2019nin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kesimlerinde yer alan Vietnam, \u00c7in ile ayr\u0131lmaz bir ba\u011f i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1960\u2019larda ve 1970\u2019lerde, \u00c7in en zor d\u00f6nemini ya\u015farken bile, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n   ekonomisinin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in 20 milyar dolarl\u0131k \u00f6zverili bir yard\u0131mda bulundu; ve tam da \u00c7in\u2019in bu ekonomik yard\u0131m\u0131 ve askeri rehberli\u011fi sayesinde Vietnam, ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131nda gerilla taktikleri \u00f6\u011frenerek on y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcre boyunca Fransa ve ABD\u2019yi ma\u011flup etti ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam ile ili\u015fkileri nas\u0131l tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fc<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

26 May\u0131s 2023<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile yak\u0131n diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin kurulmas\u0131.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 sosyalist kamp\u0131n bir \u00fcyesi olarak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, \u00c7in ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n her zaman \u00f6rnek ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke olmu\u015ftu. Vietnam’\u0131n Fransa ve ABD’ye kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015f d\u00f6neminde, Vietnam’\u0131n deste\u011fi de \u00c7in’e dayan\u0131yordu. \u00c7in-Sovyet \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n patlak vermesiyle birlikte, Vietnam’\u0131n \u00c7in ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkileri zor bir hal ald\u0131. 1975’teki yeniden birle\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan Vietnam, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile daha yak\u0131n diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurmaya karar verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam\u2019daki \u00c7inli az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n d\u0131\u015flama ve bast\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam Parti Merkez Komitesi\u2019ndeki \u00c7in yanl\u0131s\u0131 grup, h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan art\u0131k yeniden atanmad\u0131 ve Parti t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki Mao Zedong ideolojisi kavram\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Vietnam, \u00c7inli az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131zca d\u0131\u015flamaya ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00c7inlilerin normal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131; bu da \u00e7ok say\u0131da Vietnaml\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019e geri d\u00f6nmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 gibi hassas bir konuda Vietnam, defalarca silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131; silahl\u0131 adamlar g\u00f6ndererek \u00c7in-Vietnam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti, s\u0131n\u0131rda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131 yaralad\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r i\u015faretlerini y\u0131kt\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131ra tecav\u00fcz etti ve bir\u00e7ok ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. \u00c7in ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin yeniden ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte, \u00f6te yandan \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler de gerginle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131ndaki karasular\u0131 ve adalar konusundaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vietnam sava\u015f k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131 ve Nansha ile Xisha Adalar\u0131’n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eyl\u00fcl 1975’te, Vietnam Ordusu’nun k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7in, Xisha’da Vietnam sava\u015f gemisi “Nu Tao”yu bat\u0131rd\u0131 ve tek hamlede Xisha adalar\u0131n\u0131 geri ald\u0131. 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, kapitalist ve ABD yanl\u0131s\u0131 G\u00fcney Vietnam rejimi, egemenli\u011fi korumak bahanesiyle \u00c7in\u2019in Spratly Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki alt\u0131 ada ve resifi i\u015fgal etti. 1975\u2019te G\u00fcney Vietnam rejiminin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Vietnam, G\u00fcney Vietnam rejimi taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen Spratly Adalar\u0131 ve resiflerini h\u0131zla ele ge\u00e7irmekle kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda askeri i\u015fgalini de yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha \u00f6nce Vietnam, Spratly Adalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki \u00c7in\u2019in egemenli\u011fini tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 defalarca belirtmi\u015fti; ancak daha sonra s\u00f6z\u00fcnden d\u00f6nerek, kutsal metinlere at\u0131fta bulunarak Spratly ve Paracel Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Vietnam topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu savundu. 1974\u2019te Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu, Paracel Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 geri ald\u0131 ve 1988\u2019de, Vietnam, Chigua Resifi’nde silahl\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131 ve \u00c7in birlikleri, sald\u0131rgan\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa kapsam\u0131nda misilleme yapmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eu anda Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in Spratly Adalar\u0131\u2019nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 28 ada ve resifin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc elinde bulundurmaktad\u0131r (\u00c7in ise sadece 8\u2019ini kontrol etmektedir); Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in deniz kom\u015fular\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7in topraklar\u0131n\u0131n en geni\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal eden \u00fclkedir ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in\u2019in Spratly Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131 \u00fczerinde egemenlik iddias\u0131nda bulunan tek \u00fclkedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in-Vietnam K\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve petrol kaynaklar\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vietnam, \u00c7in\u2019in Spratly Denizi\u2019ndeki petrol ve do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmek amac\u0131yla s\u00f6zde \u201cG\u00fcney Vietnam K\u0131ta Sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmak \u00fczere eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile bir anla\u015fma imzalad\u0131.  1986’dan \u00f6nce Vietnam, yaln\u0131zca 60.000 ton petrol \u00fcreten bir petrol ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u015fiddetli muhalefetine ra\u011fmen Vietnam, \u00c7in’in egemenli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ihlal eden Nansha Adalar\u0131 turizm projesini ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Vietnam ve G\u00fcney Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Spratly ve Paracel Adalar\u0131\u2019na y\u00f6nelik tutum ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930\u2019larda, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi olan Fransa, Spratly Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki yedi ada ve resifi gizlice i\u015fgal etmi\u015fti; bu durum \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan protesto edilmi\u015fti. \u015eunu belirtmek gerekir ki, 1950’lerde G\u00fcney Vietnam Spratly Adalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde egemenlik iddias\u0131nda bulunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Fransa, Spratly Adalar\u0131’n\u0131 Vietnam’a hi\u00e7bir zaman devretmedi\u011fini kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131; \u00fcstelik Fransa, 1930’larda yaln\u0131zca yedi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada ve resifi i\u015fgal etmi\u015fti, oysa \u015fimdi Vietnam, yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 ada, resif ve kum setinden olu\u015fan Spratly Adalar\u0131’n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 “miras ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” iddia ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey Vietnam\u2019a gelince, 1950\u2019ler ve 1960\u2019larda \u00e7e\u015fitli vesilelerle Kuzey Vietnaml\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkilileri, Spratly Adalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki \u00c7in\u2019in toprak egemenli\u011fini kabul etmi\u015flerdir. 15 Haziran 1956\u2019da, \u00c7in\u2019in Vietnam B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi\u2019nin maslahatg\u00fczar\u0131 Li Zhimin ile bir araya gelen Kuzey Vietnam D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Yong Van Khiem \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir: “Vietnam kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re, tarihsel olarak Paracel ve Spratly Adalar\u0131 \u00c7in topraklar\u0131na ait olmal\u0131d\u0131r.”  O s\u0131rada orada bulunan Vietnam D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Asya Dairesi Vekili Qua Loc da, \u201cTarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Xisha ve Spratly Adalar\u0131, Song Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminden beri \u00c7in\u2019e aittir\u201d diye belirtti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14 Eyl\u00fcl 1958\u2019de Kuzey Vietnam Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Pham Van, \u00c7in Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Zhou Enlai ile bir araya geldi\u011finde, Pham Van, Vietnam Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve destekledi\u011fini belirtti. Ancak 4 Eyl\u00fcl 1958\u2019de Kuzey Vietnam, Spratly ve Paracel Adalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki toprak egemenli\u011fi beyan\u0131n\u0131 yeniden teyit etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Kuzey Vietnam, G\u00fcney Vietnam\u2019\u0131 devirdi (ki G\u00fcney Vietnam rejiminin me\u015fruiyetini bug\u00fcne kadar tan\u0131mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131 birle\u015ftirdi; Kuzey Vietnam\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nceki belgeleri bug\u00fcn de hukuken ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Spratly ve Paracel adalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki toprak egemenli\u011fi iddias\u0131.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda, G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi\u2019ndeki s\u00f6zde adalar sorununda \u00c7in ile Vietnam aras\u0131nda herhangi bir ihtilaf yoktu. Vietnam ve di\u011fer \u00fclkeler, yaln\u0131zca G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi krizini halklar\u0131n\u0131n dikkatini kendi i\u00e7 siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullanmak istiyorlar. Hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in Paracel ve Spratly Adalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki egemenlik iddialar\u0131, toprak edinimi, hukuk ve tarihi haklar ile ilgili uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ilkeleri ve kurallar\u0131na tam olarak uygundur. \u2026\u2026. K\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7in-Vietnam Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7in-Vietnam \u0130li\u015fkileri Derleyen: E\u015fref \u015eahan, Ocak 2026 Bu yaz\u0131 ve haber dosyas\u0131 \u00c7in Web Kaynaklar\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Vietnam \u00d6zet Tarihi Kuzey Vietnam, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ho Chi Minh\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011finde Halk Sava\u015f\u0131 yoluyla Fransa\u2019dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131. G\u00fcney Vietnam ise 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurtar\u0131ld\u0131. Vietnam, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda uzun s\u00fcren halk sava\u015flar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sosyalist-ulkeler"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6789"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6791,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6789\/revisions\/6791"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marksizm.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}